Splitting principle

<h2 id="statement">Statement</h2>
<p>One version of the splitting principle is captured in the following theorem. This theorem holds for complex vector bundles and cohomology with integer coefficients. It also holds for real vector bundles and cohomology with 
  
    
      
        
          
            Z
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}}
  
 coefficients.
</p>

<p>Theorem—Let 
  
    
      
        ξ
        :
        E
        →
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle \xi \colon E\rightarrow X}
  
 be a vector bundle of rank 
  
    
      
        n
      
    
    {\displaystyle n}
  
 over a <a href="/facts/Paracompact_space/rjTrvF7j">paracompact space</a> 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
.  There exists a space 
  
    
      
        Y
        =
        F
        l
        (
        E
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle Y=Fl(E)}
  
, called the flag bundle associated to 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
  
, and a map 
  
    
      
        p
        :
        Y
        →
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle p\colon Y\rightarrow X}
  
 such that
</p>
<ol><li>the induced cohomology homomorphism 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        :
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        X
        )
        →
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        Y
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}\colon H^{*}(X)\rightarrow H^{*}(Y)}
  
 is injective, and</li>
<li>the pullback bundle 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        ξ
        :
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        E
        →
        Y
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}\xi \colon p^{*}E\rightarrow Y}
  
 breaks up as a direct sum of line bundles: 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        E
        )
        =
        
          L
          
            1
          
        
        ⊕
        
          L
          
            2
          
        
        ⊕
        ⋯
        ⊕
        
          L
          
            n
          
        
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}(E)=L_{1}\oplus L_{2}\oplus \cdots \oplus L_{n}.}
  
</li></ol>

<p>In the complex case, the line bundles 
  
    
      
        
          L
          
            i
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle L_{i}}
  
 or their first <a href="/facts/Characteristic_class/A6NV9tUu">characteristic classes</a> are called Chern roots.
</p><p>Another version of the splitting principle concerns real vector bundles and their <a href="/facts/Complexification/fDfFLccF">complexifications</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a>
</p>

<p>Theorem—Let 
  
    
      
        ξ
        :
        E
        →
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle \xi \colon E\rightarrow X}
  
 be a real vector bundle of rank 
  
    
      
        2
        n
      
    
    {\displaystyle 2n}
  
 over a paracompact space 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
. There exists a space 
  
    
      
        Y
      
    
    {\displaystyle Y}
  
 and a map 
  
    
      
        p
        :
        Y
        →
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle p\colon Y\rightarrow X}
  
 such that
</p>
<ol><li>the induced cohomology homomorphism 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        :
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        X
        )
        →
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        Y
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}\colon H^{*}(X)\rightarrow H^{*}(Y)}
  
 is injective, and</li>
<li>the pullback bundle 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        ξ
        :
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        E
        →
        Y
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}\xi \colon p^{*}E\rightarrow Y}
  
 breaks up as a direct sum of line bundles and their conjugates: 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        E
        ⊗
        
          C
        
        )
        =
        
          L
          
            1
          
        
        ⊕
        
          
            
              L
              
                1
              
            
            ¯
          
        
        ⊕
        ⋯
        ⊕
        
          L
          
            n
          
        
        ⊕
        
          
            
              L
              
                n
              
            
            ¯
          
        
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}(E\otimes \mathbb {C} )=L_{1}\oplus {\overline {L_{1}}}\oplus \cdots \oplus L_{n}\oplus {\overline {L_{n}}}.}
  
</li></ol>

<h2 id="consequences">Consequences</h2>
<p>The fact that 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        :
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        X
        )
        →
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        Y
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}\colon H^{*}(X)\rightarrow H^{*}(Y)}
  
 is injective means that any equation which holds in 
  
    
      
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        Y
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle H^{*}(Y)}
  
 — for example, among various Chern classes — also holds in 
  
    
      
        
          H
          
            ∗
          
        
        (
        X
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle H^{*}(X)}
  
. Often these equations are easier to understand for direct sums of line bundles than for arbitrary vector bundles. So equations should be understood in 
  
    
      
        Y
      
    
    {\displaystyle Y}
  
 and then pushed forward to 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
.
</p><p>Since vector bundles on 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 are used to define the <a href="/facts/K-theory/qI1kBrjV">K-theory</a> group 
  
    
      
        K
        (
        X
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle K(X)}
  
, it is important to note that 
  
    
      
        
          p
          
            ∗
          
        
        :
        K
        (
        X
        )
        →
        K
        (
        Y
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle p^{*}\colon K(X)\rightarrow K(Y)}
  
 is also injective for the map 
  
    
      
        p
      
    
    {\displaystyle p}
  
 in the first theorem above.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a>
</p><p>Under the splitting principle, characteristic classes for complex vector bundles correspond to <a href="/facts/Symmetric_polynomials/GNhguVcn">symmetric polynomials</a> in the first Chern classes of complex line bundles; these are the <a href="/facts/Chern_class/Tw2WD5hM">Chern classes</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Grothendieck_splitting_principle/VKKz7jJ1">Grothendieck splitting principle</a> for holomorphic vector bundles on the complex projective line</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Allen_Hatcher/dWXuqkXA">Hatcher, Allen</a> (2003), <a href="http://pi.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/VBKT/VBpage.html"><i>Vector Bundles & K-Theory</i></a> (2.0 ed.) section 3.1</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Raoul_Bott/5JHkhPx8">Raoul Bott</a> and Loring Tu. <i>Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology</i>, section 21.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>H. Blane Lawson and Marie-Louise Michelsohn, Spin Geometry, Proposition 11.2. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Oscar Randal-Williams, Characteristic classes and K-theory, Corollary 4.3.4, https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~or257/teaching/notes/Kthy.pdf <a href="https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~or257/teaching/notes/Kthy.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~or257/teaching/notes/Kthy.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Splitting principle open-in-new

Splitting principle