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NewSQL
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The term was first used by <a href="/facts/451_Group/eQ8F3Tdz">451 Group</a> analyst Matthew Aslett in a 2011 research paper discussing the rise of a new generation of database management systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> One of the first NewSQL systems was the <a href="/facts/H-Store/LHmwargV">H-Store</a> <a href="/facts/Parallel_database/AJLtqLf0">parallel database system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <p>Typical applications are characterized by heavy <a href="/facts/Online_transaction_processing/zTIGyx1t">OLTP</a> transaction volumes. OLTP transactions; </p> <ul><li>are short-lived (i.e., no user stalls)</li> <li>touch small amounts of data per transaction</li> <li>use indexed lookups (no table scans)</li> <li>have a small number of forms (a small number of queries with different arguments).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <p>However, some support <a href="/facts/Hybrid_transactional%2fanalytical_processing/DpEv41HU">hybrid transactional/analytical processing</a> (HTAP) applications. Such systems improve performance and scalability by omitting heavyweight <a href="/facts/Algorithms_for_Recovery_and_Isolation_Exploiting_Semantics/KYLGWQQF">recovery</a> or <a href="/facts/Concurrency_control/JWnmhVd5">concurrency control</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="list-of-newsql-databases">List of NewSQL-databases</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apache_Trafodion/oakXeUlP">Apache Trafodion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Clustrix/Uf0LwIJT">Clustrix</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CockroachDB/pE4sGXAQ">CockroachDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Couchbase/zJA7EJMQ">Couchbase</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/CrateDB/96eC2cWk">CrateDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Google_Spanner/TTFD4yJG">Google Spanner</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MySQL_Cluster/BwXDHev6">MySQL Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NuoDB/A5Eaa3Wo">NuoDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pivotal_GemFire/0v4SfCTa">Pivotal GemFire</a> XD</li> <li><a href="/facts/SequoiaDB/qzGvfkyC">SequoiaDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/SingleStore/13CWzo5M">SingleStore</a> was formerly known as MemSQL.</li> <li><a href="/facts/TIBCO_Software/BHPUaPAl">TIBCO Active Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TiDB/lesmbgpA">TiDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TokuDB/xAbjCPKl">TokuDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TransLattice/a4brmNFx">TransLattice</a> Elastic Database</li> <li><a href="/facts/VoltDB/JRz68XXT">VoltDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/YDB_(database)/gkL15IhU">YDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/YugabyteDB/oycYMHCN">YugabyteDB</a></li></ul> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>The two common distinguishing features of NewSQL database solutions are that they support online scalability of NoSQL databases and the <a href="/facts/Relational_model/VFf4dDIU">relational data model</a> (including ACID consistency) using <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a> as their primary interface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>NewSQL systems can be loosely grouped into three categories:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h3>New architectures</h3> <p>NewSQL systems adopt various internal architectures. Some systems employ a cluster of <a href="/facts/Shared_nothing_architecture/EXvXTQ6E">shared-nothing</a> nodes, in which each node manages a subset of the data. They include components such as <a href="/facts/Distributed_concurrency_control/yFnnJnkp">distributed concurrency control</a>, flow control, and distributed query processing. </p> <h3>SQL engines</h3> <p>The second category are optimized <a href="/facts/Database_engine/w4V0QlqB">storage engines</a> for <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>. These systems provide the same programming interface as SQL, but scale better than built-in engines. </p> <h3>Transparent sharding</h3> <p>These systems automatically split databases across multiple nodes using <a href="/facts/Raft_(computer_science)/ppsFb4Xq">Raft</a> or <a href="/facts/Paxos_(computer_science)/S7KYPNb6">Paxos</a> consensus algorithm. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Transaction_processing/Q0WHeD9R">Transaction processing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Partition_(database)/2cKcwmXW">Partition (database)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DRDA/VoETfLdB">Distributed Relational Database Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_SQL/ed2cmpzk">Distributed SQL</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Aslett, Matthew (2011). "How Will The Database Incumbents Respond To NoSQL And NewSQL?" (PDF). 451 Group (published April 4, 2011). Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="http://cs.brown.edu/courses/cs227/archives/2012/papers/newsql/aslett-newsql.pdf" target="_blank">http://cs.brown.edu/courses/cs227/archives/2012/papers/newsql/aslett-newsql.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Pavlo, Andrew; Aslett, Matthew (2016). "What's Really New with NewSQL?" (PDF). SIGMOD Record. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2016/pavlo-newsql-sigmodrec2016.pdf" target="_blank">https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2016/pavlo-newsql-sigmodrec2016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Stonebraker, Michael (June 16, 2011). "NewSQL: An Alternative to NoSQL and Old SQL for New OLTP Apps". Communications of the ACM Blog. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm/109710-new-sql-an-alternative-to-nosql-and-old-sql-for-new-oltp-apps/fulltext" target="_blank">https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm/109710-new-sql-an-alternative-to-nosql-and-old-sql-for-new-oltp-apps/fulltext</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hoff, Todd (September 24, 2012). "Google Spanner's Most Surprising Revelation: NoSQL is Out and NewSQL is In". Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/9/24/google-spanners-most-surprising-revelation-nosql-is-out-and.html" target="_blank">http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/9/24/google-spanners-most-surprising-revelation-nosql-is-out-and.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Aslett, Matthew (April 6, 2011). "What we talk about when we talk about NewSQL". 451 Group. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://blogs.451research.com/information_management/2011/04/06/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-newsql/" target="_blank">https://blogs.451research.com/information_management/2011/04/06/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-newsql/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lloyd, Alex (2012). "Building Spanner" (PDF). Berlin Buzzwords (published June 5, 2012). Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://2012.berlinbuzzwords.de/sites/2012.berlinbuzzwords.de/files/slides/alex_lloyd_keynote_bbuzz_2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://2012.berlinbuzzwords.de/sites/2012.berlinbuzzwords.de/files/slides/alex_lloyd_keynote_bbuzz_2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Aslett, Matthew (April 6, 2011). "What we talk about when we talk about NewSQL". 451 Group. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://blogs.451research.com/information_management/2011/04/06/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-newsql/" target="_blank">https://blogs.451research.com/information_management/2011/04/06/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-newsql/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Aslett, Matthew (March 4, 2008). "Is H-Store the future of database management systems?". Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://blogs.the451group.com/information_management/2008/03/04/is-h-store-the-future-of-database-management-systems/" target="_blank">https://blogs.the451group.com/information_management/2008/03/04/is-h-store-the-future-of-database-management-systems/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Monash, Curt (February 20, 2008). "H-Store: Complete destruction of the old DBMS order?". ZDNet. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/h-store-complete-destruction-of-the-old-dbms-order/" target="_blank">https://www.zdnet.com/article/h-store-complete-destruction-of-the-old-dbms-order/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Stonebraker, Michael; et al. (2007). "The End of an Architectural Era (It's Time for a Complete Rewrite)" (PDF). VLDB '07: Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on Very large data bases. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" target="_blank">/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Stonebraker, Michael; Cattell, R. (2011). "10 rules for scalable performance in 'simple operation' datastores". Communications of the ACM. 54 (6): 72. doi:10.1145/1953122.1953144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Cattell, R. (2011). "Scalable SQL and NoSQL data stores" (PDF). ACM SIGMOD Record. 39 (4): 12–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.2621. doi:10.1145/1978915.1978919. S2CID 3357124. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="http://cattell.net/datastores/Datastores.pdf" target="_blank">http://cattell.net/datastores/Datastores.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Pavlo, Andrew; Aslett, Matthew (2016). "What's Really New with NewSQL?" (PDF). SIGMOD Record. Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2016/pavlo-newsql-sigmodrec2016.pdf" target="_blank">https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2016/pavlo-newsql-sigmodrec2016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Venkatesh, Prasanna (January 30, 2012). "NewSQL - The New Way to Handle Big Data". Retrieved February 22, 2020. <a href="https://opensourceforu.com/2012/01/newsql-handle-big-data/" target="_blank">https://opensourceforu.com/2012/01/newsql-handle-big-data/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>