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Voiced labial–velar plosive
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<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiced labial–velar stop: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Occlusive_(phonetics)/kURXYdtQ">occlusive</a>, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no <a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">nasal outlet</a>, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a <a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">plosive</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_consonant/YNfbXN0U">labial–velar</a>, which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of the <a href="/facts/Tongue/oW4tp3a0">tongue</a> (the dorsum) against the <a href="/facts/Soft_palate/NTlaJCkF">soft palate</a> (the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dyula_language/bKhKH6rh">Dyula</a></td><td><i>gba</i></td><td>[ɡ͡bɑ]</td><td>'bench'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ega_language/4IE42SIU">Ega</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[ɡ͡bá]</td><td>'finish'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ewe_language/HBzApnmd">Ewe</a></td><td><i>Èʋegbe</i></td><td>[èβeɡ͡be]</td><td>'Ewe language'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Igbo_language/K08WN17k">Igbo</a></td><td><i>Igbo</i></td><td>[iɡ͡boː]</td><td>'Igbo'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kalabari_language/fd5VawrT">Kalabari</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td><i>ágbá</i></td><td>[áɡ͡bá]</td><td>'paint'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kissi_language/yNIBMa1K">Kissi</a></td><td><i>gbɛŋgbo</i></td><td>[ɡ͡bɛŋɡ͡bɔ]</td><td>'stool'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mono_language_(Congo)/4GP2E97I">Mono</a> (<a href="/facts/Ubangian_languages/FTnPGCkx">Ubangian</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td><i>gba</i></td><td>[ɡ͡ba]</td><td>'moisten'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mundang_language/W93LQXtK">Mundang</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><i>gbajole / ࢥَجٝلٜ </i></td><td>[ɡ͡baɟole]</td><td>'to help'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nigerian_Pidgin/dKR6ewlx">Nigerian Pidgin</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td><i>gbedu</i></td><td>[ɡ͡bɛdu]</td><td>'beats' (of music)</td><td>Phonemic. Found in substrate words and later loanwords from native Nigerian languages. See <a href="/facts/Languages_of_Nigeria/nr7H3MDK">Languages of Nigeria</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Temne_language/W5zl8fMo">Temne</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td><i>kʌgbara</i></td><td>[kʌɡ͡bara]</td><td>'coconut'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tyap_language/lu75RmGl">Tyap</a></td><td><i>a̠mgba̠m</i></td><td>[əmɡ͡bəm]</td><td>'all'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Volow_language/caMEWHjm">Volow</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td><i>nleq̄evēn</i></td><td>[n.lɛᵑᵐɡ͡bʷɛβɪn]</td><td>'woman'</td><td>with <a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">labiovelar release</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yoruba_language/q5osdFqR">Yoruba</a></td><td><i>gbogbo</i></td><td>[ɡ͡boɡ͡bo]</td><td>'all'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tarok_language/XJNkV3sT">Tarok</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td><i>igban</i></td><td>[iɡ͡ban]</td><td>'traditional wooden tool'</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_phonetics_topics/IwhbEHGN">List of phonetics topics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Doubly_articulated_consonant/oJCQVSyg">Doubly articulated consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Co-articulated_consonant/mV2cVrFa">Co-articulated consonant</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/J._C._Catford/TpABBzgx">Catford, J.C.</a>; <a href="/facts/John_Esling/622ACWov">Esling, John</a> (2006). "Articulatory phonetics". In <a href="/facts/Keith_Brown_(linguist)/4pfJrBzG">Brown, Keith</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics</i> (2 ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 425–442. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-044854-2%2F00002-X">10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00002-X</a>.</li> <li>Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; <a href="/facts/Dafydd_Gibbon/qFRw7GRa">Gibbon, Dafydd</a> (2002), "Ega", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 32 (1): 99–104, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030200018X">10.1017/S002510030200018X</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alexandre_Fran%25C3%25A7ois/1ggqHuPe">François, Alexandre</a> (2005), <a href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00524988">"Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages"</a>, <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>, 44 (2): 443–504, <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.395.4359">10.1.1.395.4359</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2005.0034">10.1353/ol.2005.0034</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131668754">131668754</a></li> <li>Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 33 (1): 113–120, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030300121X">10.1017/S002510030300121X</a></li> <li>Kropp Dakubu, M. E. (1987), <a href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ada_phon-1"><i>The Dangme Language: An Introductory Survey</i></a>, London: Macmillan</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (1964), <i>A phonetic study of West African languages</i>, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), <a href="http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/37/52/113752932904084361138922206226269471614/Olson2004.pdf">"Mono"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (2): 233–238, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001744">10.1017/S0025100304001744</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%A1b">List of languages with [ɡb]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Catford & Esling 2006, p. 438 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCatfordEsling2006 (help): … the commonest double articulations consist of the simultaneous articulation of stops at two locations, most frequently labial-velar [kp] [gb], written [k͡p] [ɡ͡b] when the coarticulation has to be made explicit in transcription. This particular type of double articulation is often called ‘labiovelar,’ a term which must be avoided in a strictly systematic phonetic taxonomy in which the first half of such a compound term refers to the lower articulator. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100) - Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030200018X" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030200018X</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Harry (2003:113) - Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030300121X" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030300121X</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Olson (2004:233); association with Niger-Congo uncertain. - Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744 <a href="http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/37/52/113752932904084361138922206226269471614/Olson2004.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/37/52/113752932904084361138922206226269471614/Olson2004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Priest, Lorna A.; Hosken, Martin (12 August 2010). Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages (PDF). (Archive) <a href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10288r-arabic-proposal.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Faraclas (1996), pp. 248–249. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFaraclas1996 (help) <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Ladefoged (1964) - Ladefoged, Peter (1964), A phonetic study of West African languages, Cambridge University Press <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>François (2005:445) - François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages", Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.4359, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754 <a href="https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00524988" target="_blank">https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00524988</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Onah, Patrick El-Kanemi; Israel, T. Gamypal (Dec 2022). "A Phonological Description of Tarok" (PDF). Journal of English and Communication in Africa. 5 (3&4): 1–24. Retrieved 27 January 2025. <a href="https://www.jecaoauife.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/A-Phonological-Description-of-Tarok.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.jecaoauife.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/A-Phonological-Description-of-Tarok.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>