1914 French mobilization

<h2 id="preparation">Preparation</h2>
The <a href="/facts/Industrial_Revolution/B6E3Fasm">Industrial Revolution</a> transformed the art of warfare, not only through the development of weapons and equipment, but above all through the ability of states to effectivly mobilize armies with million of men. Since it was economically and socially impossible to keep them all permanently in uniform, they were left to live civilian lives during peacetime, and states mobilized them in the event of conflict,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> hoping to keep it short.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>

From the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th century, the French army was a <a href="/facts/Conscription/SstkxdBk">conscription</a> army, like all the armies of the great European continental powers of the time: A small cadre of volunteer career officers and NCOs would be supplemented by millions of reservists, who had received training through their mandatory two-year-service at age 20 and periodic refresher trainings.
Only a small proportion of its units were fully composed of professional soldiers (notably some of the <a href="/facts/Troupes_coloniales/l2T8R8m5">colonial troops</a> and the <a href="/facts/French_Foreign_Legion/sIBRU8D2">Foreign Legion</a>).
This was in line with the egalitarian ideology of some Republicans under the <a href="/facts/French_Third_Republic/I2nlEmcn">Third Republic</a>, in a more <a href="/facts/Militarism/3HncSuk9">militaristic</a> and <a href="/facts/Patriotism/NTmYkdwf">patriotic</a> context: after 1871, conscript societies (whose members practiced gymnastics, shooting and military instruction from adolescence)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> multiplied, the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)/S7FHcYEu">Ministry of National Education</a> set up a military education commission in 1881, the <a href="/facts/Ligue_des_Patriotes/ndbebtcC">League of Patriots</a> was founded in 1882, and schools formed school battalions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> as part of <a href="/facts/Citizenship_education_(subject)/cqNJehtV">citizenship education</a>, marching in uniform on <a href="/facts/Bastille_Day/QdR4wbdH">July 14th</a> and carrying "school rifles"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> from 1882 to 1889. By 1913, 221 provincial towns had garrisons,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> making uniforms a common sight on the streets, with parades, retreats (evening marches through the streets), military music and more.

<h3>Legislation</h3>

Following the <a href="/facts/Franco-Prussian_War/DU9aBkVB">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, the <a href="/facts/French_Third_Republic/I2nlEmcn">Third Republic</a> organized the recruitment for its armies with the law of July 27, 1872 (or the <a href="/facts/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey/MbD4Jp0Y">Cissey</a> law): tout Français peut être appelé, depuis l'âge de vingt ans jusqu'à celui de quarante ("any Frenchman may be called up, from the age of twenty to that of forty"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> service was for five years, with selection by lottery, but with the possibility of being discharged (short stature, deformity, respiratory illness, etc.), replaced or exempted (family responsibilities, clergymen, teachers, etc.). Service was reduced from five to three years by the law of July 15, 1889 (or the <a href="/facts/Charles_de_Freycinet/yBda8cI8">Freycinet</a> law).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> This situation was reformed by the law of March 21, 1905 (or the <a href="/facts/Henri_Maurice_Berteaux/X0zu1Pxo">Berteaux</a> law),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> which abolished the drawing of lots, replacements and exemptions: henceforth, all men could be called up for two years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Finally, the <a href="/facts/Law_of_Three_Years/f5Iespz7">law of August 7, 1913</a> (or the <a href="/facts/Louis_Barthou/TXKlMjMF">Barthou</a> law) increased military service from two to three years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

See also: <a href="/facts/Conscription_in_France/dK73Wxgd">Conscription in France</a>
The theoretical consequence of these laws was that, between 1905 and 1914, every French male who reached the age of 20 (just before the <a href="/facts/Age_of_majority/gceoNzKK">age of majority</a> at the time) had to be registered on a nomination list, then do his <a href="/facts/Military_service/pPQqAhDk">military service</a> for two, then three years in the active army (from age 21 to 23), before being returned to civilian life. For the eleven years following his service, men were assigned to the <a href="/facts/Military_reserve_force/9Tp233t2">military reserve force</a> (from age 24 to 34), then to the <a href="/facts/Territorial_Army_(France)/YIkCAyLD">territorial army</a> reserve for seven years (from age 35 to 41), and finally to the territorial army reserve for another seven years (from age 42 to 48).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Men doing their service were transferred to active regiments, theoretically recruited locally; after their service, they were called up three times for maneuvers and exercises, two times for reservists (each one for four weeks) and one time for territorial army reservists (of only two weeks).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> In theory, men declared unfit for service due to physical incapacity were still subject to military obligations, in the form of auxiliary service (in offices, depots, the health service, etc.). A final case is that of the "special assigned", i.e. customs officers, forest hunters, men in field railway sections, and post and telegraph officers.

Each year, a "class" of conscripts was recruited: a class is a group of men born in the same year and fit for service. The number of a class corresponds to the year of its census, generally taken in December of the year in which they turned twenty; conscription took place the year after the census, in autumn. When mobilized, men from the active forces and the youngest reservists formed the units sent into combat, while older reservists were destined to form reserve regiments kept behind the front or to fill depots while waiting to replace casualties. The men of the territorial army formed units for tasks behind the front, such as the garrisoning of squares or entrenchment work. Finally, men from the Territorial Army Reserve were to be used to guard railroads and the coast.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>
The <a href="/facts/French_Navy/hL9F15Wk">French Navy</a> recruited its personnel in a different way, based on maritime recruitment: men engaged in maritime or river navigation were required to serve in the "army of the sea",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> with a five-year term of service in peacetime. However, as the fleet needed a large number of qualified technicians, recruitment was nationwide, with maritime enrollment providing only half of the fleet's manpower in the event of mobilization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

<h3>Planning</h3>

Main article: <a href="/facts/Plan_XVII/Gm8zw9NI">Plan XVII</a>The entire mobilization was planned by the <a href="/facts/Staff_(military)/RdHIuRR8">General Staff</a> of the Army, headed since 1911 by <a href="/facts/Divisional_general/ENchdM5l">Major General</a> <a href="/facts/Joseph_Joffre/cSThV6PN">Joffre</a>, in particular its 1st bureau (organization and mobilization of the army, headed in 1914 by <a href="/facts/Lieutenant_colonel/Ep9T6K8V">Lieutenant colonel</a> Émile Giraud) and 4th bureau (stages, railroads, troop transport by rail and water, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel Camille Ragueneau).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
The plan applied in 1914 was <a href="/facts/Plan_XVII/Gm8zw9NI">Plan XVII</a>, prepared in 1913 by the General Staff and validated by the <a href="/facts/Conseil_sup%25C3%25A9rieur_de_la_guerre/AfsGboan">Superior War Council</a>. It provided for the mobilization of men, their concentration on the borders, their organization into several armies and the direction of the first offensives. But as all this would take around a fortnight, some of the active troops also needed to cover this mobilization. The role entrusted to the <a href="/facts/French_Navy/hL9F15Wk">navy</a>, which was outclassed by the <a href="/facts/Imperial_German_Navy/wNhU6Hlo">German navy</a>, was simply to protect troop convoys from Algeria and Morocco (in the hope that Italy would be neutral) and to block the English Channel to German ships (in the hope of British support).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

<h4>Troops organization</h4>
In the event of partial mobilization (motivated by the "threat of aggression characterized by the gathering of armed foreign forces"),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> only the two youngest reserve units were called up. In the event of general mobilization, everyone was called up, without any individual notification. In his military brochure, each man was given a route sheet ("fascicule de mobilisation", or mobilization booklet, model A was pink if he needed to use the railroads, model A1 was light green if he had to march<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>) with his call-up date and route (free of charge) to his <a href="/facts/Main_operating_base/uMYfAWnM">base</a>, where he was dressed, equipped and armed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

The different types of unit, theoretically recruited locally, were housed in the same <a href="/facts/Barracks/cQ38P446">barracks</a>:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<ul><li>men doing their military service formed the backbone of the active <a href="/facts/Regiment/cBBUAaKg">regiments</a>, mainly the 173 infantry regiments (numbered from 1 to 173), plus the 59 colonial and indigenous infantry regiments, the 89 <a href="/facts/Cavalry/BstsEn1G">cavalry</a> regiments, the 87 <a href="/facts/Artillery/GLpMYG9o">artillery</a> regiments, the 11 <a href="/facts/Military_engineering/dzAR2FJI">engineer regiments</a>, as well as the service units (crew, management, health, aeronautics corps, etc.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></li>
<li>On Day 2, the arrival at the depots of the three youngest classes of reservists must bring all active regiments up to full wartime strength</li>
<li>They were then replaced by the remaining reservists, who were to form reserve infantry regiments created during mobilization (numbered 201 to 421) in infantry regiment depots (numbered by adding 200 to the number);</li>
<li>Finally, the territorial infantry, who formed 145 territorial infantry regiments, at least one in each <a href="/facts/Military_district/PPEhtABJ">military district</a> subdivision.</li></ul>
Each <a href="/facts/Infantry/QAHDDQtk">infantry</a> <a href="/facts/Main_operating_base/uMYfAWnM">depot</a> completes an active regiment (with three <a href="/facts/Battalion/AohlXDhb">battalions</a>), increasing it from 2,000 men to just over 3,200, then sets up a reserve regiment (with two battalions, numbered 5 and 6), followed by a territorial regiment. Finally the guard posts for communication routes (railroads, canals, telephone and telegraph lines). Each <a href="/facts/Cavalry/BstsEn1G">cavalry</a> depot reinforces its cavalry regiment with two reserve <a href="/facts/Squadron_(army)/1ngGjcgT">squadrons</a>; each artillery depot completes its <a href="/facts/Artillery/GLpMYG9o">artillery</a> regiment and creates a reserve group (composed of several <a href="/facts/Artillery_battery/lf2pfXQv">batteries</a>); each <a href="/facts/Military_engineering/dzAR2FJI">engineer</a> depot reinforces its regiment with new <a href="/facts/Company_(military_unit)/xguxWmlh">companies</a>. A few hundred reservists are maintained in each depot to replace future losses.
The vote by the <a href="/facts/Chamber_of_Deputies/DtLMzoXj">Chamber of Deputies</a> on the <a href="/facts/Law_of_Three_Years/f5Iespz7">Law of Three Years</a> in 1913 was requested by the Army Staff, which wanted to have as many active units as its German counterpart, the <a href="/facts/Imperial_German_Army/23PWtXgP">Deutsches Heer</a> (for fear of a possible sudden attack). Thanks to this law, the peacetime army grew from 520,000 to 736,000 men in uniform, each company from 90 to 140 men, with ten new infantry regiments (nos. 164 to 173). This force was structured into 22 <a href="/facts/Corps/m5cpn7ql">corps</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> each assigned to a military region (or "corps region": in 1914 there were twenty in Metropolitan France, plus one in Algeria).
Between 1914 and 1918, the core tactical element was the <a href="/facts/Division_(military)/5T3WumCd">infantry division</a>. On August 2, 1914, France mobilized 93 divisions, including 45 active, 25 reserve, 11 territorial, 2 <a href="/facts/Troupes_coloniales/l2T8R8m5">colonial</a> and 10 cavalry divisions. By November 11, 1918, France had 119 infantry divisions.

<table><tbody><tr><td>In 1914 the infantry division comprised:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><ul><li>4 infantry regiments with 3 battalions</li><li>1 field artillery regiment with 3 groups</li><li>1 cavalry squadron</li><li>1 engineer company</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>3 infantry regiments with 3 battalions</li><li>1 field artillery regiment with 3 groups</li><li>1 heavy artillery group</li><li>1 cavalry squadron</li><li>1 engineer company</li><li>1 squadron</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Transportation to the border</h4>

Mobilization was determined by <a href="/facts/Rail_transport_in_France/bgNotqGT">rail resources</a> and by the strategy planned for the start of the conflict. The transport of all troops, known as "concentration", mobilized the majority of rolling stock, requisitioned on the advice of the Minister of War:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> one train was needed for a battalion, three trains for an infantry regiment,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> four for a cavalry regiment, seven for an infantry brigade, 26 for an infantry division and 117 for an army corps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> These trains were made up of 34 (for a <a href="/facts/Squadron_(army)/1ngGjcgT">squadron</a>) to 47 (for a <a href="/facts/Battalion/AohlXDhb">battalion</a>) wagons, making for 400-meter-long convoys, with <a href="/facts/Passenger_railroad_car/R5HDppQ6">passenger carriages</a>, <a href="/facts/Covered_goods_wagon/BL2nzndK">goods wagons</a> (at a rate of eight horses or forty men per wagon)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> and <a href="/facts/Flat_wagon/INpoaISv">flat wagons</a> (for vans and cannons),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> as required.
As a result, railroads were extensively developed for military reasons, each subprefecture was connected (<a href="/facts/Freycinet_Plan/2zcYQ5DE">Freycinet plan</a> from 1879 to 1914), double tracks led eastwards (notably those from <a href="/facts/Paris-Est%25E2%2580%2593Strasbourg-Ville_railway/UGXN5I5R">Paris to Nancy</a> and <a href="/facts/Paris-Est%25E2%2580%2593Mulhouse-Ville_railway/IfEtCloj">Paris to Belfort)</a> with <a href="/facts/Ring_road/Ly3sIEXp">ring roads</a> between them, while some stations were enlarged (e.g. <a href="/facts/Gare_de_l%2527Est/76NzJ7Iz">Gare de Paris-Est</a>). Ten lines crossing metropolitan France were prepared by the General Instruction on the execution of the concentration (l'instruction générale sur l'exécution de la concentration) of February 15, 1909, rectified on April 4, 1914,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> each line designed to transport two army corps from their military regions to landing stations behind the concentration zone. From the 2nd to the 4th day of mobilization, these lines were to carry the second stage of the covering corps (the army corps stationed near the German border); on the 3rd and 4th days, the cavalry; from the 4th to the 10th day, all the army corps, starting with the "hasty" divisions of the 2nd, 5th and 8th corps (from the 4th to the 6th day); for day 13, all reserve divisions must be deployed; on day 16, the <a href="/facts/Army_of_Africa_(France)/bYdQaDoD">Army of Africa</a> (part of the <a href="/facts/19th_Army_Corps_(France)/llb6sE8c">19th Army Corps</a>) arrived; finally, for day 17, all territorial divisions, fleets and logistics must be in place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
Overseas troops were a special case: the <a href="/facts/19th_Army_Corps_(France)/llb6sE8c">19th Army Corps</a> (mainly recruited and stationed in <a href="/facts/French_Algeria/TCd9S56V">Algeria</a>) had to supply two divisions (the <a href="/facts/37th_Infantry_Division_(France)/uNkwjV1C">37th</a> and <a href="/facts/38th_Infantry_Division_(France)/yRvN3k0q">38th</a>), which had to cross the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a> on requisitioned ships and under the protection of French squadrons to land at <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A8te/dh9xzDme">Sète</a> and <a href="/facts/Marseille/kj7te1HG">Marseille</a>. <a href="/facts/Troupes_coloniales/l2T8R8m5">Colonial troops</a> in the colonies were not included in the mobilization and concentration plan.

Railway lines for troop concentration<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><table><tbody><tr><td><ul><li>Line A concerned the 14th Army Corps, departing from Lyon station, then crossing Bourg-en-Bresse and Besançon to disembark at stations around <a href="/facts/Lure%2c_Haute-Sa%25C3%25B4ne/00d9DaxK">Lure</a> and <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589pinal/KAENHCnV">Épinal</a>.</li><li>Line B involved the 8th and 13th Army Corps, departing from the Clermont-Ferrand, Saint-Étienne, Bourges, and Dijon stations and converging at <a href="/facts/Charmes%2c_Vosges/xgW9cLye">Charmes</a>.</li><li>Line C involved the 15th and <a href="/facts/16th_Army_Corps_(France)/4uLhrW3c">16th Army Corps</a>, departing from Marseille and Montpellier stations, then heading up the right bank of the Rhône, passing through Mâcon, Dijon, Langres and Mirecourt, ending at <a href="/facts/Pont-Saint-Vincent/XgP90C9p">Pont-Saint-Vincent</a>.</li><li>Line D involved the <a href="/facts/9th_Army_Corps_(France)/SXHpaPWL">9th</a> and <a href="/facts/18th_Army_Corps_(France)/aXG2P0Uw">18th Army Corps</a>, departing from stations in Bayonne, Bordeaux, Angers, and Châteauroux, passing through Tours, Orléans, Troyes, Chaumont and Neufchâteau to arrive around <a href="/facts/Toul/sDylEApI">Toul</a> and <a href="/facts/Nancy%2c_France/hmP347Ke">Nancy</a>.</li><li>Line E covers the <a href="/facts/12th_Army_Corps_(France)/cvrRKpKx">12th</a> and <a href="/facts/17th_Army_Corps_(France)/AqYbpM3X">17th Army Corps</a>, with stations in Toulouse, Montauban, Périgueux and Angoulême, passing through Limoges, Bourges, Auxerre and Brienne-le-Château to end at <a href="/facts/Commercy/0FJMvv3a">Commercy</a>.</li></ul></td><td><ul><li>Line F concerned the <a href="/facts/5th_Army_Corps_(France)/vL9vRndJ">5th Army Corps</a>, departing from the Orléans, Melun, and Paris-Est stations and disembarking near <a href="/facts/Bar-le-Duc/kYWe0jvH">Bar-le-Duc</a> and <a href="/facts/Saint-Mihiel/0AuIrY6C">Saint-Mihiel</a>.</li><li>Line G concerned the <a href="/facts/4th_Army_Corps_(France)/aa3C9ELv">4th</a> and <a href="/facts/11th_Army_Corps_(France)/oBkGavRj">11th Army Corps</a>, departing from Vannes, Nantes, and Le Mans stations, then passing through Versailles, Choisy-le-Roi, and Reims, before ending around <a href="/facts/Verdun/GrloISEE">Verdun</a>.</li><li>Line H is for the <a href="/facts/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)/nmBIoMd5">3rd</a> and <a href="/facts/10th_Army_Corps_(France)/f5x4vlga">10th Army Corps</a>, departing from Rennes and Rouen stations, via Mantes, Pontoise, Compiègne, Soissons, and Rethel, to land near <a href="/facts/Vouziers/AQbh7Xou">Vouziers</a>.</li><li>Line I concerned the <a href="/facts/2nd_Army_Corps_(France)/8HJBA33B">2nd Army Corps</a>, departing from Amiens station, via Laon, Mézières, and Sedan, finishing around <a href="/facts/Stenay/8acSnwhL">Stenay</a> and <a href="/facts/Dun-sur-Meuse/uhhSSnTR">Dun</a>.</li><li>Line K concerned the <a href="/facts/1st_Army_Corps_(France)/7f1FuqGg">1st Army Corps</a>, departing from Lille station, then via Douai, Valenciennes, and Avesnes, disembarking around <a href="/facts/Hirson/mYkzTfgK">Hirson</a> and <a href="/facts/Rimogne/NhtIqYSE">Rimogne</a>.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Precautionary measures</h4>
Troops were stationed directly along the Franco-German border to protect mobilization from the very first day, relying on <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9_de_Rivi%25C3%25A8res_system/e8lpve6s">fortifications in the East</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> In the event of diplomatic tension, The instruction for preparing for mobilization (l'instruction sur la préparation de la mobilisation) provided for six groups of measures to be taken successively:

<ul><li>group A (precautionary measures), recall of officers, volunteers and troops on the move;</li>
<li>group B (surveillance measures), surveillance of the border and telegraph and telephone offices;</li>
<li>group C (protective measures), guarding fortified structures and engineering works;</li>
<li>group D, coastal surveillance and protection;</li>
<li>group E (preparatory organizational measures), call-up for exercise of gendarmes, certain reservists and territorial guards of border communication routes, as well as the location of necessary horses;</li>
<li>group F (preparatory measures for operations), loading of mine devices (to destroy border engineering structures), firing on suspicious aircraft, mobilization exercises for border garrisons, interruption of international power lines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></li></ul>
The "cover" (protection) of the mobilization was provided by five <a href="/facts/Corps/m5cpn7ql">army corps</a>, the first echelon of which was almost fully manned in peacetime,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> prepositioned along the Franco-German border: part of the <a href="/facts/2nd_Army_Corps_(France)/8HJBA33B">2nd corps</a> at <a href="/facts/Charleville-M%25C3%25A9zi%25C3%25A8res/g1jXThHn">Mézières</a>, the 6th corps at <a href="/facts/Verdun/GrloISEE">Verdun</a> and <a href="/facts/Saint-Mihiel/0AuIrY6C">Saint-Mihiel</a>, the 20th corps at <a href="/facts/Toul/sDylEApI">Toul</a> and <a href="/facts/Nancy%2c_France/hmP347Ke">Nancy</a>, the 21st corps at <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589pinal/KAENHCnV">Épinal</a> and <a href="/facts/Saint-Di%25C3%25A9-des-Vosges/R5TuMYq8">Saint-Dié</a> and the 7th corps at <a href="/facts/Remiremont/KLyzFnNI">Remiremont</a> and <a href="/facts/Belfort/XXXMFFBY">Belfort</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Their mission under the XVII plan was "initially, to stop enemy reconnaissance or detachments seeking to penetrate the territory, and subsequently, to delay the march of larger corps that could disrupt the landing and concentration of armies". These corps were theoretically available in two echelons: the first between the 3rd and 8th hour of mobilization, the second from the 2nd to the 4th day; <a href="/facts/12th_Infantry_Division_(France)/VIIveV99">the 12th Reims division</a> was to serve as reserve. Between days 4 and 6, the cover was to be reinforced by three "hasty" divisions (cover reinforcements) provided by the 2nd corps (the 3rd Amiens division), the 5th corps (<a href="/facts/9th_Motorized_Division/CC48cKEe">the 9th Orléans division</a>, temporarily transferred to the 6th corps) and the 8th corps (<a href="/facts/15th_Infantry_Division_(France)/bkS2aUQI">the 15th Dijon division</a>, loaned to the 21st corps).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>

<h2 id="outbreak">Outbreak</h2>
<a href="/facts/France%25E2%2580%2593Germany_relations/djc3nm7g">Relations between Germany and France</a> at the start of the 20th century were marked by a series of diplomatic tensions, most notably the two Moroccan crises: <a href="/facts/First_Moroccan_Crisis/tsJ4fjuI">the Tangier crisis</a> of 1905 and the <a href="/facts/Agadir_Crisis/DyuPRIPz">Agadir crisis</a> of 1911. However, it was through the alliances that these two states were forced to declare their mobilization.

See also: <a href="/facts/Triple_Alliance_(1882)/IhQoVYeY">Triple Alliance (1882)</a>, <a href="/facts/Franco-Russian_Alliance/0y317lDV">Franco-Russian Alliance</a>, <a href="/facts/Entente_Cordiale/6oekn86r">Entente Cordiale</a>, and <a href="/facts/Triple_Entente/pyxyg1cA">Triple Entente</a>

<h3>July Crisis</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/July_Crisis/6scRK47P">July Crisis</a>
The <a href="/facts/Casus_belli/UpyPVvdT">casus belli</a> of the <a href="/facts/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand/TPK68sok">Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinandt</a> triggered a succession of <a href="/facts/Ultimatum/2x7MJ7xr">ultimatums</a>, <a href="/facts/Mobilization/XXDdQkgl">mobilizations</a> and <a href="/facts/Declaration_of_war/LSYtAgTS">declarations of war</a> that quickly spread to Germany and then France. On July 25, 1914, the <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Serbia/2HSIwdv9">Kingdom of Serbia</a> decreed its mobilization in response to the <a href="/facts/Ultimatum_of_July_23%2c_1914/z6tXrVUM">Austro-Hungarian ultimatum</a>; on the same day, <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austria-Hungary</a> announced partial mobilization from the 28th. On the 29th, the <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a> followed with a partial mobilization due to start on July 30.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> On the 30th, the Tsar ordered general mobilization,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> which had no other consequences than the inevitable Austrian (from the 31st) and German mobilizations. In France, at 7 a.m. on July 30, Chief of Staff <a href="/facts/Joseph_Joffre/cSThV6PN">Joffre</a> asked <a href="/facts/Minister_of_the_Armed_Forces_(France)/MFVkmcy6">War Minister</a> <a href="/facts/Adolphe_Messimy/2xeeMy8l">Messimy</a> for an order to mobilize, or at least to cover the borders, but did not receive it. The General warned the Minister: "If what we know of German intentions proves true, the enemy will enter our territory without firing a shot."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

On the 31st, the <a href="/facts/German_Empire/lwQutJyN">German Empire</a> decreed Kriegsgefahrzustand (a state of war danger: requisitions, border closures, etc.): Joffre again called for mobilization: "It is absolutely necessary that the government should know that, from this evening onwards, any delay of twenty-four hours in calling up reservists and sending the covering telegram will result in a retreat of our concentration force, i.e. in the initial abandonment of part of our territory"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> He obtained the covering order, but not the mobilization order: he sent the order by <a href="/facts/Telegraphy/JhRYDSDu">telegram</a> at 5.40 p.m. to the various units, with application from 9 p.m. At 7 p.m., the German ambassador to France, <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_von_Schoen/Tp514h0q">Schoen</a>, met the <a href="/facts/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers/rgkw6qYW">President of the Council</a>, <a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Viviani/UpBuT2cP">Viviani</a>, and under the orders of the German Chancellor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> asked him whether France would remain neutral in the event of a Russo-German war: the Frenchman procrastinated ("allow me time to think").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

<h3>Mobilization order</h3>
At 11 a.m. on August 1, Schoen met Viviani again to obtain the reply that "France will be guided by its interests". At 3.45 pm, the French government<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> decreed the start of general mobilization on August 2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> By 5 pm, Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered the German mobilization, then declared war on Russia at 7 pm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> On the evening of the 2nd, Germany told the Belgian government not to oppose the passage of German troops through Belgium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> On the 3rd, the German ambassador transmitted the declaration of war to France to the head of the French government at 6:45 p.m. (on the basis that French aircraft had attacked German territory)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> and left Paris, while Belgium refused to let German troops through.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

The mobilization order was issued by the "Decree ordering the mobilization of the Army and Navy on August 1, 1914", published in the <a href="/facts/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%25C3%25A9publique_fran%25C3%25A7aise/slr8CGTT">Journal Officiel</a> on August 2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> The telegram giving the mobilization order was sent from Paris at 3:55 p.m. on August 1 to <a href="/facts/Corps/m5cpn7ql">corps</a>, <a href="/facts/Division_(military)/5T3WumCd">division</a> and <a href="/facts/Regiment/cBBUAaKg">regiment</a> commanders, as well as to <a href="/facts/Prefect_(France)/nDkTX1V7">prefects</a>, who relayed it to sub-prefects and mayors; isolated rural communes were informed by <a href="/facts/National_Gendarmerie/MuStvm7G">gendarmes</a> (on horseback or by car), then to hamlets by messengers sent by the mayors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> The first poster was put up on August 1 at 4pm on the corner of <a href="/facts/Place_de_la_Concorde/gtcP3f4M">Concorde</a> and <a href="/facts/Rue_Royale%2c_Paris/LpusE3PW">Rue Royale.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> The entire population was informed on the same day by posters, printed since 1904<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> (only the date remains to be completed), posted on public roads in each commune<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> and then by the <a href="/facts/Bell/oU1E1JHg">tocsin</a> sounded by church and belfry bells.
<h2 id="first-reactions">First reactions</h2>
<h3>Astonishment then enthusiasm</h3>
The announcement of mobilization did not trigger widespread enthusiasm:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> as historian <a href="/facts/Jean-Jacques_Becker/8bGWwxmU">Jean-Jacques Becker</a> points out, "probably the most widespread feeling among all sections of the population was one of surprise",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> particularly in rural areas where the press was less widely distributed than in cities. The astonishment expressed at the time clearly indicates that the mobilization initially took the population by surprise,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> as in <a href="/facts/Charente/cWssVS74">Charente</a> village <a href="/facts/Aignes-et-Puyp%25C3%25A9roux/Mmaqdfs6">Aignes</a>:

<blockquote>« le premier août 1914, vers cinq heures du soir, la plupart des gens furent avertis, par le son de la cloche, que la mobilisation générale était décrétée. En effet quelques instants auparavant, la gendarmerie de Blanzac était venue en apporter la nouvelle au maire. Plus tard, la nouvelle fut confirmée dans tous les villages, par le tambour, qui apposait également les affiches spéciales. La première impression fut, pour tout le monde, une profonde stupéfaction car personne ne croyait la guerre possible. Néanmoins, les jours suivants, les départs s'effectuèrent avec la plus grande régularité. Les femmes retrouvèrent leur calme et les hommes, pleins d'enthousiasme, partaient en chantant »
["On August 1, 1914, at around five o'clock in the evening, most people were warned by the sound of the bell that general mobilization had been decreed. Indeed, a few moments earlier, the Blanzac gendarmerie had come to bring the news to the mayor. Later, the drummer confirmed the news in all the villages, who also put up the special posters. Everyone's first impression was one of profound amazement, for no one thought war was possible. Nevertheless, in the days that followed, the departures took place with the greatest regularity. The women regained their composure and the men, full of enthusiasm, set off singing"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>]</blockquote>
Similarly, in <a href="/facts/Nyons/f3J7fSJM">Nyons</a>, a town in the <a href="/facts/Dr%25C3%25B4me/Ss8DQawI">Drôme region</a>, a schoolteacher testifies: "The population, although prepared for the war for several days by the press, learned the unfortunate news with a sort of stupor. I saw some women crying. The men looked sad, but determined."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>
Analyzed by Jean-Jacques Becker, these documents show the different stages of popular reaction. The initial astonishment was often followed by a certain despondency: "consternation, sadness and anguish were widespread, far more so than feelings dictated by the patriotic impulse",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> and expressions of enthusiasm were rare. President <a href="/facts/Raymond_Poincar%25C3%25A9/xmHbzWMG">Raymond Poincaré</a>'s proclamation, posted and published in the newspapers on August 2, was reassuring, emphasizing "mobilization is not war; on the contrary, in the present circumstances, it appears to be the best means of ensuring peace with honor. The government, strengthened by its ardent desire to reach a peaceful solution to the crisis and shielded by these necessary precautions, will continue its diplomatic efforts and still hopes to succeed. It is counting on the composure of the noble nation not to give way to unjustified emotion; it is counting on the patriotism of all Frenchmen, and knows that there is not one who is not ready to do his duty. At this hour, there are no more parties, there is an eternal, peaceful and resolute France. There is the entire country of law and justice, united in calm, vigilance and dignity".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a>
However, the mood had changed by the time the soldiers left for their barracks, as described above in Aignes. Whereas before, expressions of enthusiasm had been infrequent, now they were more spectacular, particularly at the embarkation stations for mobilized soldiers, demonstrating a genuine patriotic impulse imbued with seriousness and a determination to do one's duty, despite the frequent tears shed by the women or the more or less heart-rending farewells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> How can this change in mood be explained? According to Jean-Jacques Becker, revanchist sentiments linked to the <a href="/facts/Franco-Prussian_War/DU9aBkVB">1870 war</a> and the loss of <a href="/facts/Alsace%25E2%2580%2593Lorraine/Aqy6PCKT">Alsace-Lorraine</a> played little part. French <a href="/facts/Public_opinion/GfnFwKk2">public opinion</a> was dominated by the idea of a peaceful France, obliged to defend itself against outright German aggression. Under these conditions, refusing to fight was out of the question. Men set off, "not with the enthusiasm of a conqueror, but with the resolution of a duty to be fulfilled",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> an idea also reflected in the testimony of historian <a href="/facts/Marc_Bloch/j0X2WVlP">Marc Bloch</a>, who was himself mobilized: "Most of the men were not cheerful: they were resolute, which was better."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

<h3>Xenophobia</h3>

This commitment, which was measured if resolute, was not incompatible with displays of <a href="/facts/Patriotism/NTmYkdwf">patriotic</a> enthusiasm in the streets, whether in the form of parades, crowds or military songs; nor did it prevent <a href="/facts/Nationalism/IECpIhm0">nationalist</a> and <a href="/facts/Xenophobia/SIyBsnEP">xenophobic</a> outbursts, notably the looting of stores with Germanic names<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> (on the night of August 2 to 3, 1914, and again the following day, the <a href="/facts/Maggi/vgDVU6UC">Maggi</a> dairy stores, although Swiss-branded, were looted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> The same company's laboratory was set on fire; the Pschorr tavern on <a href="/facts/Boulevard_de_Strasbourg/BFmJIkra">boulevard de Strasbourg</a>, the Appenrodt food store on rue des Italiens, the Muller brasserie on rue Thorel and the Klein boutique on <a href="/facts/Boulevard_des_Italiens/S5e3pWrw">boulevard des Italiens</a> were ransacked); the black veil was removed from the Strasbourg statue on <a href="/facts/Place_de_la_Concorde/gtcP3f4M">place de la Concorde</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> etc.). This <a href="/facts/Catharsis/DSTQq1nu">catharsis</a> continued in the days that followed, with, for example, the renaming of rue de Berlin to rue de Liège on August 15 (in tribute to the Belgian defenders of the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Li%25C3%25A8ge/bgCvD4Bj">siege of Liège</a>), avenue d'Allemagne to avenue Jean-Jaurès on August 19 (following a petition from the avenue's residents) and the homonym metro stations (<a href="/facts/Li%25C3%25A8ge_station_(Paris_M%25C3%25A9tro)/vVg3U9g1">Liège</a> and <a href="/facts/Jaur%25C3%25A8s_station/ml0tQRko">Jaurès</a>), the café viennois was renamed the <a href="/facts/Caf%25C3%25A9_li%25C3%25A9geois/KrGFJS8v">café liégeois</a>, berlingots became "<a href="/facts/Tetra_Pak/7x1Sm2em">parigots</a>", German shepherds became Belgian shepherds and eau de Cologne became "eau de Pologne".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>
However, these collective manifestations of intense patriotic or even nationalist fervor were very much in the minority, confined to a few towns: as Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and <a href="/facts/Annette_Becker/Ggzbzc3U">Annette Becker</a> point out, the motivation of rural populations (the majority in France) was clearly distinct from, but not contradictory to, a certain urban enthusiasm, "the leading edge of a general consent centered on resignation and acceptance - sometimes overwhelm - and then the growing resolution of the majority".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>

<h3>Sacred union</h3>
Military and political leaders were worried about the possible refusal to obey by civilians called up as reservists: they feared that the number of insoumis (<a href="/facts/Desertion/GJxjpbf6">deserters</a>) would be significant, and that <a href="/facts/Pacifism/zN1mCGPx">pacifist</a> demonstrations would take place. Several opposition unions and political parties, notably the <a href="/facts/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)/AJXVcCfL">CGT</a> and <a href="/facts/French_Section_of_the_Workers%2527_International/erecFSQw">SFIO</a>, had taken <a href="/facts/Antimilitarism/bCtCo53Q">anti-militarist</a> stances before the crisis broke out, and were planning a general strike (the refusal to obey mobilization orders) to prevent the outbreak of conflict. On July 29 and 30, SFIO leader <a href="/facts/Jean_Jaur%25C3%25A8s/Ufa0vk9v">Jean Jaurès</a> was in <a href="/facts/Brussels/tNzHrQYP">Brussels</a> for a meeting of the bureau of the <a href="/facts/Second_International/kIUJv7SA">Second International</a> and a meeting with <a href="/facts/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany/GyXlKgqJ">German socialist leaders</a>, with the aim of coordinating their pacifist actions. Faced with these expected difficulties, the French Ministry of the Interior had planned for the systematic arrest of anti-militarist leaders in the event of mobilization: the <a href="/facts/Carnet_B/es2Dxa7S">Carnet B</a> was to provide a list of 2,500 individuals "whose attitude and actions may be likely to disturb order and hinder the smooth running of mobilization services".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a>).
However, the surge of patriotism and the <a href="/facts/Assassination_of_Jean_Jaur%25C3%25A8s/gogqLnCk">assassination of Jaurès</a> in Paris on July 31 led the Left Party to rally to the "<a href="/facts/Sacred_Union/bjahTx84">Sacred Union</a>" called for by <a href="/facts/Raymond_Poincar%25C3%25A9/xmHbzWMG">President Poincaré</a> in his speech on August 4. The CGT announced that it was putting its Paris premises on rue de la Grange-aux-Belles at the disposal of the <a href="/facts/French_Armed_Forces_Health_Service/6tlDYfGy">Army Medical Corps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A9on_Jouhaux/SedB2LNj">Léon Jouhaux</a>, General Secretary of the <a href="/facts/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)/AJXVcCfL">CGT</a>, proclaimed at Jaurès's funeral: "In the name of the trade unions, in the name of all those workers who have already joined their regiments, and in the name of those, including myself, who will be leaving tomorrow, I declare that we are going to the battlefield with the determination to repel the aggressor."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> As a result of these reactions, Interior Minister <a href="/facts/Louis_Malvy/3n36TUJP">Louis Malvy</a> instructed prefects not to use Carnet B, even though a few arrests were made in the <a href="/facts/Nord_(French_department)/AyAYYSLp">Nord</a> and <a href="/facts/Pas-de-Calais/YJfkmpMe">Pas-de-Calais</a> regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> The SFIO voted for the war loans, then joined the government in the <a href="/facts/Second_Viviani_government/7tY1t28S">reshuffle of August 26</a>, gaining the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_War_(France)/3YbL7S2h">Ministries of War</a> and <a href="/facts/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)/dI9Sk9Fz">Foreign Affairs</a>.

See also: <a href="/facts/Assassination_of_Jean_Jaur%25C3%25A8s/gogqLnCk">Assassination of Jean Jaurès</a>
<blockquote>French: « La France vient d'être l'objet d'une agression brutale et préméditée qui est un insolent défi au droit des gens. Avant qu'une déclaration de guerre nous eut encore été adressée […] notre territoire a été violé. […] L'Allemagne a déclaré subitement la guerre à la Russie, elle a envahi le territoire du Luxembourg, elle a outrageusement insulté la noble nation belge, notre voisine et notre amie, et elle a essayé de nous surprendre traîtreusement en pleine conversation diplomatique. […] Dans la guerre qui s'engage, la France aura pour elle le droit […]. Elle sera héroïquement défendue par tous ses fils, dont rien ne brisera devant l'ennemi l'union sacrée et qui sont aujourd'hui fraternellement assemblés dans une même indignation contre l'agresseur et dans une même foi patriotique. Elle est fidèlement secondée par la Russie, son alliée ; elle est soutenue par la loyale amitié de l'Angleterre. Et déjà de tous les points du monde civilisé viennent à elle les sympathies et les vœux. Car elle représente aujourd'hui, une fois de plus, devant l'univers, la liberté, la justice et la raison. Haut les cœurs et vive la France ! »
["France has just been the object of a brutal and premeditated aggression which is an insolent challenge to the people's rights. Before a declaration of war had even been addressed to us [...] our territory had been violated. [...] Germany suddenly declared war on Russia, invaded the territory of Luxembourg, outrageously insulted the noble Belgian nation, our neighbor and friend, and tried to treacherously surprise us in the midst of a diplomatic conversation. [...]
In the war that is about to begin, France will have the right [...]. She will be heroically defended by all her sons, whose sacred union can never be broken before the enemy, and who are today fraternally united in the same indignation against the aggressor and in the same patriotic faith. It is faithfully supported by Russia, its ally; it is backed by the loyal friendship of England. Sympathy and good wishes are already pouring in from all corners of the civilized world. For she represents today, once again, before the universe, liberty, justice and reason. Cheer up and long live France!]

— <a href="/facts/Raymond_Poincar%25C3%25A9/xmHbzWMG">Raymond Poincaré</a>, Message to the Chambers, read by Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Viviani/UpBuT2cP">René Viviani</a> on August 4, 1914.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></blockquote>
<h2 id="proceedings">Proceedings</h2>
The mobilization of 1914 was divided into three periods: the covering period (August 2 to 7), during which reservists were called up under the protection of covering troops; the concentration period (August 8 to 13), during which active and reserve troops were moved to the frontier; and the start of the period of major operations (August 14 to 18), during which territorial troops, fleets, and logistics were put in place.

<h3>Reservists recalled</h3>
Not all men were mobilized at the same time, but gradually, depending on their status. The mandatory date of arrival at the depot (indicated in days after the first day of mobilization) appeared on the mobilization booklet (a double sheet) attached by staples to the back cover of the military record booklet,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> which each man had to keep for his 28 years of military service (three years in the active service, eleven in the reserve, seven in the territorial service and seven in the territorial reserve), including during his travels, and even if he lived abroad.
The 200,000 men of the Territorial Reserve assigned to guarding transport routes were mobilized on the eve of the first day of mobilization (i.e. August 1), to protect important railroads and engineering structures close to their homes (usually less than ten kilometers away, or 6.2 miles).
The 880,000 men<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> in the active service, i.e. classes 1911, 1912 and 1913 (born between 1891 and 1893, aged 21 to 23)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> were already in depots and barracks. They were joined by the 2,200,000 men in the reserve, i.e. classes 1900 to 1910 (born between 1880 and 1890, aged 24 to 34);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> then by the 700,000 men in the territorial reserve, i.e. classes 1893 to 1899 (born between 1873 and 1879, aged 35 to 41);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> the territorial reserve, i.e. classes 1887 to 1892, was not immediately mobilized (it would be incorporated from the youngest from August 16).
The transportation of all these reservists and territorials from their homes to their assignment depots ("mobilization centers") was mainly by rail, hence the first phase, known as "mobilization", was a vast crossroads of 10,000 passenger trains<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> (including 3,262 trains on the <a href="/facts/Chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%25C3%25A0_Lyon_et_%25C3%25A0_la_M%25C3%25A9diterran%25C3%25A9e/9X15JXux">PLM network</a>, 3,121 trains on the <a href="/facts/Chemins_de_fer_du_Nord/LJb0Xj7k">Northern</a>, 1,500 trains on the <a href="/facts/Compagnie_du_chemin_de_fer_de_Paris_%25C3%25A0_Orl%25C3%25A9ans/7NeF6xeE">PO</a> and 1,334 trains in the <a href="/facts/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%2527Est/o49DSuQy">Eastern</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> crossing metropolitan France in all directions and transporting mobilized men in civilian clothes free of charge. "Men who were drafted were advised to set off with two shirts, one pair of boxer shorts, two handkerchiefs and a good pair of shoes; to have their hair cut and to take a day's supply of food with them."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> On August 1, the railroads received the general mobilization order; a ministerial decree stated that from August 2, 1914, the railroads were under military control. Immediately, the railways prepared wagons for troop transport.

The youngest reservists (classes 1910, 1909 and 1908) completed the active units, and must join the depots on the 2nd and 3rd days of mobilization, i.e. Monday August 3 and Tuesday August 4. Slightly older reservists (classes 1907, 1906, 1905 and 1904) formed reserve units (supervised by a few officers and men from the active service) and must be present at the depot from the 3rd, 4th or 5th day, depending on the unit, i.e. from Tuesday August 4 or Thursday August 6. As for the oldest reservists (classes 1903 and 1902), they must theoretically remain at the depot to replace future losses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Territorial reservists were called up a little later. In addition, there were 71,000 voluntary enlistees,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> who were called up early (classes 1914 onwards: The Law of Three years authorized voluntary enlistment for the duration of the war from the age of 17), re-enlisted (some veterans of the <a href="/facts/Franco-Prussian_War/DU9aBkVB">1870 war</a>) or were foreigners (26,000 men, including <a href="/facts/Alsace%25E2%2580%2593Lorraine/Aqy6PCKT">Alsatians-Lorrains</a>, <a href="/facts/Poles_in_France/lYGRMD83">Poles</a> and <a href="/facts/Italians/dsdUeJ1n">Italians</a>, who were not all enrolled in the <a href="/facts/French_Foreign_Legion/sIBRU8D2">Foreign Legion</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>
The <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_sp%25C3%25A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr/joaGEtB2">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a> was closed at the start of the mobilization, and all its students were assigned to active service regiments during the August days, most of them becoming <a href="/facts/Sub-lieutenant/u5UCVbNV">sub-lieutenants</a> by October (the "<a href="/facts/Battle_of_Montmirail/PpIU8p3M">Montmirail</a>" class of 1912–1914 and the "Croix du Drapeau" class of 1913–1914).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> As for candidates for the 1914 Saint-Cyr entrance examination, who had just taken the written exam in June, their oral exams were abolished: all those eligible were declared successful on August 4 and immediately sent to the depots, where, after four months of training, they became sub-lieutenants or non-commissioned officers (this class of 1914 was dubbed "the Great Revenge" in January 1915).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> The <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique/0DS7aMaR">École Polytechnique</a> was also closed for mobilization, and all students from the class of 1913 were transferred to the artillery or engineering corps as sub-lieutenants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> Students from the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_normale_sup%25C3%25A9rieure_(Paris)/KQtorjQB">École normale supérieure</a>, the <a href="/facts/National_School_of_Rural_Engineering%2c_Water_Resources_and_Forestry/qNDzAWTJ">École forestière de Nancy</a> and the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_nationale_sup%25C3%25A9rieure_des_mines_de_Saint-%25C3%2589tienne/JVB7Abdt">École des mines de Saint-Étienne</a> who had been found fit were transferred to the infantry, those from the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_Centrale_Paris/UJvkDGl2">École centrale des arts et manufactures</a> and the <a href="/facts/Mines_Paris_%25E2%2580%2593_PSL/xLpmkXIf">École nationale supérieure des mines</a> joined the artillery, and those from the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_des_ponts_ParisTech/sd868NpX">École des ponts et chaussées</a> were assigned to the <a href="/facts/Military_engineering/dzAR2FJI">engineering corps</a> (as provided for by the law of March 21, 1905 or Law of Three Years), while classes resumed for the few who had been exempted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> Second-year students at the École navale left with the rank of second petty officer of the fleet, but kept their student uniforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
The number of <a href="/facts/Draft_evasion/RImp00dr">draft dodgers</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> was lower (1.5%) than forecast (13%):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> the <a href="/facts/National_Gendarmerie/MuStvm7G">gendarmerie</a> brigades only had to reduce small underground groups in the <a href="/facts/Loire_(department)/DBytkTQ2">Loire</a> department<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> and a few self-mutilations (of the left <a href="/facts/Index_finger/y2MjrVLJ">index finger</a> or <a href="/facts/Calf_(leg)/fuSqDSue">calf</a>) were lamented;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a> the men responsible for the incidents (mostly related to drinking) were transferred to disciplinary companies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> The <a href="/facts/1st_Cuirassier_Regiment_(France)/aqKjGm60">1st cuirassier regiment</a> was even kept in Paris for three days in the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589cole_militaire/5CSwHNbF">École Militaire</a> barracks as a precautionary measure, "for reasons of domestic policy",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a> as reinforcements for the <a href="/facts/Republican_Guard_(France)/HkCpXEFW">Republican Guard</a>. As for rebels and <a href="/facts/Desertion/GJxjpbf6">deserters</a> prior to mobilization, they were offered amnesty if they surrendered voluntarily.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a>

<h3>Clothing and equipment</h3>

From August 1 to 15, 2,887,000 men were drafted, then 1,099,000 from August 16 to September 30,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> giving an estimated total of 3,986,000 men (the 1911 <a href="/facts/Census/dePeULsk">census</a> announced a population of 39.7 million in France, including 19.5 million men, of whom 12.6 million were fitted<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>). In September and October 1914, all those discharged and exempted from the 1887 to 1914 classes were enumerated and then recalled by the draft boards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a>
Mobilization quadrupled the troops: the crowd had to be dressed in uniform (<a href="/facts/Kepi/RXmWslz6">kepi</a>, jacket, <a href="/facts/Overcoat/gYCsIN7k">overcoat</a>, pants, suspenders, shirts, tie, underpants, gaiters and socks) and work boots; equip it with a <a href="/facts/Backpack/uvI4lVWl">backpack</a>, a bag, a canister, a comb, two handkerchiefs, a grease tin, four brushes, a bar of soap, a sewing kit (scissors, a spool of thread, a thimble, needles and a collection of buttons), a pack of bandages (a feather cushion, a gauze compress, a cotton strip and two safety pins), a mess tin, a spoon, a fork, a quarter of a litre, twelve loaves of war bread (1.5 kg, for two days), a tin of canned food (500 g of <a href="/facts/Corned_beef/ttv4CRfV">salted beef</a> or condensed soup), sachets of small foodstuffs (200 g of rice or dried vegetables, 72 g of instant coffee, 64 g of sugar and 40 g of salt),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> a belt, three cartridge belts and a sword-bayonet holder; for each squad, four large bowls, four cooking pots, two canvas buckets, a coffee grinder, two distribution bags and tools (picks, axes, hacksaws and shovels). Each man wears around his neck an oval aluminum<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> identity plate (with surname, first name and class on one side, and regional subdivision and regimental number on the other), which is only issued in wartime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> Stores were emptied for reservists, so the territorials were often dressed and equipped with old clothes and old-fashioned weaponry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>
In two weeks, the French army went from 686 to 1,636 infantry <a href="/facts/Battalion/AohlXDhb">battalions</a>, from 365 to 596 cavalry <a href="/facts/Squadron_(army)/1ngGjcgT">squadrons</a>, from 855 to 1,527 <a href="/facts/Artillery_battery/lf2pfXQv">artillery batteries</a> and from 191 to 528 engineer units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> Its structure grew from 54 <a href="/facts/Division_(military)/5T3WumCd">divisions</a> in <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_France/azPuzr4V">metropolitan France</a> (including ten cavalry divisions, not counting units in the <a href="/facts/French_North_Africa/uVQ8s7mD">French North Africa</a>) in peacetime to 94 divisions (46 active, 25 <a href="/facts/Military_reserve_force/9Tp233t2">reserve</a>, 13 territorial and 10 cavalry) standing on the ready. In addition, there were 21 army squadrons (each with eight <a href="/facts/Flight_(military_unit)/9oysDITb">aircraft</a>), two cavalry squadrons, five <a href="/facts/Airship/8X3TSBdx">airships</a>, four companies of local balloonists, and 212 sections of the automotive service (transporting troops, equipment, medical supplies and fresh meat).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> Departure for the border was on schedule, with the unit theoretically fully manned and equipped.

<h3>Mobilization coverage</h3>
As early as July 25, 1914, all <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9ral/Ffga8I78">general officers</a> and chefs de <a href="/facts/Corps/m5cpn7ql">corps</a> (unit commanders) were recalled and their leave withdrawn<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> and on the 26th, all units on leave were ordered to return to their barracks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> Then, On the evening of the 27th, troops on leave from the five army corps on the border were recalled, and these corps applied the "dispositif restreint de sécurité" (restricted safety system)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> (measures to protect communication routes, especially engineering structures). In the middle of the night of the 27th to the 28th, the Ministry of War ordered the recall of those on leave from the interior corps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> On the 29th, the Minister ordered the guarding of fortified structures, military establishments and wireless stations in the six frontier corps (1st in <a href="/facts/Maubeuge/V1c7Xw5y">Maubeuge</a>, 2nd in the <a href="/facts/Ardennes/KcoMTcJj">Ardennes</a>, 6th in <a href="/facts/Verdun/GrloISEE">Verdun</a>, 20th in <a href="/facts/Toul/sDylEApI">Toul</a>, 21st in <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589pinal/KAENHCnV">Épinal</a> and 7th corps in <a href="/facts/Belfort/XXXMFFBY">Belfort</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> On the morning of July 31, 1914, the five eastern army corps were ordered to carry out a "full mobilization exercise" (deployment of active units), but ten kilometers behind the border (by order of the government);<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> the governors of the four eastern positions were now ordered to launch defense work (digging trenches, laying barbed wire and setting up batteries).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>
At 6 p.m. on August 1, the <a href="/facts/Colonel/ASSc95Et">colonels</a> of the regiments at stake received the telegram "Faites partir troupes de couverture" ("Send out covering troops"), leading to the deployment by train or on foot of units from all five corps and the recall of border reservists,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> but still ten kilometers behind the border. The 7th Corps (temporarily including the 8th Cavalry Division) deployed in the "<a href="/facts/Vosges/FUG7xABL">Higher Vosges</a> sector" (from <a href="/facts/Belfort/XXXMFFBY">Belfort</a> to <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25A9rardmer/txQMPTrU">Gérardmer</a>), the 21st Corps (including the 6th Cavalry Division) in the High <a href="/facts/Meurthe_(river)/CMj35AxF">Meurthe</a> sector (from <a href="/facts/Fraize/aCemRSgr">Fraize</a> to <a href="/facts/Avricourt%2c_Meurthe-et-Moselle/dchD8LLk">Avricourt</a>), the 20th corps (with the 2nd Cavalry Division) in the Low Meurthe sector (from Avricourt to <a href="/facts/Dieulouard/9erGTQHj">Dieulouard</a>), the 6th corps (including the 7th Cavalry Division) in the southern <a href="/facts/Wo%25C3%25ABvre/J9STqnSQ">Woëvre</a> (from <a href="/facts/Pont-%25C3%25A0-Mousson/rCfNEPwm">Pont-à-Mousson</a> to <a href="/facts/Conflans-en-Jarnisy/a3cXSDuR">Conflans</a>) and the <a href="/facts/2nd_Army_Corps_(France)/8HJBA33B">2nd corps</a> (with the 4th Cavalry Division) in the northern Woëvre (from Conflans to <a href="/facts/Givet/C5fo006C">Givet</a>). These covering positions were commanded by generals from the various frontier army corps, under the direct command of the General-in-Chief until the 5th day, when they came under the orders of army commanders. Ahead of the "big ones" several groups were placed, each composed of a <a href="/facts/Battalion/AohlXDhb">battalion</a> and a <a href="/facts/Squadron_(army)/1ngGjcgT">squadron</a>, with cavalry "scouts" supported by <a href="/facts/Customs/dLBa0dlN">customs</a> officers and forestry hunters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> further forward. Transport of the cover was completed on August 3, thanks to 538 trains; the three early-mobilization divisions were in place by August 5.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a>
The <a href="/facts/French_Navy/hL9F15Wk">navy</a> was also involved in preventive measures. From July 25, leave-holders were recalled, reserve ships were reconditioned, munitions of war began to be loaded and schools closed. On July 29, the <a href="/facts/Battleship/PjjTspo5">battleships</a> concentrated in Toulon filled up with coal. On July 31, <a href="/facts/Fishing_trawler/wocnjHEz">trawlers</a> were requisitioned (to be used as auxiliary <a href="/facts/Minesweeper/6xFLcTF2">minesweepers</a>) and port defenses were organized. On August 2, the general firing order for the ships' boilers (several hours of heating are needed to build up sufficient steam pressure) is given for 10:15 pm. On August 3, at 4:50 a.m., the <a href="/facts/Squadron_(naval)/9ERnHH3Q">squadrons</a> set sail from <a href="/facts/Toulon_arsenal/Iyeej153">Toulon</a> to protect links with <a href="/facts/French_North_Africa/uVQ8s7mD">North Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>

The first border incident occurred on the 2nd of August: a German patrol from the Jäger-Regiment zu Pferde Nr. 5 (5e regiment of cavalrymen, stationed at <a href="/facts/Mulhouse/tevjgCps">Mulhouse</a>) encountered a French squad from the 44th infantry regiment (from <a href="/facts/Montb%25C3%25A9liard/827s7WM5">Montbéliard</a>), stationed there for surveillance, at <a href="/facts/Joncherey/I7T24Ezw">Joncherey</a> near <a href="/facts/Delle/vGa6P4Lb">Delle</a> (in the <a href="/facts/Territoire_de_Belfort/UyN0Gmuj">Territoire de Belfort</a>): the exchange of fire killed the two commanders, French corporal <a href="/facts/Jules-Andr%25C3%25A9_Peugeot/mmeDf0gu">Jules André Peugeot</a> (21) and German <a href="/facts/Albert_Mayer_(soldier)/l1jdWGtC">Albert Mayer</a> (22), who became the first to be killed in either country, even before the declaration of war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Further German reconnaissance near <a href="/facts/Longwy/eQ39pFts">Longwy</a> and <a href="/facts/Lun%25C3%25A9ville/fetL9YMF">Lunéville</a> verified the French positions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> On the morning of the 2nd, the Chief of the General Staff sent a note to the <a href="/facts/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)/lY8Xnw7I">Minister of War</a>: "we have had to abandon positions which were of some importance to the development of our campaign plan. Eventually, we will be obliged to regain these positions, which will not be without sacrifice."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> Almost immediately, he obtained "absolute freedom of movement to carry out his plans, even if this means crossing the German border".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> On August 3, <a href="/facts/Joseph_Joffre/cSThV6PN">Joffre</a> called a meeting of his five army commanders in the offices of the Ministry of War, before leaving for his newly created <a href="/facts/Grand_Quartier_G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9ral_(1914%25E2%2580%25931919)/4VjmasPI">headquarters</a> in <a href="/facts/Vitry-le-Fran%25C3%25A7ois/yF3bhYoK">Vitry-le-François</a>.

<h3>Concentration</h3>
<h4>Transportation problems</h4>

The concentration of almost the entire French army corps (minus the 680,000 men still in depots, the 210,000 men guarding the communication routes, the 821,400 men assigned to strongholds,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> the 65,000 men at sea<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> and the units deployed in the colonies) near the Franco-German border was carried out in 1914 by rail. This huge move, organized by the <a href="/facts/Staff_(military)/RdHIuRR8">General Staff</a>, was made possible by the requisitioning of the railroads (<a href="/facts/Chemins_de_fer_du_Nord/LJb0Xj7k">Nord</a>, <a href="/facts/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%2527Est/o49DSuQy">Est</a>, <a href="/facts/Compagnie_du_chemin_de_fer_de_Paris_%25C3%25A0_Orl%25C3%25A9ans/7NeF6xeE">PO</a>, <a href="/facts/Chemins_de_fer_de_Paris_%25C3%25A0_Lyon_et_%25C3%25A0_la_M%25C3%25A9diterran%25C3%25A9e/9X15JXux">PLM</a> and <a href="/facts/Chemins_de_fer_du_Midi/Uz6Syf05">Midi</a>), which lost all autonomy (except financial) on the evening of July 31.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> This requisition was total: personnel, installations and all equipment were under army control. Between August 6 and 18, the concentration of the French army required 4,035 trains running on the ten lines organized by the military.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> Local companies were also affected by the requisition.
A few events disrupted the concentration: the first took place on August 7, when an accident at <a href="/facts/Brienne-le-Ch%25C3%25A2teau/83BjKA7I">Brienne</a> blocked the E line (from Toulouse) and traffic was redirected to the D line (from Bordeaux); but on August 8, a second incident on the saturated D line caused delays to the landings of the 12th and 17th corps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> On August 10, the train carrying the headquarters of the <a href="/facts/55th_Infantry_Division_(France)/SUlXv873">55th reserve division</a> was hit at <a href="/facts/Sompuis/QuT47lzA">Sompuis</a> at around 5:30 a.m. by one of the 313rd regiment's trains: the collision killed six and injured 25; as for the collision, the officers' wagon was "smashed to pieces", injuring seven, including General Leguay; convoys on the F line were delayed by twenty hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a> There were also wagon fires and a number of accidents: for example, on August 6, a soldier from the 61st infantry regiment in <a href="/facts/Privas/d71nadX6">Privas</a> "perched on the brakeman's cab of a wagon hit a structure and was killed outright" before the Givors-Canal station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a>
As for the French Army of Africa, it provided two divisions from Algeria and Tunisia, as well as a division taken from the Moroccan occupation corps<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> as planned; but these three divisions, made up of regiments of <a href="/facts/Zouave/WQp9lnQK">Zouaves</a>, <a href="/facts/Tirailleur/YyPxfRGT">Algerian Tirailleurs</a>, <a href="/facts/French_Foreign_Legion/sIBRU8D2">Legionnaires</a>, <a href="/facts/Spahi/dYIrrKfp">Spahis</a> and <a href="/facts/Chasseur/vyUS7P7R">African Chasseurs</a>, were vulnerable during their crossing. On August 4, the <a href="/facts/Imperial_German_Navy/wNhU6Hlo">Kaiserliche Navy</a> cruisers <a href="/facts/SMS_Goeben/QCFdruIE">SMS Goeben</a> and <a href="/facts/SMS_Breslau/S61br7K7">SMS Breslau</a> bombarded <a href="/facts/Skikda/rCtjYUpT">Philippeville</a> and <a href="/facts/Annaba/kwJaR6IQ">Bône</a>, before fleeing as the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Fleet/E1a13yfL">British ships</a> approached. The French crossing was uneventful after this surprise, with the two Algerian divisions landing in <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25A8te/dh9xzDme">Sète</a> and <a href="/facts/Marseille/kj7te1HG">Marseille</a>, while the <a href="/facts/Moroccan_Division_(France)/NX14vLRj">Moroccan division</a> ("division de marche d'infanterie coloniale du Maroc") did so in <a href="/facts/Bordeaux/k0yG4a8e">Bordeaux</a>. They were then transported by rail, requiring 239 trains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a>

<h4>Army creation</h4>

The transport lines supplied the troops needed to form, from August 5 onwards, the five maneuver armies of <a href="/facts/Plan_XVII/Gm8zw9NI">Plan XVII</a>, which foresaw a French offensive towards <a href="/facts/Alsace%25E2%2580%2593Lorraine/Aqy6PCKT">Elsaß-Lothringen</a> (German Alsace-Lorraine) and the possibility of a meeting in the Belgian <a href="/facts/Ardennes/KcoMTcJj">Ardennes</a>. Three armies were thus massed in Lorraine and around Belfort: the <a href="/facts/1st_Army_Corps_(France)/7f1FuqGg">1st Army</a> (commanded by <a href="/facts/Augustin_Dubail/87zCkhMK">General Dubail</a> and comprising the 7th, 8th, 13th, 14th and 21st Corps) deployed on the slopes of the <a href="/facts/Vosges/FUG7xABL">Vosges</a>, relying on the <a href="/facts/Fortified_region_of_Belfort/gXtPz4ku">fortified regions of Belfort</a> and <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589pinal/KAENHCnV">Épinal</a> (its mission was to attack to the southeast towards <a href="/facts/Mulhouse/tevjgCps">Mulhouse</a> and above all to the northeast towards <a href="/facts/Sarrebourg/besdawr0">Sarrebourg</a>); the <a href="/facts/2nd_Army_(France)/5PdtKemw">2nd Army</a> (<a href="/facts/No%25C3%25ABl_%25C3%2589douard%2c_vicomte_de_Curi%25C3%25A8res_de_Castelnau/te1LduRW">General Castelnau</a>: 9th, 15th, 16th, 18th and 20th corps) deployed on the Lorraine plateau, relying on the stronghold of <a href="/facts/Toul/sDylEApI">Toul</a> (its mission was to attack to the northeast towards <a href="/facts/Morhange/rpL1qD32">Morhange</a>); the <a href="/facts/3rd_Army_(France)/2nYbNb75">3rd army</a> (<a href="/facts/Pierre_Ruffey/Mw5S9FUg">general Ruffey</a>: 4th, 5th and 6th corps) deployed in <a href="/facts/Wo%25C3%25ABvre/J9STqnSQ">Woëvre</a>, relying on the fortified town of <a href="/facts/Verdun/GrloISEE">Verdun</a> (its more static mission was to guard the German fortifications at Metz-Thionville). In the event of a German violation of Belgian neutrality, a strong French left wing guarded the Ardennes massif: the <a href="/facts/5th_Army_(France)/jdoG0N0z">5th Army</a> (<a href="/facts/Charles_Lanrezac/9PaCYIVN">General Lanrezac</a>: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 10th and 11th Corps) was deployed in the <a href="/facts/Ardennes_(department)/GpwkU92d">Ardennes department</a> opposite the <a href="/facts/Stenay/8acSnwhL">Stenay</a> gap, with the <a href="/facts/4th_Army_(France)/HadSWhdX">4th Army</a> (<a href="/facts/Fernand_de_Langle_de_Cary/moHrMYvu">General Langle de Cary</a>: 12th and 17th Corps, as well as the <a href="/facts/Colonial_Army_Corps/hfrIcKTK">Colonial Corps</a>) in reserve astride the <a href="/facts/Forest_of_Argonne/mM6IxNVd">Argonne</a> and in the <a href="/facts/Barrois/mNECJMB5">Barrois</a>, and the Cavalry Corps in reserve around Mézières.
Only the active divisions were placed in the front line, with the reserve divisions held back until they could be properly taken over and further trained. Four "groups of reserve divisions" were therefore concentrated behind the front line: the first group (58th, 63rd and 66th reserve divisions) around <a href="/facts/Vesoul/TFIUuIsz">Vesoul</a> (behind the 1st Army), the second group (59th, <a href="/facts/68th_Infantry_Division_(France)/b29W0hxl">68th</a> and 70th divisions) around <a href="/facts/Nancy%2c_France/hmP347Ke">Nancy</a>-<a href="/facts/Toul/sDylEApI">Toul</a> (at the disposal of the 2nd Army), the third group (54th, <a href="/facts/55th_Infantry_Division_(France)/SUlXv873">55th</a> and 56th divisions) around <a href="/facts/Verdun/GrloISEE">Verdun</a> and <a href="/facts/Saint-Mihiel/0AuIrY6C">Saint-Mihiel</a> (at the disposal of the 3rd Army) and the fourth group (51st, <a href="/facts/53rd_Infantry_Division_(France)/Mw0RXnPk">53rd</a> and 69th divisions) around <a href="/facts/Vervins/rN79jeTv">Vervins</a> (behind the 5th Army). The commander-in-chief kept in general reserve the two divisions provided by the 19th corps (<a href="/facts/37th_Infantry_Division_(France)/uNkwjV1C">37th</a> and <a href="/facts/38th_Infantry_Division_(France)/yRvN3k0q">38th</a>, from Algeria), the 44th active division (dispersed in the <a href="/facts/Alps/Q3zdQId4">Alps</a>, facing Italy), the southeastern reservists (the 64th, 65th, 74th and 75th reserve divisions, in the Alps), as well as the divisions assigned to the "mobile defense of the North-East" (<a href="/facts/57th_Infantry_Division_(France)/8RrNGQdv">57th</a> at Belfort, <a href="/facts/71st_Infantry_Division_(France)/zw9yond6">71st</a> at Épinal, <a href="/facts/72nd_Infantry_Division_(France)/BPWmsfWj">72nd</a> at Verdun and 73rd at Toul), while the Minister retained control of the 67th (at the Mailly camp) and the <a href="/facts/61st_Infantry_Division_(France)/svGaFQT5">61st</a> and 62nd reserve divisions (in the <a href="/facts/Fortifications_of_Paris_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries/Drha8lv3">entrenched camp of Paris</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a>
The thirteen territorial infantry divisions were the last to be formed, and their concentration continued until August 19. Commanded by <a href="/facts/Joseph_Brug%25C3%25A8re/xgtkmcy8">General Brugère</a>, nine of these divisions were intended for maneuver, hence their name "territorial field divisions": the 91st at <a href="/facts/Draguignan/KAq54oJl">Draguignan</a> within the Alps army (in case of an Italian threat); the 84th and 88th assigned to the entrenched camp of Paris (for mobile defense); the 81st and 82nd at <a href="/facts/Hazebrouck/aI4um7eH">Hazebrouck</a> and <a href="/facts/Arras/YCvFqaMw">Arras</a> (in case of a German naval landing); the 87th concentrated near <a href="/facts/Cherbourg-Octeville/NAEthI1n">Cherbourg</a> (for coastal protection); finally, the 90th and 92nd divisions placed at <a href="/facts/Perpignan/jykJcFmM">Perpignan</a> and <a href="/facts/Bayonne/22FeL6ga">Bayonne</a> to guard the <a href="/facts/France%25E2%2580%2593Spain_border/lX6xfkaC">Spanish border</a>. The last four divisions, the 83rd, 85th, 86th and 89th, were garrisoned in the entrenched camp of Paris, with limited means of transport, hence their name of "territorial site divisions". As Italian and Spanish neutrality was confirmed at the beginning of August, and the British entry into the war secured the coasts, the field divisions were reassigned to the Northeast, with the exception of the 90th, which was sent to North Africa from August 12.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a>

Main article: <a href="/facts/French_Army_order_of_battle_(1914)/BMI3EqjC">French Army order of battle (1914)</a>
<h4>Modifications</h4>
The announcement that German troops had entered <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a> on the morning of August 2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> confirmed to the French General Staff the hypothesis of a German attack attempting to overrun the French concentration by flanking through Belgium (invaded from the morning of August 4).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> On August 2,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> orders were therefore given to the French left wing to deploy in order to control the outlets of the Ardennes (this was a variant of <a href="/facts/Plan_XVII/Gm8zw9NI">Plan XVII</a>):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> the 4th army, previously in reserve, was to be inserted between the 3rd and 5th armies from <a href="/facts/Sedan%2c_Ardennes/RJT3dXkl">Sedan</a> to <a href="/facts/Montm%25C3%25A9dy/lbnHCPDk">Montmédy</a>, the 5th army shifted a little further west from <a href="/facts/Hirson/mYkzTfgK">Hirson</a> to <a href="/facts/Charleville-M%25C3%25A9zi%25C3%25A8res/g1jXThHn">Charleville</a>, half of the 3rd army redeployed from Montmédy to <a href="/facts/Spincourt/AN1MIClo">Spincourt</a>, while the cavalry corps was sent to provide cover and reconnaissance ahead of the 5th, in the Belgian <a href="/facts/Ardennes/KcoMTcJj">Ardennes</a> (the Belgian government gave the French permission to enter Belgium at 11 p.m. on August 4).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a>
In addition to the French Army's battle corps, the <a href="/facts/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)/5rt91hcp">British Expeditionary Force</a> (commanded by <a href="/facts/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)/KPlRphd1">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/facts/John_French%2c_1st_Earl_of_Ypres/0q5GLDtj">John French</a>: four infantry divisions and one cavalry division) was secretly foreseen in the French concentration plan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> The British decision to send their small army to France was taken on August 5, 1914; and the decision to deploy it at Maubeuge only on August 9 (<a href="/facts/Secretary_of_State_for_War/7KDDbp3d">Secretary of State for War</a> <a href="/facts/Herbert_Kitchener%2c_1st_Earl_Kitchener/AoPGVaHw">Kitchener</a> preferred <a href="/facts/Amiens/MluWTCmt">Amiens</a>). From August 9 onwards, the various units were embarked in <a href="/facts/Southampton/LbJP1fIt">Southampton</a>, <a href="/facts/Cork_(city)/MQKCwx4l">Cork</a>, <a href="/facts/Dublin/Fv8ezm8a">Dublin</a> and <a href="/facts/Belfast/GIhSKnIv">Belfast</a>, arriving until August 17 in <a href="/facts/Le_Havre/VHwdcG61">Le Havre</a>, <a href="/facts/Rouen/o4noeA7S">Rouen</a> and <a href="/facts/Boulogne-sur-Mer/jmQ3W7kJ">Boulogne</a>, before being transported (by the W railroad line, created for it) and deployed near <a href="/facts/Maubeuge/V1c7Xw5y">Maubeuge</a>, at the left end of the French line.

<h2 id="consequences">Consequences</h2>
<h3>Restriction of freedoms</h3>
A "state de siège" (<a href="/facts/State_of_emergency/YYWgKFPq">state of emergency</a>) was declared on August 2, 1914 (two days before receiving the German declaration of war) in all French departments (including Algeria)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> and maintained for the duration of the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> The proclamation of a state of emergency did not comply with the 1878 law on states of emergency: on the one hand, it should have set a limited duration (in months or, at worst, years), after which Parliament should have decided whether or not to renew it; on the other hand, Parliament should have continued to sit, instead of absenting itself, until January 1915, immediately after ratifying the state of emergency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a>
Mayors and prefects immediately lost their police powers to the military authorities, allowing the army to ban meetings, search homes and bring civilians before <a href="/facts/Military_justice/Bq3r5mqd">military tribunals</a> (with highly simplified procedures and immediate execution of sentences). However, the <a href="/facts/Grand_Quartier_G%25C3%25A9n%25C3%25A9ral_(1914%25E2%2580%25931919)/4VjmasPI">General Headquarters</a> remained accountable to the executive, which in turn was accountable to Parliament, for the duration of the state of siege - which was not lifted until November 1919, more than a year after the armistice.
German and Austro-Hungarian <a href="/facts/Domicile_(law)/K7Ba7Hs2">residents</a> were evacuated from the North-East and from the strongholds; all foreigners were required to have a <a href="/facts/Residence_permit/9nEGUlrJ">residence permit</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> In Paris, exceptional measures were taken: the gates of the <a href="/facts/Thiers_wall/ESnJWxbp">fortified city walls</a> were closed and guarded from 6 p.m. until 6 a.m.; by order of the Prefecture of Police on July 29, drinking establishments had to close at 8 p.m. and restaurants at 9 p.m.; dances were forbidden; most <a href="/facts/Gas_burner/Q4BpEuFU">gas burners</a> and electric <a href="/facts/Street_light/Uuw2oH1y">streetlamps</a> were switched off as part of a <a href="/facts/Blackout_(wartime)/mxXIz2HQ">blackout</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a>
Elections were suspended, as the majority of the electorate, including several deputies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> were in uniform (women and soldiers did not have the right to vote under the <a href="/facts/French_Third_Republic/I2nlEmcn">Third Republic</a>) and part of the country was occupied. On August 2, the <a href="/facts/Senate_(France)/IqalEQII">Senate</a> and <a href="/facts/Chamber_of_Deputies/DtLMzoXj">Chamber of Deputies</a> were called into extraordinary session from the 4th to vote on a series of emergency laws.

The freedom and <a href="/facts/Secrecy_of_correspondence/Xs7mt9XL">secrecy of correspondence</a> no longer existed: military mail, which was systematically late (making any indiscretions unusable), was checked before dispatch, and letters that were pessimistic, defeatist or giving precise information were seized or redacted (lines crossed out) by the <a href="/facts/Postal_censorship/Kxap6yRV">postal censorship</a> services. <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_the_press/9RLTKfod">Freedom of the press</a> was affected by <a href="/facts/Censorship/gwTgKVuv">censorship</a>: initially, "information other than that communicated by the government or the command on operations, the order of battle, the number of troops (including wounded, killed or prisoners), defense work", etc., were forbidden, as well as "any information or article concerning military or diplomatic operations likely to favor the enemy and exert an unfortunate influence on the spirit of the army and the population",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a> and "substantive articles violently attacking the government or army leaders" and those "tending to the cessation or suppression of hostilities."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> The press was checked before printing, and articles deemed unpatriotic were banned from publication, sometimes leaving the space for white rectangles.

<h3>Economic difficulties</h3>
From July 31, the French government took a series of economic decisions to accompany its entry into the war. The export of products that could be used for military purposes was prohibited: arms, munitions and explosives, of course, but also livestock, horses, canned goods, meat, flour, hides, fodder, hay, straw, <a href="/facts/Airplane/81161IpU">aeroplanes</a>, <a href="/facts/Aerostat/oFet21NW">aerostats</a>, cars, <a href="/facts/Tire/TUgHKMQb">tires</a>, camping gear, lead,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> etc. The budget allocated to the Ministry of War was increased by a credit of 208 million francs, covering new expenditure on barracks, <a href="/facts/Horse/Dh1d7b4x">remounting</a>, clothing, bedding, furnishings, camping, health equipment, armaments and fortifications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> To ensure the administration's workload, some civil servants were left on call, and those mobilized were gradually replaced by retired volunteers (later by women and the disabled). Pigeons were kept under surveillance (civilians were forbidden to move or import pigeons).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a>Mass mobilization had immediate economic and social consequences: young adult men and horses (around 135,000 horses in August,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a> 600,000 throughout the war, aged between five and fifteen, as well as mules and donkeys)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> left for the frontiers, completely disrupting the economy and society. Businesses slowed down or closed temporarily. <a href="/facts/Printing_press/7I3laFE0">The press</a> greatly reduced its circulation,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> as mobilization deprived it of some of its staff; mail stopped arriving during the mobilization period; civilian telephone service was suspended;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a> every day, an official dispatch arrived in prefectures and sub-prefectures by <a href="/facts/Telegraphy/JhRYDSDu">telegraph</a> from the <a href="/facts/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)/Frym8DAV">Ministry of the Interior</a>, before being posted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> Passenger rail traffic was almost totally interrupted during the period of concentration, limited to lines not used by the army. In <a href="/facts/Montb%25C3%25A9liard/827s7WM5">Montbéliard</a> on August 5, all non-mobilized workers aged 16 to 60 were called by the municipality to work on fortifications at Fort Lachaux.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a> Households stocked up on provisions as early as July 1914,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> fearing supply difficulties, queues formed in front of banks to withdraw savings and exchange them for gold, so much in fact that on the 30th the Banque de France suspended <a href="/facts/Gold_standard/jnG3YIGo">convertibility</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a> while some inhabitants evacuated Paris to the south as soon as mobilization was announced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a> Under the law of August 5, 1914, a daily allowance of one <a href="/facts/French_franc/Ip1aoNG7">franc</a> and 25 centimes per day was paid to poor families whose "provider" was mobilized.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> Fearing a shortage of bread, reserve bakers were granted a 45-day deferment of call-up at the request of mayors, and on August 8 bakery production was limited to a four-<a href="/facts/Pound_(mass)/BNIGRRDI">pound</a> loaf, while brioches, croissants and pastries were banned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> On August 13, the government ordered the deferment of rents for the duration of the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a>

<blockquote>French: « AUX FEMMES FRANÇAISES […] Le départ pour l'armée de tous ceux qui peuvent porter les armes laisse les travaux des champs interrompus ; la moisson est inachevée, le temps des vendanges est proche. Au nom du Gouvernement de la République, au nom de la Nation, tout entière groupée derrière lui, je fais appel à votre vaillance, à celle des enfants que leur âge seul, et non le courage, dérobe au combat. Je vous demande de maintenir l'activité des campagnes, de terminer les récoltes de l'année, de préparer celles de l'année prochaine ; vous ne pouvez pas rendre à la Patrie un plus grand service. […] Debout donc femmes françaises, jeunes enfants, filles et fils de la Patrie ! Remplacez sur le champ du travail ceux qui sont sur les champs de bataille. […] Debout, à l'action ! Il y aura demain de la gloire pour tout le monde. VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE ! VIVE LA FRANCE ! »
["TO THE FRENCH WOMEN [...] The departure for the army of all those who can bear arms leaves the work in the fields interrupted; the harvest is unfinished, the time of the grape harvest is near. In the name of the Government of the Republic, in the name of the Nation as a whole, united behind it, I appeal to your valour, to that of the children whose age alone, but not their courage, prevents them from fighting. I ask you to keep up the activity in the countryside, to finish this year's harvests, to prepare for next year's; you cannot do the Motherland a greater service. [...] Stand up, French women, young children, daughters and sons of the Motherland! Replace on the field of work those who are on the battlefields. [...] Get up and take action! Tomorrow there will be glory for everyone. LONG LIVE THE REPUBLIC! LONG LIVE FRANCE!"]

— <a href="/facts/Ren%25C3%25A9_Viviani/UpBuT2cP">René Viviani</a>, ('Appel aux femmes françaises') Call to French women, poster, August 2, 1914.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a></blockquote>
Some <a href="/facts/Crop_yield/hmE59fhk">harvesting</a> and haymaking is still to be done (early August), while the <a href="/facts/Harvest_(wine)/ajay94vt">grape harvest</a> is still to come (September and October), and industry has to supply clothing, equipment, weapons and ammunition to the army. The mobilization plan left only 50,000 workers in armaments factories (powder works, artillery arsenals and thirty private suppliers), with rare call-up deferrals and partial replacement of mobilized workers by auxiliaries and non-mobilizables; other industrial sectors temporarily ceased operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> To feed the troops in the short term, the military authorities requisitioned flour, livestock and wine. From the end of 1914 onwards, solutions included recalling skilled workers to the rear ("affectés spéciaux", or special assigned), using female workers ("<a href="/facts/Munitionette/kcR9pcN5">munitionnettes</a>"), children, foreigners (notably Africans and Chinese), prisoners of war and the disabled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a>

<h3>Beginning of military operations</h3>

The main consequences were military: general mobilization provided the French army with the manpower it needed to wage war against Germany and the other <a href="/facts/Central_Powers/LokC2msm">Central Powers</a>. On August 4, covering troops seized the <a href="/facts/Vosges/FUG7xABL">Vosges</a> passes of <a href="/facts/Col_de_la_Schlucht/x9eedbgL">La Schlucht</a> (two hours after receiving notification of the declaration of war),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> <a href="/facts/Bussang_Pass/1GXUdItU">Bussang</a> and Oderen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> On August 6, the cavalry corps entered <a href="/facts/Bouillon%2c_Belgium/dbk3Dbpn">Belgium via Bouillon</a>, <a href="/facts/Bertrix/XPLem0zB">Bertrix</a> and <a href="/facts/Paliseul/quHHzmLo">Paliseul</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> On August 7, the French 7th Corps crossed the border into Germany and began the conquest of Haute-Alsace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> On August 14, all units of the 1st and 2nd Armies entered <a href="/facts/Moselle_(department)/ez6QYNjK">Moselle</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> while the 3rd, 4th and 5th Armies awaited the Germans along the Ardennes section of the <a href="/facts/Meuse/NBSBxVqp">Meuse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>

Main article: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_the_Frontiers/FPBH5CWn">Battle of the Frontiers</a>

For the French navy, the entry of the British into the war meant that it no longer had to fear the <a href="/facts/Imperial_German_Navy/wNhU6Hlo">German navy</a>. On August 3, 1914, the Franco-British convention of 1913<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a> came into force, entrusting the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a>, the <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Dover/SK5qvV1c">Strait o Dover</a> and the <a href="/facts/English_Channel/UPjaSEXf">English Channel</a> to the <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a>, while the French took charge of the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> with the mission of hunting down enemy cruisers and establishing a naval <a href="/facts/Blockade/TzW69ybu">blockade</a> off Austrian ports. Consequently, only a light squadron of six <a href="/facts/Cruiser/wtAAm5nb">cruisers</a> was stationed at <a href="/facts/Cherbourg_Naval_Base/Ej9Lrtbn">Cherbourg base</a> (under the command of Rear Admiral Rouyer), supplemented by flotillas of <a href="/facts/Torpedo_boat/lPtPPLD2">torpedo boats</a> and <a href="/facts/Submarine/6fhcAKHV">submarines</a> at <a href="/facts/Dunkirk/MYzumqPp">Dunkirk</a>, <a href="/facts/Calais/DaM9yzWq">Calais</a> and <a href="/facts/Boulogne-sur-Mer/jmQ3W7kJ">Boulogne</a>, while the "naval army" of 19 <a href="/facts/Battleship/PjjTspo5">battleships</a> was concentrated at <a href="/facts/Toulon_arsenal/Iyeej153">Toulon</a> (commanded by <a href="/facts/Augustin_Bou%25C3%25A9_de_Lapeyr%25C3%25A8re/SLFxDluB">Admiral Boué de Lapeyrère</a>), before moving to <a href="/facts/Valletta/gfgJDaaQ">Valletta</a> in September. As the <a href="/facts/Lorient/73FnR25x">Lorient</a> <a href="/facts/Fusiliers_marins/DhUHC9jB">fusiliers marins</a> depot was full, and no landings were initially planned, on August 7 these troops, together with detachments from all the ports, formed two regiments grouped together in a <a href="/facts/Brigade_de_Fusiliers_Marins/XU0GRFUq">fusiliers marins brigade</a> (6,400 men, led by naval and marine officers). This brigade, commanded by <a href="/facts/Pierre_Alexis_Ronarc%2527h/mNY9BJWh">Rear Admiral Ronarc'h</a>, was sent to the <a href="/facts/Fortifications_of_Paris_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries/Drha8lv3">stronghold of Paris</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> from August 17, before being sent to the front on October 7.

<h2 id="later-drafts">Later drafts</h2>

French mobilization continued throughout the <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">First World War</a>, with the successive call-up of the Territorial Army Reserve (classes 1892 to 1888) from December 1914 to April 1915<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> and, above all, the advance of the classes 1914 (from September 1914, instead of October), 1915 (from December 1914), 1916 (in April 1915), 1917 (in January 1916), 1918 (in April 1917) and 1919 (in April 1918).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> These "rookies" first had to complete their <a href="/facts/Military_recruit_training/4EcCRm4h">training</a> before going into battle; the class of 1919 was only at the front during the last weeks of the war (this was the case for the "<a href="/facts/List_of_last_surviving_World_War_I_veterans/v6BQcGsr">last poilus</a>" <a href="/facts/Fernand_Goux/Ng71xdKC">Fernand Goux</a> and Pierre Picault).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a> Even imprisoned criminals and ex-convicts were drafted into the <a href="/facts/Battalions_of_Light_Infantry_of_Africa/8u60UUMx">Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa</a>.
<a href="/facts/Conscription/SstkxdBk">Conscription</a> was gradually applied in the <a href="/facts/French_colonial_empire/IRauBDs1">French colonies</a>, but incorporation was uneven, varying according to status: <a href="/facts/Pieds-noirs/zRzf5LxW">pieds-noirs</a> reservists were mobilized as early as August 1914, and assigned to <a href="/facts/Zouave/WQp9lnQK">zouave</a> units; inhabitants of the "old colonies" (<a href="/facts/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon/X4lY6aCY">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, <a href="/facts/Guadeloupe/vwgVTYPm">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/facts/Martinique/HTwzANWx">Martinique</a>, <a href="/facts/French_Guiana/aFSETEKm">French Guiana</a>, the <a href="/facts/Four_Communes/RPgkMQUR">four communes of Senegal</a>, <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25A9union/8088YvSY">Réunion</a>, <a href="/facts/French_India/eyHNWko6">the Indies</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Caledonia/VI15kA61">New Caledonia</a> and <a href="/facts/French_Polynesia/cMytpeeC">Polynesia</a>) provided the manpower for <a href="/facts/Troupes_coloniales/l2T8R8m5">colonial units</a> (mainly colonial infantry regiments); <a href="/facts/Indig%25C3%25A9nat/3fPkAuI9">natives</a> (not considered as French citizens, but "subjects") of <a href="/facts/French_North_Africa/uVQ8s7mD">North Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/French_West_Africa/8Rd9JfVj">West Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/French_Equatorial_Africa/oyYwWwrf">Equatorial Africa</a>, <a href="/facts/Madagascar/ez12IAcY">Madagascar</a>, the <a href="/facts/French_Somaliland/nEBHAzLQ">Somali coast</a>, <a href="/facts/Comoro_Islands/b6H0pC29">the Comoros</a> and <a href="/facts/French_Indochina/Sv3okbSs">Indochina</a> were more gradually forced into service, a first voluntary service (often encouraged or even forced by local chiefs),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a> completed fairly limited call-ups,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> then by mass conscription from 1915<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> into units of Algerian, <a href="/facts/Senegalese_Tirailleurs/GBTHJgva">Senegalese</a>, Moroccan, Tunisian, Malagasy, <a href="/facts/1st_Battalion_of_Somali_Tirailleurs/QzXLJ4QK">Tonkinese, Annamite</a> and Somali tirailleurs. In total, all colonies combined, 583,450 men were gradually drafted,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> leading to several uprisings in the colonies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a>

See also: <a href="/facts/Army_of_Africa_(France)/bYdQaDoD">Army of Africa (France)</a> and <a href="/facts/Troupes_coloniales/l2T8R8m5">Troupes coloniales</a>
The first estimate of the total number of men mobilized during the conflict was published in 1920 by MP <a href="/facts/Louis_Marin_(politician)/K3LWyYXh">Louis Marin</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> (who, as budget recorder, needed to know how many families needed to be compensated), based on a report from the Army Staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> According to this document, which has since been widely reprinted, France mobilized a total of 8,410,000 men between August 2, 1914, and January 1, 1919, including 7,935,000 French and 475,000 colonials (176,000 Algerians, 136,000 Senegalese, 50,000 Tunisians, 42,500 Indochinese, 34,000 Moroccans, 34,000 Madagascans and 3,000 Somalis).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a> Among these, 1,329,640 died as a result of the fighting,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a> to which must be added around three million wounded (including 700,000 disabled).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a>

<h2 id="historiography">Historiography</h2>
Right from the start of the <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">Great War</a>, the main subject of historical research was not mobilization itself, but the causes and, above all, the people responsible for the conflict.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> The first historian to really look into the subject of mobilization was <a href="/facts/Charles_Petit-Dutaillis/DVcblVuo">Charles Petit-Dutaillis</a>, medievalist and rector of the Grenoble academy in 1914, who ordered all teachers in the Isère, Drôme and Hautes-Alpes regions to report on the attitude of the local population in the early days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> This rector's initiative was passed on to the Minister of Public Instruction, <a href="/facts/Albert_Sarraut/Qxlj1my3">Albert Sarraut</a>, who decided to send out a circular dated September 18, 1914, instructing all non-mobilized teachers to keep notes on war-related events, starting with mobilization. During and after the conflict, it was the diplomatic aspects (always linked to the question of responsibilities) and military aspects (essentially operations) that dominated historical production, with the work of <a href="/facts/Pierre_Renouvin/aQ745QTX">Pierre Renouvin</a> in particular.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a>
The gradual publication of soldiers' testimonies did nothing to change this: for most of the twentieth century, the almost exclusive vision of this entry into the war, printed and taught, was that of general acceptance of the conflict by the population and the departure of the soldiers "avec la fleur au fusil" ,or "[with] the flower on the rifle" (expression used as the title of <a href="/facts/Jean_Galtier-Boissi%25C3%25A8re/Cp1pg2bv">Jean Galtier-Boissière</a>'s testimonial, published in 1928),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> interpreted as an enthusiastic surge reflecting the spirit of revenge on Germany. The success of this mythical vision of the French entry into the war can be explained by three factors. The first was the immediate usefulness of a mobilization that was presented as enthusiastic, and which was the popular equivalent of the Sacred Union, both of which seemed to emanate from the people as a whole, whereas they were merely the fruit of circumstance. Secondly, the images conveyed by the press and the writings of intellectuals exalting the war contributed powerfully to forging this myth of the flower in the gun. Finally, this representation makes it possible to transfer responsibility for the conflict onto the political leaders, with the crowds letting themselves be carried away by their naivety, without there being any question of their consenting to the war. This consensus was suited to an interwar French population that was both patriotic and pacifist, since it was as compatible with a right-wing opinion (the war was triggered by patriotism and the Germans) as it was with a left-wing opinion (the real perpetrators of the carnage were the politicians and, more generally, the elites).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a>
In the early 1960s, <a href="/facts/Jean-Jacques_Becker/8bGWwxmU">Jean-Jacques Becker</a> made the study of public opinion at the time of the French entry into the war the subject of his thesis, supervised by Renouvin. Since Becker doubted the consensus, he set out to find sources that would show the state of public opinion in 1914, and found Petit-Dutaillis's compilation in the library and archive center <a href="/facts/La_contemporaine/6EFKEcKh">La contemporaine</a>. Using schoolteachers' reports, cross-referenced with other sources (press, prefectoral records, etc.), he challenged the myth of "la fleur au fusil."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> He remained convinced, however, that the French massively embraced the war as a national cause.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a> While Jean-Jacques Becker's thesis is undisputed for the start of the war, other historians such as Jules Maurin and Philippe Boulanger note that, after the first three months, voluntary enlistments abandoned their patriotic character in favor of a survival strategy. Indeed, being called up early enabled volunteers to choose their brach of assignment. Volunteers were more likely to choose the artillery or navy, reputed to be less deadly than the infantry. This observation therefore undermines the idea that the French always consented to war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a>
Historian Nicolas Mariot refutes the idea that the war was the "melting pot of a class union, social inequalities of French society in the 1900s persisted under the uniform" by studying the letters and diaries of intellectuals such as <a href="/facts/Guillaume_Apollinaire/D2VRWcnG">Apollinaire</a> and the philosopher <a href="/facts/Alain_(philosopher)/4LWHkX1x">Alain</a>, who were either ordinary soldiers or low-ranking soldiers at the front. These intellectuals regretted that their comrades-in-arms from the common people (peasants, craftsmen or workers) did not share their ideals, many of them patriotic. Feeling socially isolated despite an overcrowding that disturbed them, they had little patience for popular swearing or drinking parties. The common soldier looked on them with more suspicion than to the officer, who is often a man designated by rank.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>History portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/French_Army_order_of_battle_(1914)/BMI3EqjC">French Army order of battle (1914)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Battle_of_Antivari/67o9LWe4">Battle of Antivari</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/French_cavalry_during_World_War_I/ovNXuD5D">French cavalry during World War I</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
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<li>Mingat, H. (1914). <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k58400127">Des obligations militaires imposées aux hommes des réserves en temps de paix et en cas de mobilisation</a> [Military obligations imposed on men in the reserves in peacetime and in the event of mobilization] (in French). Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle. p. 54. Archived from <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58400127">the original</a> on November 3, 2018.</li>
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<li><a href="/facts/Jean-Jacques_Becker/8bGWwxmU">Becker, Jean-Jacques</a> (1977). <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressesdesciencespo.fr%2Ffr%2Flivre%2F%3FGCOI%3D27246100210570#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">1914: Comment les Français sont entrés dans la guerre, contribution à l'étude de l'opinion publique, printemps-été 1914</a> [1914: How the French entered the war, a contribution to the study of public opinion, spring-summer 1914] (in French). Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. p. 637. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-7246-0397-4. Archived from <a href="http://www.pressesdesciencespo.fr/fr/livre/?GCOI=27246100210570">the original</a> on February 12, 2013. (Revised text of the State thesis defended at <a href="/facts/Paris_Nanterre_University/5JYEtxKS">Paris X</a> in 1976).</li>
<li>Becker, Jean-Jacques (1977). "Voilà le glas qui sonne..." [Here is the bell tolling...]. Cahier du "Mouvement Social". 1914-1918, l'autre front (in French). 2. Éditions ouvrières. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0338-6252">0338-6252</a>.</li>
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<li>Boulanger, Philippe (2001). La France devant la conscription: géographie historique d'une institution républicaine, 1914-1922 [France and conscription: the historical geography of a republican institution, 1914–1922] (in French). Paris: Éditions Economica. p. 391. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-7178-4170-9. (revised text of thesis defended at <a href="/facts/Paris-Sorbonne_University/2RoHQEW1">Paris IV</a> in 1998).</li>
<li>Boulanger, Philippe (2002). <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-annales-de-demographie-historique-2002-1-page-11.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"Les conscrits de 1914: La contribution de la jeunesse française à la formation d'une armée de masse"</a> [The conscripts of 1914: The contribution of French youth to the formation of a mass army]. Annales de démographie historique (in French) (103). Éditions Belin: 11–34. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fadh.103.0011">10.3917/adh.103.0011</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2701131014. Archived from <a href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-annales-de-demographie-historique-2002-1-page-11.htm">the original</a> on January 7, 2013.</li>
<li>Becker, Jean-Jacques (2004). "« La fleur au fusil »: retour sur un mythe" ['The flower in the gun': a look back at a myth]. Vrai et faux dans la Grande Guerre [True and false in the Great War]. L'espace de l'histoire (in French). Paris: La Découverte. pp. 152–165. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 2-7071-4211-5.</li>
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<li>Crépin, Annie (2009). Histoire de la conscription [History of conscription] (in French). Paris: Gallimard folio histoire. p. 528. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-07-034683-7.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Jean-Yves_Le_Naour/1WD1jMjr">Le Naour, Jean-Yves</a> (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-262-03034-6.</li>
<li>Sawicki, Gérald (2012). <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F7502#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"« Aux origines lointaines du « service action »: sabotages et opérations spéciales en cas de mobilisation et de guerre (1871-1914) »"</a> ["To the distant origins of the 'action service': sabotage and special operations in the event of mobilization and war (1871–1914)".]. Revue historique des armées (in French) (268): 12–22. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frha.268.0012">10.3917/rha.268.0012</a>. Archived from <a href="http://rha.revues.org/7502">the original</a> on March 30, 2022.</li>
<li>Prévot, Aurélien (2014). Les chemins de fer français dans la Première Guerre mondiale: une contribution décisive à la victoire [French railroads in the First World War: a decisive contribution to victory] (in French). Pref. <a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Caron/efaxPeFp">François Caron (historian)</a> and Colonel Daniel Vauvillier. Auray: LR Presse. p. 424. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-903651-76-3.</li></ul>
<h3>External links</h3>

<ul><li><a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortiffsere.fr%2Farmee1914%2Findex_fichiers%2FPage630.htm">"Carte des régions militaires et des corps d'armée en 1914"</a> [Map of military regions and corps in 1914]. fortiffsere.fr (in French). Archived from <a href="http://www.fortiffsere.fr/armee1914/index_fichiers/Page630.htm">the original</a> on March 28, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortiffsere.fr%2Farmee1914%2Findex_fichiers%2FPage630.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"Casernement des unités en 1913-1914"</a> [Unit barracks in 1913–1914]. pages14-18.com (in French). Archived from <a href="http://www.pages14-18.com/C_PAGES_DOCUMENTS/DOC/garnisons_1914.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 28, 2017.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150827002610/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/JMO/JMO_025.html">"Au détour des JMO: les 9 jours qui ont précédé la guerre"</a> [A look at the JMOs: the 9 days leading up to the war]. combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr (in French). 2012. Archived from <a href="http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/JMO/JMO_025.html">the original</a> on August 27, 2015.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306163854/http://fresques.ina.fr/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu04522/la-mobilisation-generale-du-2-aout-1914-en-france-et-le-depart-des-soldats-pour-le-front.html?video=InaEdu04522">"La mobilisation générale du 2 août 1914 en France et le départ des soldats pour le front"</a> [General mobilization in France on August 2, 1914 and the departure of soldiers for the front line] (Video) (in French). Archived from <a href="http://www.ina.fr/fresques/jalons/fiche-media/InaEdu04522/la-mobilisation-generale-du-2-aout-1914-en-france-et-le-depart-des-soldats-pour-le-front.html?video=InaEdu04522">the original</a> on March 6, 2017. <a href="/facts/Path%25C3%25A9/cXVL8kBg">Pathé</a> <a href="/facts/Newsreel/9Ms7gKwf">Newsreel</a> (1 minute 22 seconds)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Victor_Prouv%25C3%25A9/MoJJwBUA">Prouvé, Victor</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220170746/https://www.histoire-image.org/fr/etudes/depart-front-1914?i=75">"Le départ du soldat"</a>. histoire-image.org. Archived from <a href="http://www.histoire-image.org/site/oeuvre/analyse.php?i=75">the original</a> on December 20, 2018. painting in the <a href="/facts/Mus%25C3%25A9e_Lorrain/p9V1JK6b">Musée Lorrain</a>, <a href="/facts/Nancy%2c_France/hmP347Ke">Nancy</a>.</li>
<li>Bringuier, V. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fvendemian1418.blogspot.com%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"L'histoire des Poilus de Vendémian, un village de l'Hérault"</a> [The story of the French soldiers from Vendémian, a village in the Hérault region of France]. vendemian1418.blogspot.com (in French). Archived from <a href="http://vendemian1418.blogspot.com/">the original</a> on October 13, 2023. Example of the village of <a href="/facts/Vend%25C3%25A9mian/8txnjTdj">Vendémian</a> in the Hérault region, with lists of those mobilized by class and departure date.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carto1418.fr%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"Cartographie 1914-1918, le front ouest de la première guerre mondiale"</a> [Cartography 1914–1918, the Western Front of the First World War]. carto1418.fr (in French). Archived from <a href="http://www.carto1418.fr/">the original</a> on June 29, 2021.</li>
<li><a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fparciparla.fr%2Fmobilisation-generale-royale-paris%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">"L'affiche de la mobilisation générale, rue Royale à Paris"</a> [General mobilization poster, rue Royale, Paris] (Video). parciparla.fr (in French). Archived from <a href="http://parciparla.fr/mobilisation-generale-royale-paris/">the original</a> on January 28, 2014.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">J.P (1921). "Les pertes des nations belligérantes au cours de la Grande Guerre" [Casualties of the belligerent nations in the Great War]. Les Archives de la Grande Guerre (in French) (7). Éd. Chiron: 41–44. ISSN 0982-2062. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5441824j" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5441824j</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Martin, Michel (1981). "Le déclin de l'armée de masse en France: Note sur quelques paramètres organisationnels" [The decline of the mass army in France: A note on some organizational parameters]. Revue française de sociologie (in French). 22 (1): 87–115. doi:10.2307/3321186. JSTOR 3321186. Archived from the original on January 20, 2014. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Frfsoc_0035-2969_1981_num_22_1_3390" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Frfsoc_0035-2969_1981_num_22_1_3390</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Porte, Rémy (2006). "Mobilisation industrielle et guerre totale: 1916, année charnière" [Industrial mobilization and total war: 1916, a pivotal year]. Revue historique des armées (in French) (242): 26–35. doi:10.3917/rha.242.0026. Archived from the original on February 12, 2025. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F%2Findex4072.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F%2Findex4072.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Arnaud, Pierre; Andrieu, Gilbert, eds. (1987). Les Athlètes de la République: gymnastique, sport et idéologie républicaine, 1870/1914 [Athletes of the Republic: gymnastics, sport and republican ideology, 1870–1914]. Bibliothèque historique Privat (in French). Toulouse: Editions Privat. p. 423. ISBN 978-2-7089-5323-9. <a href="978-2-7089-5323-9" target="_blank">978-2-7089-5323-9</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Arnaud, Pierre (1991). Le militaire, l'écolier, le gymnaste: naissance de l'éducation physique en France, 1869-1889 [The soldier, the schoolboy, the gymnast: the birth of physical education in France, 1869–1889] (in French). Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon. p. 273. ISBN 978-2-7297-0397-4. <a href="978-2-7297-0397-4" target="_blank">978-2-7297-0397-4</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Décret relatif à l'instruction militaire et à la création de bataillons scolaires dans les établissements d'instruction primaire ou secondaire (6 juillet 1882)" [Order on military instruction and the creation of school battalions in primary and secondary schools (July 6, 1882)]. archive.is (in French). Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. <a href="https://archive.today/20130628204116/http://www.capeps.com/textes-officiels/06-07-1882#selection-415.0-420.0" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130628204116/http://www.capeps.com/textes-officiels/06-07-1882#selection-415.0-420.0</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Arnaud, Pierre (1991). "Le geste et la parole: Mobilisation conscriptive et célébration de la République, Lyon, 1879-1889" [Gesture and speech: Conscript mobilization and celebration of the Republic, Lyon, 1879–1889]. Mots. Les Langages du Politique (in French) (29): 11–13. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fmots_0243-6450_1991_num_29_1_1647#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fmots_0243-6450_1991_num_29_1_1647#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Lejeune, Dominique (2007). La France de la Belle époque: 1896-1914 [The France of the Belle Epoque: 1896–1914]. Cursus (in French) (5th ed.). Paris: A. Colin. p. 88. ISBN 978-2-200-35198-4. <a href="978-2-200-35198-4" target="_blank">978-2-200-35198-4</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Army Recruitment Act of July 27, 1872, published in the Journal Officiel of August 17, 1872. Bulletin des lois, n° 101, p.97 available at Gallica (In French). <a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Army Recruitment Act of July 15, 1889, published in the Journal Officiel of July 17, 1889. Bulletin des lois, n° 1263, p. 73 available at Gallica (In French). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2141260/f104" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2141260/f104</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">The 1905 law on universal service is explained partly by the warmongering and Germanophobic climate that culminated in the Tangier crisis that same year, but also by the domestic policies of the Rouvier government (which was predominantly radical) with the law on the separation of Church and State that same year. <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" target="_blank">/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Law of March 21, 1905 amending the law of July 15, 1889 on Army recruitment and reducing to two years the length of service in the active Army, promulgated in the Journal Officiel of March 23, 1905, Bulletin des lois, n° 2616, p. 1265 available at Gallica (In French). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k215437x/f1280" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k215437x/f1280</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Law of August 7, 1913, amending the laws concerning the infantry, cavalry, artillery and engineers, with regard to the size of units and setting the conditions for recruitment into the active army and the duration of service in the active army and its reserves, promulgated in the Journal officiel of August 8, 1913, Bulletin des lois, n° 110, p. 2077 available at Gallica (In French). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k220779v/f335" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k220779v/f335</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Les lois de recrutement". combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr (in French).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) <a href="http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302Lois.html" target="_blank">http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302Lois.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Rapport de la commission des Affaires étrangères sur le projet de loi portant création de la réserve militaire" [Report of the Foreign Affairs Committee on the bill to create the military reserve]. senat.fr (in French). 1999. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frap%2Fl98-355%2Fl98-3553.html" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frap%2Fl98-355%2Fl98-3553.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Les lois de recrutement". combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr (in French).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) <a href="http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302Lois.html" target="_blank">http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302Lois.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Regulation of November 7, 1866 and law of December 24, 1896 on maritime registration, published in the Journal officiel of December 27, 1896, Bulletin des lois, n° 1825, p. 1473 available at Gallica (In French). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k214889c/f1507" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k214889c/f1507</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Vers la fin de l'Inscription maritime, au XXe siècle" [Towards the end of the 20th-century maritime inscription]. unicaen.fr (in French). Archived from the original on September 16, 2022. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicaen.fr%2Fufr%2Fhistoire%2Fcimarconet%2Finscription_maritime%2Fhistorique6.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicaen.fr%2Fufr%2Fhistoire%2Fcimarconet%2Finscription_maritime%2Fhistorique6.php#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Répartition et emplacement des troupes de l'armée française [Distribution and location of French army troops] (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale. May 1, 1914. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, pp. 130–131, Volume 1) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Rapport de la commission des Affaires étrangères sur le projet de loi portant création de la réserve militaire" [Report of the Foreign Affairs Committee on the bill to create the military reserve]. senat.fr (in French). 1999. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frap%2Fl98-355%2Fl98-3553.html" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Frap%2Fl98-355%2Fl98-3553.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Note ministérielle du 5 juillet 1897 portant adoption d'un nouveau modèle de fascicule A et modifiant certaines dispositions de l'instruction du 28 décembre 1895, sur l'administration des hommes des différentes catégories de réserve dans leurs foyers [Ministerial note of July 5, 1897 adopting a new model for booklet A and amending certain provisions of the instruction of December 28, 1895, on the administration of men in the various reserve categories in their homes.] (in French). Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle. 1898. available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6101232d" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6101232d</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">L'infanterie en un volume: manuel d'instruction militaire à l'usage des élèves-caporaux, sous-officiers, élèves-officiers de réserve candidats aux écoles de Saint-Maixent ou de Saint-Cyr [The infantry in one volume: a military instruction manual for cadets, non-commissioned officers and reserve officer cadets applying to the Saint-Maixent or Saint-Cyr schools.] (in French). Paris: Librairie Chapelot. 1914. p. 926. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">In May 1914, the French army comprised: 173 infantry regiments, 31 foot chasseur battalions, 4 Zouave regiments, 9 Algerian tirailleurs regiments, 2 foreign regiments, 5 African light infantry battalions, 24 colonial infantry regiments, 6 colonial infantry marching regiments, one Annamite tirailleurs regiment, 4 Tonkinois tirailleurs regiments, 4 Senegalese tirailleurs regiments, 2 indigenous regiments (from Gabon and Chad), 3 Madagascan infantry regiments, 11 colonial battalions, 12 cuirassier regiments, 32 dragoon regiments, 21 chasseur regiments, 14 hussar regiments, 6 African chasseur regiments, 4 spahi regiments, 11 foot artillery regiments, 62 field artillery regiments, 5 heavy artillery regiments, 2 mountain artillery regiments, 7 colonial artillery regiments and 11 engineer regiments.[17] <a href="/wiki/Spahi" target="_blank">/wiki/Spahi</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">In 1914, each French army corps was theoretically composed of two infantry divisions (each with four infantry regiments, i.e. twelve battalions) supported by divisional artillery. The theoretical maximum strength of a corps is therefore 40,000 men (plus 8,900 horses and 120 75 mm cannon), an infantry division 16,000, a regiment 3,400 and a battalion 1,100.[22] <a href="/wiki/Corps" target="_blank">/wiki/Corps</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Nicot, Jean. "Inventaire sommaire des archives de la Guerre 1914-1918" [Summary inventory of the 1914–1918 war archives] (PDF) (in French). <a href="https://francearchives.fr/fr/file/eeded1c3bfcd1f1b7b7695a03856f6d32a45430a/FRSHD_PUB_00000008_0004.pdf" target="_blank">https://francearchives.fr/fr/file/eeded1c3bfcd1f1b7b7695a03856f6d32a45430a/FRSHD_PUB_00000008_0004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Decree of February 5, 1889 organizing military service on the railroads and decree of December 8, 1913 regulating strategic transport by rail, available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62248326/f9" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62248326/f9</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 61) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Mallouy, Jean (June 14, 1914). "Les Transports stratégiques" [The strategic transport]. Armée et Marine: Revue hebdomadaire illustrée des armées de terre et de mer (in French) (24): 615. available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57308394/f6" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57308394/f6</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">After the First World War, the OCEM (Office central d'études de matériel de chemins de fer, or Central Office for Railway Material Design) standardized the wagons with the words "Hommes 40 - Chevaux en long 8" (Men 40 - Horses in length 8) on them. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">For example, the 125th infantry regiment from Poitiers embarked in three parts, the first (a battalion and a machine-gun section) on August 5 in a train of 49 wagons: 2 for officers, 30 for troops, 10 for horses and 7 for carriages.[27] <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 56) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Naërt & al. (1936, pp. 57–58) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Naërt & al. (1936, pp. 58–59). This list of lines and stations has been refined on the basis of the marching and operations diaries of the major units, see document: "Recherche:Mobilisation de 1914" [Research:Mobilization of 1914]. wikiversity.org (in French). - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Répartition et emplacement des troupes de l'armée française [Distribution and location of French army troops] (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale. May 1, 1914. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Instruction on the preparation of mobilization of February 15, 1909, updated on April 4, 1914, appendix 2, cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 94) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">For example, the 152nd regiment was stationed at Gérardmer, with its depot at Langres, and belonged to the 7th corps (41st Remiremont division): its active manpower was 2,296, with mobilization adding 994 reservists, bringing the total to 3,290 men.[32] <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rardmer" target="_blank">/wiki/G%C3%A9rardmer</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Répartition et emplacement des troupes de l'armée française [Distribution and location of French army troops] (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale. May 1, 1914. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Naërt & al. (1936, pp. 83–84) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Le Naour (2012, p. 95) - Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. ISBN 978-2-262-03034-6. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Le Naour (2012, p. 109) - Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. ISBN 978-2-262-03034-6. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="978-2-258-01101-4" target="_blank">978-2-258-01101-4</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Cartier (1982, p. 65, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"Télégramme du chancelier du Reich au baron von Schoen, ambassadeur d'Allemagne à Paris le 31 juillet 1914" [Telegram from the Reich Chancellor to Baron von Schoen, German Ambassador to Paris, July 31, 1914]. Wikisource (in French). <a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Ultimatum_de_l%27Allemagne_%C3%A0_la_France_en_1914" target="_blank">https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Ultimatum_de_l%27Allemagne_%C3%A0_la_France_en_1914</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Cartier (1982, pp. 66–67, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Viviani did not sign the order, which was signed only by the Ministers of War and the Navy. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Cartier (1982, p. 70, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Cartier (1982, pp. 71–73, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Cartier (1982, pp. 79–80, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"Déclaration de guerre de l'Allemagne à la France" [German declaration of war on France]. Wikisource (in French). <a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_de_guerre_de_l%E2%80%99Allemagne_%C3%A0_la_France" target="_blank">https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_de_guerre_de_l%E2%80%99Allemagne_%C3%A0_la_France</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Cartier (1982, p. 83, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Bulletin des lois, n° 133, p. 2228 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f430" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f430</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Petit-Dutaillis, Charles (1915). "L'appel de guerre en Dauphiné: 1er-2 août 1914" [The call to war in Dauphiné: August 1–2, 1914]. Annales de l'Université de Grenoble [Annales of the University of Grenoble] (in French). Grenoble: Allier Frères. pp. 5–10. (notes taken by village teachers in Isère, Drôme and Hautes-Alpes). <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petit-Dutaillis" target="_blank">/wiki/Charles_Petit-Dutaillis</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Cartier (1982, p. 70, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">"L'affiche de mobilisation, 1914" [Mobilization poster, 1914] (PDF). horizon14-18.eu (in French). (Army Museum, educational brochure) <a href="http://horizon14-18.eu/wa_files/affiche_20mobilisation.pdf" target="_blank">http://horizon14-18.eu/wa_files/affiche_20mobilisation.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Law of March 19, 1875 on Mobilization by means of posters and publicity, published in the Journal officiel of March 26, 1875, Bulletin des lois, n° 251, p. 408 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k210067b/f430" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k210067b/f430</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Becker, Jean-Jacques (1985). La Première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Le Monde de (in French). Paris: M.A. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-86676-197-4. <a href="978-2-86676-197-4" target="_blank">978-2-86676-197-4</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Becker, Jean Jacques; Becker, Annette (1988). La France en guerre: 1914-1918: la grande mutation [France at war: 1914–1918: the great transformation]. Questions au XXe siècle (in French). Bruxelles: Editions Complexe. ISBN 978-2-87027-261-9. <a href="978-2-87027-261-9" target="_blank">978-2-87027-261-9</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Becker, Jean-Jacques (1985). La Première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Le Monde de (in French). Paris: M.A. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-86676-197-4. <a href="978-2-86676-197-4" target="_blank">978-2-86676-197-4</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">"La mobilisation à Aignes, par M. Léger (instituteur)" [Mobilization in Aignes, by M. Léger (teacher)] (in French). <a href="http://www.archives16.fr/arkotheque/arkotheque_visionneuse_archives.php?arko=YTo0OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMTMtMDItMTEiO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO2k6MjtzOjQ6InJlZjIiO2k6NDM7fQ==" target="_blank">http://www.archives16.fr/arkotheque/arkotheque_visionneuse_archives.php?arko=YTo0OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMTMtMDItMTEiO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO2k6MjtzOjQ6InJlZjIiO2k6NDM7fQ==</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Testimony of M. Roux, schoolteacher in Nyons, quoted in Petit-Dutaillis (1915, p. 22) available at Gallica - Petit-Dutaillis, Charles (1915). "L'appel de guerre en Dauphiné: 1er-2 août 1914" [The call to war in Dauphiné: August 1–2, 1914]. Annales de l'Université de Grenoble [Annales of the University of Grenoble] (in French). Grenoble: Allier Frères. pp. 5–10. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5732975z/f11" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5732975z/f11</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Becker (1985, p. 138) - Becker, Jean-Jacques (1985). La Première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Le Monde de (in French). Paris: M.A. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-86676-197-4. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Poincaré, Raymon (August 2, 1914). "Proclamation du Président de la République". Wikisource. <a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_du_Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_(Le_Figaro)" target="_blank">https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_du_Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_(Le_Figaro)</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Becker (1985, p. 138) - Becker, Jean-Jacques (1985). La Première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Le Monde de (in French). Paris: M.A. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-86676-197-4. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Becker (1985, p. 138) - Becker, Jean-Jacques (1985). La Première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Le Monde de (in French). Paris: M.A. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-86676-197-4. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Block, Marc (1969). "Souvenirs de guerre". Cahier des Annales (in French) (26). Paris: 10. <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" target="_blank">/wiki/Marc_Bloch</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, p. 73, Volume 1) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">"Pillage de la boutique Maggi de la rue de la Tombe-Issoire" [Looting of the Maggi store on rue de la Tombe-Issoire]. parisenimage.fr (in French). Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111223828/http://www.parisenimages.fr/fr/popup-photo.html?photo=8455-5" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131111223828/http://www.parisenimages.fr/fr/popup-photo.html?photo=8455-5</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Cartier (1982, p. 71, Volume 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Le Naour (2012, p. 176) - Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. ISBN 978-2-262-03034-6. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, Annette (2000). 14-18, retrouver la guerre [14–18, rediscovering war]. Bibliothèque des histoires (in French). Paris: Éditions Gallimard. p. 113. ISBN 978-2-07-075284-3. <a href="978-2-07-075284-3" target="_blank">978-2-07-075284-3</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Lejeune (2007, p. 168) - Lejeune, Dominique (2007). La France de la Belle époque: 1896-1914 [The France of the Belle Epoque: 1896–1914]. Cursus (in French) (5th ed.). Paris: A. Colin. p. 88. ISBN 978-2-200-35198-4. <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, p. 73, Volume 1) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Cartier (1982, p. 83) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Becker & Becker (1988, p. 28) - Becker, Jean Jacques; Becker, Annette (1988). La France en guerre: 1914-1918: la grande mutation [France at war: 1914–1918: the great transformation]. Questions au XXe siècle (in French). Bruxelles: Editions Complexe. ISBN 978-2-87027-261-9. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">"Message du Président de la République au Sénat et à la Chambre des députés lors de la séance de la Chambre des députés du 4 août 1914" [Message from the President of the Republic to the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies at the Chamber of Deputies meeting of August 4, 1914] (in French). <a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Message_du_Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_au_S%C3%A9nat_et_%C3%A0_la_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_(4_ao%C3%BBt_1914)" target="_blank">https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Message_du_Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_au_S%C3%A9nat_et_%C3%A0_la_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_(4_ao%C3%BBt_1914)</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Note ministérielle du 5 juillet 1897 portant adoption d'un nouveau modèle de fascicule A et modifiant certaines dispositions de l'instruction du 28 décembre 1895, sur l'administration des hommes des différentes catégories de réserve dans leurs foyers [Ministerial note of July 5, 1897 adopting a new model for booklet A and amending certain provisions of the instruction of December 28, 1895, on the administration of men in the various reserve categories in their homes.] (in French). Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle. 1898. available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6101232d" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6101232d</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Peacetime manpower figures vary according to the men taken into account. The figure of 817,000 provided by MP Louis Marin includes the 766,000 troops in the armed service and the 51,000 in the auxiliary service, excluding indigenous troops and all officers. The total given by Naërt et al. 1936, p. 54 for August 1, 1914 is 882,907 men, including 686,993 in metropolitan France, 62,598 in Algeria-Tunisia, 81,750 in Morocco and 51,566 auxiliaries. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marin_(politician)" target="_blank">/wiki/Louis_Marin_(politician)</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">This means that the men in class 1911 were drafted in October 1912, with a planned leave in November 1914, the latter not being applied given the state of war. They were demobilized in August 1919 (after eight years in uniform), and released from military service in September 1939. In the navy, some mobilized men from Black Sea units were not discharged until after 1920 (i.e. after more than nine years of continuous service). <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 55) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">"Tableau de synthèse des informations sur les classes 1886 à 1919" [Summary table of information on classes 1886 to 1919]. combattant.14-18 (in French). Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604113931/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302LoisSynthese.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130604113931/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302LoisSynthese.html</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Miquel, Pierre (2002). Les Poilus: la France sacrifiée [The French soldiers: France sacrificed]. Pocket (in French). Paris: Pocket. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-266-11997-9. <a href="978-2-266-11997-9" target="_blank">978-2-266-11997-9</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, p. 72, v. 1) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Prévot (2014, p. 31) - Prévot, Aurélien (2014). Les chemins de fer français dans la Première Guerre mondiale: une contribution décisive à la victoire [French railroads in the First World War: a decisive contribution to victory] (in French). Pref. François Caron (historian) and Colonel Daniel Vauvillier. Auray: LR Presse. p. 424. ISBN 978-2-903651-76-3. <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">"Ville de Versailles: Avis de mobilisation générale" [Ville de Versailles: notice of general mobilization]. archives.yvelines.fr (in French). Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193614/http://archives.yvelines.fr/apprendre/espace_educatif/ressources_documentaires/images/haute_resolution/francais_et_la_guerre/103J_2_2.jpg" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193614/http://archives.yvelines.fr/apprendre/espace_educatif/ressources_documentaires/images/haute_resolution/francais_et_la_guerre/103J_2_2.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">"Au détour des JMO: la mobilisation des régiments d'infanterie d'active et de réserve" [A look at the JMOs (war diaries): the mobilization of active and reserve infantry regiments]. combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr (in French). Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604145818/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/JMO/JMO_026.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130604145818/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/JMO/JMO_026.html</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">"Commitments for the duration of the war are received from the 20th day of mobilization (August 21)". Instruction of August 15, 1914 for the receipt of voluntary commitments from the French, for the duration of the war, Official Bulletin of the Ministry of War, vol. 33, p. 931 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6204537p/f15" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6204537p/f15</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Decree of August 3, 1914 on the enlistment of foreigners in foreign regiments for the duration of the war, published in the Journal officiel of August 8, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2256 available at Gallica and the law of August 5, 1914 concerning the admission of Alsatians-Lorrains into the French army, published in the Journal Officiel of August 6, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2276 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f458" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f458</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Boÿ, Jean. "Historique de la 97e promotion (1912-14), promotion de Montmirail" (PDF). saint-cyr.org. <a href="https://www.saint-cyr.org/fr/fichiers/promotions-eteintes/1912-1914-97e-promotion-de-montmirail.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.saint-cyr.org/fr/fichiers/promotions-eteintes/1912-1914-97e-promotion-de-montmirail.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Boÿ, Jean. "Historique de la 99e promotion (1914), promotion de la Grande Revanche" (PDF). saint-cyr.org. <a href="https://www.saint-cyr.org/fr/fichiers/promotions-eteintes/1914-99e-promotion-de-la-grande-revanche.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.saint-cyr.org/fr/fichiers/promotions-eteintes/1914-99e-promotion-de-la-grande-revanche.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Law of August 5 relating to the immediate appointment, to the rank of second lieutenant, of aspiring students at the École polytechnique and École spéciale militaire who entered these schools in 1913, promulgated in the Journal officiel of August 6, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2274 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f476" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f476</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Mariot, Nicolas (2012). "Pourquoi les normaliens sont-ils morts en masse en 1914-1918 ? Une explication structurale" [Why did Normaliens die en masse in 1914–1918? A structural explanation] (PDF). Pôle Sud (in French) (36): 9–30. doi:10.3917/psud.036.0009. <a href="http://www.jourdan.ens.fr/~mariot/hopfichiers/PDF/Mariot_Pole_Sud_2012.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.jourdan.ens.fr/~mariot/hopfichiers/PDF/Mariot_Pole_Sud_2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Decree of August 7, 1914 establishing the status of students at the École navale, published in the Journal officiel of August 8, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2292 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f494" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f494</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">"Any serviceman at home, recalled to active duty, who, except in the case of force majeure, has not arrived at his destination on the day set by the regularly notified route order, is considered to be insubordinate, after a period of thirty days, and punishable by the penalties laid down in article 230 of the Code of Military Justice."[79] <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Lejeune (2007, p. 174) - Lejeune, Dominique (2007). La France de la Belle époque: 1896-1914 [The France of the Belle Epoque: 1896–1914]. Cursus (in French) (5th ed.). Paris: A. Colin. p. 88. ISBN 978-2-200-35198-4. <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Miquel (2002, p. 65) - Miquel, Pierre (2002). Les Poilus: la France sacrifiée [The French soldiers: France sacrificed]. Pocket (in French). Paris: Pocket. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-266-11997-9. <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Miquel (2002, p. 75) - Miquel, Pierre (2002). Les Poilus: la France sacrifiée [The French soldiers: France sacrificed]. Pocket (in French). Paris: Pocket. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-266-11997-9. <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Miquel (2002, pp. 90–91) - Miquel, Pierre (2002). Les Poilus: la France sacrifiée [The French soldiers: France sacrificed]. Pocket (in French). Paris: Pocket. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-266-11997-9. <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Defence Historial Service. "Journal des marches et opérations du 1er régiment de cuirassiers pendant la Campagne contre l'Allemagne, du 31 juillet 1914 au 19 novembre 1914" [Diary of marches and operations of the 1st cuirassiers regiment during the Campaign against Germany, from July 31, 1914 to November 19, 1914]. memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Law of August 5, 1914 regarding amnesty for draft dodgers and deserters in the Army and Sea, promulgated in the Journal Officiel of August 6, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2277 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f479" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f479</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">"Les pertes des nations belligérantes au cours de la Grande Guerre". Archives de la Grande Guerre, t. VII [The losses of the belligerent nations in the Great War] (in French). Paris: Étienne Chiron. 1921. p. 43. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5441824j" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5441824j</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Résultats statistiques du recensement général de la population effectué le 5 mars 1911, t. I [Statistical results of the general population census conducted on March 5, 1911, v. I] (in French). Paris: Statistique Générale de la France. 1917. <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Decree of September 9, 1914 on those discharged and exempted, the first of the "recovery laws", quickly followed by the decree of September 26, 1914 on men in auxiliary service, etc. <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Chapuis, F. (1913). L'instruction théorique du soldat par lui-même: Éducation morale et instruction professionnelle [Theoretical self-instruction: Moral education and professional training] (in French). Paris-Nancy: Berger-Levrault. p. 123. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39884/39884-h/39884-h.htm" target="_blank">http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39884/39884-h/39884-h.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">"L'équipement". lesfrancaisaverdun-1916.fr (in French). <a href="http://www.lesfrancaisaverdun-1916.fr/uniforme-equipement.htm" target="_blank">http://www.lesfrancaisaverdun-1916.fr/uniforme-equipement.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">"Questionnaire du 28e RI, Service intérieur" [Questionnaire of the 28th RI, Internal Service] (PDF). vlecalvez.free.fr (in French). <a href="http://vlecalvez.free.fr/questionnaire/sercive_interieur.pdf" target="_blank">http://vlecalvez.free.fr/questionnaire/sercive_interieur.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Miquel (2002, pp. 74–75), citing in particular Barthas, Louis (1978). Les carnets de guerre de Louis Barthas, tonnelier: 1914-1918 [The war diaries of Louis Barthas, cooper: 1914–1918]. Actes et mémoires du peuple (in French). Paris: F. Maspero. p. 16. ISBN 2-7071-1047-7. <a href="2-7071-1047-7" target="_blank">2-7071-1047-7</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 529) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Naërt & al. (1936, pp. 54–55) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Defence Historial Service. "Télégramme no 310 reçu le 26 juillet à 5 h, consultable dans le Journal des marches et opérations de l'État-Major de la 42e Division d'Infanterie, du 30 juillet 1914 au 15 mai 1915" [Telegram no. 310 received on July 26 at 5 a.m., available in the Journal des marches et opérations de l'État-Major de la 42e Division d'Infanterie, from July 30, 1914 to May 15, 1915.]. memoiredeshomme.sga.degense.gouv.fr (in French). <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">For example, a 152nd regiment battalion of 712 men carried out "reconnaissance marches in the Vosges" from July 16 to 26, 1914. This regiment carried such training maneuvers annually, with companies simulating the interception of enemy units in the mountains. The order to return arrived at 1:30 a.m. on the 27th, prompting the march from Vagney to Gérardmer, where the battalion arrived at 6:45 a.m.[96] <a href="/wiki/Vagney" target="_blank">/wiki/Vagney</a> <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">"Les 9 jours qui ont précédé la guerre" [The 9 days leading up to war]. combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr (in French). Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. citing the Journal des marches et opérations du 158e régiment d'infanterie, from July 30, 1914 to May 15, 1915 found in Defence Historial Service. "26 N 700/10". memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130011643/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/JMO/JMO_025.html#8." target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130130011643/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/JMO/JMO_025.html#8.</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Defence Historical Service. "Journal des marches et opérations de l'État-Major du 20e Corps, du 25 juillet 1914 au 13 mars 1915 (cote 26 N 193/1)". memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr. (in French). <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Télégramme du ministre de la Guerre aux différents corps d'armée concernés, 0h 50 le 28 juillet 1914 (Telegram from the Minister of War to the various army corps concerned, 0.50 am on July 28, 1914) cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 99) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Télégrammes du ministre de la Guerre aux 1er, 2e, 6e, 7e, 20e et 21e corps, vers 13 h le 29 juillet 1914 (Telegrams from the Minister of War to the 1st, 2nd, 6th, 7th, 20th and 21st Corps, around 1 p.m. on July 29, 1914), cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 102) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Télégramme du ministre de la Guerre aux 2e, 6e, 7e, 20e et 21e corps, à 16 h 55 le 30 juillet 1914 (Telegram from the Minister of War to the 2nd, 6th, 7th, 20th and 21st Corps, at 4:55 p.m. on July 30, 1914), cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 104) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Télégramme du ministre de la Guerre aux commandants des places de Verdun, Toul, Épinal et Belfort, entre 18 h 40 et 19 h 10 le 30 juillet 1914 (Telegram from the Minister of War to the commanders of Verdun, Toul, Épinal and Belfort, between 6.40 p.m. and 7.10 p.m. on July 30, 1914), cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 104) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Defence Historical Service. "Journal des marches et d'opérations du 44e régiment d'infanterie pendant la campagne contre l'Allemagne, juillet-août 1914, « cote 26 N 632/1 »" [Diary of marches and operations of the 44th infantry regiment during the campaign against Germany, July–August 1914, "cote 26 N 632/1".]. memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Naërt & al. (1936, pp. 84–85) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 126) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">"Historique du cuirassé Démocratie" [History of the battleship Démocratie] (PDF). navires-14-18.com (in French). <a href="http://navires-14-18.com/fichiers/D/DEMOCRATIE_MN_V3.pdf" target="_blank">http://navires-14-18.com/fichiers/D/DEMOCRATIE_MN_V3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">"Le drame de Joncherey" [The Joncherey tragedy]. joncherey.fr (in French). Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110095056/http://www.joncherey.fr/pages/pages%20patrimoine%20culturel/drame%20de%20joncherey.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131110095056/http://www.joncherey.fr/pages/pages%20patrimoine%20culturel/drame%20de%20joncherey.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">"The First to Fall: Peugeot and Mayer, 2 August 1914". westernfrontassociation.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110075502/http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-people/48-brothers-arms/1515-the-first-to-fall-peugeot-and-mayer-2-august-1914.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131110075502/http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-people/48-brothers-arms/1515-the-first-to-fall-peugeot-and-mayer-2-august-1914.html</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Note du chef d'État-Major général, à 10 heures le 2 août 1914 (Note from the Chief of the General Staff, 10 a.m. August 2, 1914), quoted in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 116) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Communication téléphonique reçue à 10 h 10 du ministère de la Guerre, 2 août 1914 (Telephone communication received at 10.10 a.m. from the War Ministry, August 2, 1914), quoted in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 117) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Tableau des effectifs mobilisés (Table of mobilized staff), Naërt & al. (1936, p. 526) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, p. 130, v. 1) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Télégramme du ministre de la Guerre à celui des Travaux publics, à 18 h 45 le 31 juillet 1914 (Telegram from the Minister of War to the Minister of Public Works, 6:45 p.m. on July 31, 1914), cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 108) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Prévot (2014, p. 38) - Prévot, Aurélien (2014). Les chemins de fer français dans la Première Guerre mondiale: une contribution décisive à la victoire [French railroads in the First World War: a decisive contribution to victory] (in French). Pref. François Caron (historian) and Colonel Daniel Vauvillier. Auray: LR Presse. p. 424. ISBN 978-2-903651-76-3. <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 350) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Defence Historical Service. "Journal des marches et opérations de la 55e division de réserve du 2 août 1914 au 31 décembre 1916, « cote 26 N 369/1 »" [Diary of marches and operations of the 55th Reserve Division from August 2, 1914, to December 31, 1916, "cote 26 N 369/1"]. memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). p. 6. <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Defence Historical Service. "61e Régiment d'Infanterie, Journal des marches et opérations du 1er Bataillon, « cote 26 N 655/12 »" [61st Infantry Regiment, Diary of marches and operations of the 1st Battalion, "cote 26 N 655/12".]. memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). p. 5. <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">The Moroccan occupation corps numbered 82,000 men in 1914, the majority of whom remained in the country. <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Prévot (2014, p. 38) - Prévot, Aurélien (2014). Les chemins de fer français dans la Première Guerre mondiale: une contribution décisive à la victoire [French railroads in the First World War: a decisive contribution to victory] (in French). Pref. François Caron (historian) and Colonel Daniel Vauvillier. Auray: LR Presse. p. 424. ISBN 978-2-903651-76-3. <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 77–78, 81–81, and 535–589) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">"Recherche:Mobilisation de 1914 — Wikiversité". fr.wikiversity.org (in French). <a href="https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Recherche:Mobilisation_de_1914" target="_blank">https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Recherche:Mobilisation_de_1914</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Telegram dated August 2, 1914 from the Minister of State of Luxembourg, President of the Government, to the German State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, published in Kautsky, Karl; Montgelas, Max; Schücking, Walther (1922). Documents allemands relatifs à l'origine de la guerre: collection complète des documents officiels, publiés à la demande du ministère allemand des Affaires Étrangères [German documents relating to the origins of the war: complete collection of official documents, published at the request of the German Foreign Office.] (in French). Vol. 3. Translated by Jordan, Camille. Alfred Costes. p. 135. available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5490692r/f151" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5490692r/f151</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Cartier (1982, p. 83, v. 1) - Cartier, Raymond (1982). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War]. Coup d'oeil (in French). Jean-Pierre Cartier. Paris: Presses de la Cité. p. 64. ISBN 978-2-258-01101-4. <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Variantes à la concentration des 5e et 4e armées, ordonnées par Joffre le 2 août 1914 à 19 h 30 (Variants to the concentration of the 5th and 4th armies, ordered by Joffre on August 2, 1914 at 7:30 pm), cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 120) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 79) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Naërt & al. (1936, p. 124) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">The landing of the British Expeditionary Force was planned by Major-General Henry Wilson, Director of Military Operations at the British War Office since 1910, who held secret discussions with the French General Staff. The transport plan for the "W Army" was drawn up in March 1913. <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" target="_blank">/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Décret du 2 août 1914 portant déclaration de mise en état de siège de l'ensemble du territoire (Decree of August 2, 1914 declaring the entire country to be under siege) published in the Journal officiel of August 3, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2248 available at Gallica in accordance with "loi du 3 avril 1878 relative a l'état de siège" [law of April 3, 1878 relating to the state of siege]. Wikisource (in French). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f450" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f450</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Loi du 5 août 1914 relative à l'état de siège (Law of August 5, 1914 relating to the state of siege), published in the Journal officiel of August 6, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2268 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f470" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f470</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Bathélemy, Joseph (1915). "Notes de droit public sur le droit public en temps de guerre" [Notes on public law in times of war]. Revue du droit public et de la science politique en France et à l'Étrange (in French): 144. available at Gallica <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy" target="_blank">/wiki/Joseph_Barth%C3%A9lemy</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Roussellier, Nicolas (2008). "Le Parlement français et la Première Guerre mondiale" [The French Parliament and the First World War]. Parlement[s], Revue d'histoire politique (in French) (10). L'Harmattan: 13–30. <a href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-parlements1-2008-2-page-13.htm" target="_blank">http://www.cairn.info/revue-parlements1-2008-2-page-13.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Décret du 2 août 1914 relatif aux mesures à prendre à l'égard des étrangers stationnés en France (Decree of August 2, 1914 on measures to be taken with regard to foreigners stationed in France), published in the Journal officiel of August 3, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2246 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f448" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f448</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Le Naour (2012, pp. 171–173) - Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. ISBN 978-2-262-03034-6. <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">17 deputies are killed in action during their term of office. The first was Pierre Goujon, radical deputy for Ain and reserve sub-lieutenant in the 229th infantry regiment, who was shot in the head at Méhoncourt near Lunéville on August 25, 1914. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9honcourt" target="_blank">/wiki/M%C3%A9honcourt</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Loi du 5 août 1914 réprimant les indiscrétions de la presse en temps de guerre (Law of August 5, 1914, repressing press indiscretions in wartime), published in the Journal Officiel of August 6, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2279 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f481" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f481</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Circulaire du ministre de la Guerre Millerand du 19 septembre 1914. (Circular from War Minister Millerand, September 19, 1914). <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Décret du 31 juillet 1914 portant prohibition de sortie et de réexportation en suite d'entrepôt, de dépôt, de transit, de transbordement et d'admission temporaire de certains produits et objets (Decree of July 31, 1914 prohibiting the exit and re-export from warehouses, deposits, transit, transshipment and temporary admission of certain products and objects), published in the Journal officiel of August 1, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 134, p. 2180 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f382" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f382</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Décret du 31 juillet 1914 ouvrant sur l'exercice 1913 un crédit de 208 237 048 francs applicable à des dépenses non renouvelables intéressant la défense nationale (Decree of July 31, 1914 opening a credit of 208,237,048 francs from the 1913 fiscal year for non-renewable expenses relating to national defense), Bulletin des lois, n° 134, p. 2183 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f385" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f385</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Décret du 2 août 1914 portant interdiction d'importation de pigeons voyageurs étrangers (Decree of August 2, 1914 prohibiting the import of foreign racing pigeons(, published in the Journal officiel of August 3, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2244 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f446" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f446</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">"L'affiche de mobilisation, 1914" [Mobilization poster, 1914] (PDF). horizon14-18.eu (in French). (Army Museum, educational brochure) <a href="http://horizon14-18.eu/wa_files/affiche_20mobilisation.pdf" target="_blank">http://horizon14-18.eu/wa_files/affiche_20mobilisation.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Miquel (2002, p. 71) - Miquel, Pierre (2002). Les Poilus: la France sacrifiée [The French soldiers: France sacrificed]. Pocket (in French). Paris: Pocket. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-266-11997-9. <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">For example, the daily Le Temps is now printed on only four pages: see the August 3, 1914 edition. available at Gallica <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)" target="_blank">/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Décret interdisant l'usage du language convenu et des langues étrangères pour la rédaction des télégrammes (Decree prohibiting the use of agreed language and foreign languages in telegrams), published in the Journal officiel of August 2, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 134, p. 2187 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f389" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f389</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Miquel (2002, p. 72) - Miquel, Pierre (2002). Les Poilus: la France sacrifiée [The French soldiers: France sacrificed]. Pocket (in French). Paris: Pocket. p. 69. ISBN 978-2-266-11997-9. <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">"La mobilisation des hommes et des femmes" [Men and women mobilization] (PDF). www.montbeliard.fr (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2013. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131226123514/http://www.montbeliard.fr/fileadmin/Fichiers/Photos/5_Culture_loisirs_et_sport/Archives_municipales/gazette_expositions/mobil_tout.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20131226123514/http://www.montbeliard.fr/fileadmin/Fichiers/Photos/5_Culture_loisirs_et_sport/Archives_municipales/gazette_expositions/mobil_tout.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Delécraz, Antoine (1914). 1914, Paris pendant la mobilisation, notes d'un immobilisé, des faits, des gestes, des mots ... 31 juillet - 22 août [1914, Paris during mobilization, notes from an immobilized man, facts, gestures, words... July 31 - August 22] (in French). Geneva: Édition Journal La Suisse. p. 7. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1914parispendant00deluoft?view=theater" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1914parispendant00deluoft?view=theater</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Le Naour (2012, p. 164) - Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. ISBN 978-2-262-03034-6. <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Delécraz (1914, p. 30) - Delécraz, Antoine (1914). 1914, Paris pendant la mobilisation, notes d'un immobilisé, des faits, des gestes, des mots ... 31 juillet - 22 août [1914, Paris during mobilization, notes from an immobilized man, facts, gestures, words... July 31 - August 22] (in French). Geneva: Édition Journal La Suisse. p. 7. <a href="https://archive.org/details/1914parispendant00deluoft?view=theater" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/1914parispendant00deluoft?view=theater</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Loi du 5 août 1914 tendant à accorder, pendant la durée de la guerre, des allocations aux familles nécessiteuses dont le soutien serait appelé ou rappelé sous les drapeaux (Law of August 5, 1914 to grant, for the duration of the war, allowances to needy families whose provider has been called up or recalled to serve in the armed forces), promulgated in the Journal officiel of August 6, 1914, Bulletin des lois, n° 135, p. 2269 available at Gallica <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f471" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2207815/f471</a> <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Le Naour (2012, pp. 166–167) - Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. ISBN 978-2-262-03034-6. <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Le Naour (2012, p. 170) - Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2012). La grande illusion [The big illusion] (in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin. p. 404. ISBN 978-2-262-03034-6. <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">"Appel aux femmes françaises" (PDF) (in French). <a href="http://itinerairesdecitoyennete.org/journees/11_nov/documents/placards_1ere_GM_appel_aux_femmes.pdf" target="_blank">http://itinerairesdecitoyennete.org/journees/11_nov/documents/placards_1ere_GM_appel_aux_femmes.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Porte (2006, § 5) - Porte, Rémy (2006). "Mobilisation industrielle et guerre totale: 1916, année charnière" [Industrial mobilization and total war: 1916, a pivotal year]. Revue historique des armées (in French) (242): 26–35. doi:10.3917/rha.242.0026. Archived from the original on February 12, 2025. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F%2Findex4072.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Frha.revues.org%2F%2Findex4072.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Hardarch, Gern (1977). "La mobilisation industrielle en 1914-1918" [The industrial mobilization in 1914–1918]. 1914-1918, l'autre front [1914–1918, the other front] (in French). Paris: Éditions ouvrières. ISSN 0338-6252. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Defence Historical Service. "Journal des marches & opérations du 152e Régiment d'Infanterie pendant les marches de reconnaissances, grandes manœuvres, tirs de guerre, etc. du 16 juillet 1913 au 20 juin 1915 « 26 N 697/13 »" [Diary of marches & operations of the 152nd Infantry Regiment during reconnaissance marches, major maneuvers, firing in war, etc. from July 16, 1913 to June 20, 1915 "26 N 697/13".]. memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). p. 47. <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Defence Historical Service. "Journal des marches & opérations de la 41e division d'infanterie pendant la campagne du 31 juillet 1914 au 22 janvier 1915 « 26 N 340/1 »" [Diary of marches & operations of the 41st infantry division during the campaign from July 31, 1914 to January 22, 1915 "26 N 340/1".]. memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). <a href="/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service" target="_blank">/wiki/Defence_Historical_Service</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Message from General Sordet to the Commander-in-Chief, 7:20 a.m., August 6, 1914 cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 130) <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sordet" target="_blank">/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Sordet</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Order from Joffre transmitted by telegram to the commander of the 1st Army, at 5:10 p.m. on August 5, cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 129) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, pp. 78–80, v. 1) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Special Instruction No. 6 from General Joffre to the commanders of the 3rd, 4th and 5th armies, August 13, 1914, cited in Naërt & al. (1936, p. 166) - Naërt, Maurice; al. (1936). Les armées françaises dans la Grande guerre [French armies in the Great War] (in French). Vol. 1. Lefranc, Gratien Laxague, Jean Courbis, J. Joubert. Paris: Impr. nationale. p. 602. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. <a href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url" target="_blank">https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6274616s#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Franco-British technical agreement of February 10, 1913, repeating that of November 1912 and confirmed by the agreement of August 6, 1914 signed in London. Source: Thomazi, Auguste (1928). "La guerre navale dans la Méditerranée" [Naval war in the Mediterranean]. La Marine française dans la Grande Guerre (1914-1918) [The French Navy in The Great War (1914–1918)] (in French). Vol. IV. Paris: Payot. p. 17. <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, p. 131, v. 1) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">"Les fusiliers marins pendant la guerre 1914-1918" [Marine fusiliers in the war 1914–1918]. philippe.millour.free.fr (in French). <a href="http://philippe.millour.free.fr/GrandeGuerre/cadre_BFM.htm" target="_blank">http://philippe.millour.free.fr/GrandeGuerre/cadre_BFM.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">"Tableau de mobilisation durant la grande guerre" [Mobilization chart for the Great War]. abtahistoireboussay.fr (in French). <a href="https://www.abtahistoireboussay.fr/?option=com_content&view=article&id=27:tableau-de-mobilisation:premiere-guerre-mondiale" target="_blank">https://www.abtahistoireboussay.fr/?option=com_content&view=article&id=27:tableau-de-mobilisation:premiere-guerre-mondiale</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">"Tableau de synthèse des informations sur les classes 1886 à 1919" [Summary table of information on classes 1886 to 1919]. combattant.14-18 (in French). Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604113931/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302LoisSynthese.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130604113931/http://combattant.14-18.pagesperso-orange.fr/Pasapas/E302LoisSynthese.html</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">The early call-up of a class is discussed in the Chamber of Deputies every time, for example during the "séance du 30 novembre 1915" [session of November 30, 1915] (in French). (for the '17 class), or the "séance du 28 décembre 1917" [session of December 28, 1915]. assemblee-nationale.fr (in French). (for the '19 class) <a href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/guerre_14-18/classe17_gallieni_30111915.asp" target="_blank">http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/guerre_14-18/classe17_gallieni_30111915.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">"France, derniers poilus de la Guerre 14-18" [France, the last poilus of the 14–18 war]. dersdesders.free.fr (in French). <a href="http://dersdesders.free.fr/france.html" target="_blank">http://dersdesders.free.fr/france.html</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Antier-Renaud, Chantal (2008). Les soldats des colonies dans la Première guerre mondiale [Soldiers from the colonies in the First World War]. Collection Histoire (in French). Christian Le Corre. Rennes: Éd. "Ouest-France". pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-2-7373-4283-7. <a href="978-2-7373-4283-7" target="_blank">978-2-7373-4283-7</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Decree dated February 7, 1912, instituting recruitment by call-up of "black natives of the French West Africa group", providing that they "may in all circumstances be designated to continue their service outside the territory of the colony" and specifying that "the duration of active service is four years". Source: Duval, Eugène-Jean (2005). L'épopée des tirailleurs sénégalais [The epic of the Senegalese riflemen] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 40. ISBN 978-2-7475-8593-4. <a href="978-2-7475-8593-4" target="_blank">978-2-7475-8593-4</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">From April 1, 1915 for Indochina and after the decree of October 9, 1915 for AOF. Source: Antier-Renaud (2008, pp. 26–28) <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" target="_blank">/wiki/French_West_Africa</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Sarraut, Albert (1923). La mise en valeur des colonies françaises [The development of French colonies] (in French). Payot. BnF 341367630 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" target="_blank">/wiki/Albert_Sarraut</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Antier-Renaud (2008, pp. 34–35) - Antier-Renaud, Chantal (2008). Les soldats des colonies dans la Première guerre mondiale [Soldiers from the colonies in the First World War]. Collection Histoire (in French). Christian Le Corre. Rennes: Éd. "Ouest-France". pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-2-7373-4283-7. <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">Marin, Louis (March 29, 1920). "Proposition n° 633 de résolution tendant à charger la Commission de l'Armée de faire connaître le bilan des pertes en morts et en blessés des nations belligérantes" [Motion No. 633 for a resolution instructing the Army Commission to make known the death and injury toll of the belligerent nations.]. Journal officiel de la République française. Documents parlementaires de la chambre des députés (in French): 32–78. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marin_(politician)" target="_blank">/wiki/Louis_Marin_(politician)</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Colonel Roure (head of the 1st office of the General Staff). Documents relatifs à l'effort d'utilisation des ressources en personnel au cours de la guerre, octobre 1919, cote SHD 7 N 552 [Documents relating to the effort to use personnel resources during the war, October 1919, SHD code 7 N 552.] (in French). <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">J.P (1921). "Les pertes des nations belligérantes au cours de la Grande Guerre" [Casualties of the belligerent nations in the Great War]. Les Archives de la Grande Guerre (in French) (7). Éd. Chiron: 41–44. ISSN 0982-2062. <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5441824j" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5441824j</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">"Base de données des militaires ayant obtenu la mention « morts pour la France »" [Database of servicemen who received the mention "died for France"]. memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (in French). <a href="http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/spip.php?rubrique41" target="_blank">http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/spip.php?rubrique41</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Valluy & Dufourcq (1968, p. 321, v. 2) - Valluy, Jean Étienne; Dufourcq, Pierre (1968). La première guerre mondiale [The First World War] (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Larousse. p. 72. <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Becker, Jean-Jacques (2006). "L'évolution de l'historiographie de la Première Guerre mondiale" [The evolution of First World War historiography]. Revue historique des armées (in French) (242): 4–15. doi:10.3917/rha.242.0004. <a href="http://rha.revues.org//index4152.html" target="_blank">http://rha.revues.org//index4152.html</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Petit-Dutaillis, Charles (1915). "L'appel de guerre en Dauphiné: 1er-2 août 1914" [The call to war in Dauphiné: August 1–2, 1914]. Annales de l'Université de Grenoble [Annales of the University of Grenoble] (in French). Grenoble: Allier Frères. pp. 5–10. (notes taken by village teachers in Isère, Drôme and Hautes-Alpes). <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petit-Dutaillis" target="_blank">/wiki/Charles_Petit-Dutaillis</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Becker (2004, 153 and 156) - Becker, Jean-Jacques (2004). "« La fleur au fusil »: retour sur un mythe" ['The flower in the gun': a look back at a myth]. Vrai et faux dans la Grande Guerre [True and false in the Great War]. L'espace de l'histoire (in French). Paris: La Découverte. pp. 152–165. ISBN 2-7071-4211-5. <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">Galtier-Boissière (1928) - Galtier-Boissière, Jean (1928). La fleur au fusil [The flower in the gun] (in French). Paris: Éditions Baudinière. p. 255. <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Beaupré, Nicolas; Rousso, Henry (2012). Les grandes guerres: 1914-1945 [The great wars: 1914–1915]. Histoire de France (in French). Paris: Éditions Belin. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-2-7011-3387-4. <a href="978-2-7011-3387-4" target="_blank">978-2-7011-3387-4</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">Becker (2004, pp. 157–160) - Becker, Jean-Jacques (2004). "« La fleur au fusil »: retour sur un mythe" ['The flower in the gun': a look back at a myth]. Vrai et faux dans la Grande Guerre [True and false in the Great War]. L'espace de l'histoire (in French). Paris: La Découverte. pp. 152–165. ISBN 2-7071-4211-5. <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">Olivera, Philippe; Picard, Emmanuelle; Offenstadt, Nicolas; Rousseau, Frédéric (2004). "À propos d'une notion récente: la "culture de guerre"" [On a recent concept: the "culture of war"]. Guerres, paix et sociétés: 1911-1946 [Wars, peace and societies: 1911–1946] (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Atlande. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Rousseau" target="_blank">/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Rousseau</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Rousseau, Frédéric (2004). "De l'acceptation de la guerre à l'acceptation du crime (1914-1945)" [From the acceptance of war to the acceptance of crime (1914–1945)]. Guerres, paix et sociétés: 1911-1946 [War, peace and societies: 1911–1946] (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Atlande. pp. 387–388. <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Rousseau" target="_blank">/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Rousseau</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Mariot, Nicolas (2013). Tous unis dans la tranchée ? 1914-1918, les intellectuels rencontrent le peuple [All united in the trench? 1914–1918, intellectuals meet the people] (in French). Éditions du Seuil. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" target="_blank">/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

1914 French mobilization open-in-new

1914 French mobilization