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Aralosaurus
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<h2 id="discovery">Discovery</h2> <p>The partial <a href="/facts/Skull/A9Wp63Np">skull</a> of <i>Aralosaurus</i> was discovered in 1957 near the Shakh-Shakh locality during a <a href="/facts/Soviet_people/KFWx2Nvx">Soviet</a> expedition in central Kazakhstan (which at the time was part of the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">USSR</a>). In addition to the skull (which lacks most of the <a href="/facts/Snout/v35EB0xh">snout</a> and the entire <a href="/facts/Jaw/6a11Csjh">mandible</a>), the material also included isolated <a href="/facts/Tooth/Wc6IqwVf">teeth</a> and postcranial elements most often fragmentary (<a href="/facts/Ulna/6J7D2mhe">ulna</a>, <a href="/facts/Radius_(bone)/TstRh60d">radius</a>, <a href="/facts/Femur/uVyTwj4l">femur</a>, <a href="/facts/Tibia/YXQ0F48L">tibia</a>, <a href="/facts/Fibula/pKXdd5nM">fibula</a>, <a href="/facts/Talus_bone/7FJvAwcv">astragalus</a>, <a href="/facts/Metatarsal_bones/5sPXvop2">metatarsals</a>). The only complete elements were a <a href="/facts/Humerus/9h0R2GuY">humerus</a> and a metatarsal. It is only in 1968 that Rozhdestvensky described and named the animal. He estimated the size of the skull at about 65 cm and the size of the animal at about 6.5 m long. As the cranial sutures are far from fusioned, this specimen was probably immature. At the time, Rozhdestvensky argued that the skull of <i>Aralosaurus</i> presented the greatest resemblance with the skull of <i><a href="/facts/Kritosaurus/m9C5XsrH">Kritosaurus</a></i> with the presence of a nasal arch in front of the <a href="/facts/Orbit_(anatomy)/lJTMFcqy">orbits</a> (the comparisons were based with specimens attributed today to <i><a href="/facts/Gryposaurus/mJwHvder">Gryposaurus</a></i>, not to <i>Kritosaurus</i>). So, the animal was classified among the <a href="/facts/Hadrosaurinae/v4t7JSPB">Hadrosaurinae</a>, which are hadrosaurs devoid of cranial crest or with a solid bony crest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>In 2004, the skull of <i>Aralosaurus</i> was re-examined by Godefroit and colleagues, and according to them, the bone fragments identified by Rozhdestvensky as the middle part of the nasal arch and the posterior portion of the <a href="/facts/Premaxilla/82BL4FgY">premaxilla</a> seem to have been lost. These fragments were originally found isolated while the rest of the skull was articulated (including a posterior fragment of the nasal). So that it is no longer possible today to confirm the presence of a nasal arch in <i>Aralosaurus</i>. On the other hand, this study shows that <i>Aralosaurus</i> was not a gryposaur-like hadrosaurine, because the purported nasal boss was in fact a fragment of a hollow structure. Indeed, Godefroit and colleagues did not find any hadrosaurine diagnostic characters in <i>Aralosaurus</i>. On the contrary, the skull of <i>Aralosaurus</i> presents several features (in the <a href="/facts/Maxilla/LbgmySaT">maxilla</a>, <a href="/facts/Parietal_bone/DqICftoA">parietal</a>, <a href="/facts/Squamosal_bone/y0WLT166">squamosal</a> and especially the <a href="/facts/Nasal_bone/aBa9dqU9">nasal</a>) which indicates its inclusion among the <a href="/facts/Lambeosaurinae/spWvHLLV">Lambeosaurinae</a>. Notably, the posterior fragment of the nasal, which is clearly articulated to the rest of the skull, rises just in front of the orbits and forming or participating to a hollow crest-like structure. As this structure is broken at its base, it is not possible to deduce its size and shape. However, in rostral view, the nasal is clearly hollow, it is deeply excavated rostrally by a broad groove that communicates directly with the ventral side of the posterior part of the bone. It is therefore clear that in <i>Aralosaurus</i> the nasal crest surrounded part of the <a href="/facts/Respiratory_system/IG8v5JEr">respiratory system</a>. The extension of the nasal cavity inside a hollow crest is typically a lambeosaurine feature, thus confirming the inclusion of <i>Aralosaurus</i> among them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> <i>Aralosaurus</i> also exhibits several cranial characters which indicate that it was a <a href="/facts/Basal_(phylogenetics)/JQPQXpYg">basal</a> member of the group. Although having a hollow nasal structure, the latter was located in front of the orbits, a primitive position in lambeosaurines. In the most advanced representatives of the group, the nasal migrates to a caudodorsal position because of the important development of the <a href="/facts/Premaxilla/82BL4FgY">premaxillae</a> in these forms. In addition, in more derived lambeosaurines, the skull roof is modified to form a fixation zone for the hollow crest, whereas in <i>Aralosaurus</i> the skull roof does not present any particular modification. The shape and the size of the crest-like structure of <i>Aralosaurus</i> is unknown. The fragments that were previously interpreted as a part of a gryposaur-like nasal arch and could have helped to reconstruct the circumnarial region of <i>Aralosaurus</i>, have been lost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> So, the discovery of more complete specimens is necessary for a better knowledge of the shape and the size of this hollow structure. </p> <h2 id="classification">Classification</h2> <p>The following cladogram was produced by Albert Prieto-Márquez and his colleagues in 2013, it shows the phylogeny of <a href="/facts/Lambeosaurinae/spWvHLLV">Lambeosaurinae</a>. <i>Aralosaurus</i> is closely related to <i>Canardia</i> and both genera are included in the tribe of <a href="/facts/Aralosaurini/spWvHLLV">Aralosaurini</a>, which are identified as the most basal members of Lambeosaurinae. </p> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lambeosaurinae/spWvHLLV">Lambeosaurinae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aralosaurini/spWvHLLV">Aralosaurini</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Aralosaurus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Canardia/dqnSsbxQ">Canardia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Jaxartosaurus/v0VaBtRB">Jaxartosaurus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tsintaosaurini/jI88dTLj">Tsintaosaurini</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Tsintaosaurus/en5mf2VB">Tsintaosaurus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pararhabdodon/v9jQkw2x">Pararhabdodon</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Parasaurolophini/lxzjzVgS">Parasaurolophini</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Charonosaurus/kSAYLXCB">Charonosaurus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Parasaurolophus/ergevzaD">Parasaurolophus</a></i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Parasaurolophus_cyrtocristatus/ergevzaD">Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Parasaurolophus_tubicen/ergevzaD">Parasaurolophus tubicen</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Parasaurolophus_walkeri/ergevzaD">Parasaurolophus walkeri</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lambeosaurini/CQEStaUV">Lambeosaurini</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Lambeosaurus/UAw6JE3d">Lambeosaurus</a></i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Lambeosaurus_lambei/UAw6JE3d">Lambeosaurus lambei</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Lambeosaurus_magnicristatus/UAw6JE3d">Lambeosaurus magnicristatus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Corythosaurus/ctIvRqq4">Corythosaurus</a></i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Corythosaurus_casuarius/ctIvRqq4">Corythosaurus casuarius</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Corythosaurus_intermedius/ctIvRqq4">Corythosaurus intermedius</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Hypacrosaurus/BeeBEEva">"Hypacrosaurus" <i>stebingeri</i></a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Hypacrosaurus/BeeBEEva">Hypacrosaurus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Olorotitan/a8yLBCSA">Olorotitan</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Arenysaurus/frm1Yr6N">Arenysaurus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Blasisaurus/lSTfLE7C">Blasisaurus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Magnapaulia/MfHMdTsR">Magnapaulia</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Velafrons/vYavNEpW">Velafrons</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Amurosaurus/qKRjzmN9">Amurosaurus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Sahaliyania/rVGEnHR6">Sahaliyania</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="paleobiogeography">Paleobiogeography</h2> <p><i>Aralosaurus</i> lived about 20 million years before its close relative <i>Canardia</i>. The latter inhabited the Ibero-Armorican Island, which was the westernmost island of the Late Cretaceous <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">European</a> <a href="/facts/Archipelago/50BeC9tl">Archipelago</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> As no lambeosaurines were known in the rich localities of late <a href="/facts/Campanian/MoPSxcqL">Campanian</a> and early <a href="/facts/Maastrichtian/xRBafamu">Maastrichtian</a> ages of the Ibero-Armorican Island, it was suggested that the descendants of <i>Aralosaurus</i> had to reach this island rather late, perhaps at the end of the early Maastrichtian or during the late Maastrichtian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The discovery later in Spain of numerous lambeosaurines remains in the highest levels of the lower Maastrichtian argues for the first hypothesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> This <a href="/facts/Migration_(ecology)/J3LuRgjq">migration</a> was probably carried out in several stages, firstly by temporary terrestrial links between the landmass of Western Asia and the eastern islands of the European archipelago, then between the different European islands up to the Ibero-Armorican Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <i>Canardia</i> was a rather archaic form for its time and the Ibero-Armorican Island was perhaps an ultimate refuge for the <a href="/facts/Aralosaurini/spWvHLLV">Aralosaurini</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Sediment/zsIH1A6U">sediments</a> of the Bostobe Formation consist mainly of <a href="/facts/Clay/xnwouEkB">clays</a> and <a href="/facts/Sandstone/RP8B6fqL">sandstones</a>, and correspond to <a href="/facts/Floodplain/EUKqIbj5">floodplain</a> and <a href="/facts/Estuary/WmkSInmK">estuarine</a> environments in a <a href="/facts/Subtropics/gK0KyFUD">subtropical</a> to <a href="/facts/Tropical_climate/LaAgIWtj">tropical climate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> These different <a href="/facts/Biotope/rcTcCxRR">biotopes</a> were located on the west coast of the <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asian</a> continent of the time, on the edge of the ancient <a href="/facts/Turgai_Sea/4A1G0ItQ">Turgai Sea</a> which connected the <a href="/facts/Tethys_Ocean/X2b2FIu3">Tethys</a> to the <a href="/facts/Arctic_Ocean/l6HS3QyV">Arctic Ocean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The shallow marine waters west of this fluvial coastal plain were the site of intense organic productivity due to <a href="/facts/Upwelling/UuJovSjH">upwelling</a> conditions caused by strong winds from the mainland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> These winds were also the cause of a significant <a href="/facts/Aridification/uXaRTedW">aridification</a> of the climate in this region during the Santonian and early Campanian, causing a change in the <a href="/facts/Flora/2xkcTn2d">flora</a> of <a href="/facts/Flowering_plant/E5eGYIvY">angiosperms</a>, with a rarefaction of broad-leaved forms and a proliferation of small and narrow-leaved species of the family <a href="/facts/Ulmaceae/9daKXGtu">Ulmaceae</a>. Angiosperms accounted for 75% of the flora of these biotopes, the rest being <a href="/facts/Pinophyta/vDUgqxCx">conifers</a> and rare <a href="/facts/Ginkgo/4b2c7GeQ">ginkgos</a> and <a href="/facts/Cycadales/Kc2JDExr">cycads</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>The locality of Shakh Shakh, where <i>Aralosaurus</i> was found, yielded a diverse fauna including many fish (<a href="/facts/Chondrichthyes/xcW7PJDU">chondrichthyans</a>, <a href="/facts/Chondrostei/kyg50Lc3">chondrosteans</a>, and <a href="/facts/Holostei/aot3VGm4">holosteans</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Frog/IxYhbeda">Anura</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> at least six species of <a href="/facts/Turtle/X0ImnxYt">turtles</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> some of which had a carapace at least 75 cm long,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> a <a href="/facts/Scincomorpha/7KAKtbLM">scincomorph</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Crocodilia/G4LbxJs6">crocodylians</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Pterosaur/YNQwa1ru">pterosaurs</a> (<i><a href="/facts/Aralazhdarcho/vEquFrsY">Aralazhdarcho</a></i>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> birds,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> mammals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> and several undetermined dinosaur species (<a href="/facts/Ankylosauridae/RsePQquY">Ankylosauridae</a>, <a href="/facts/Sauropoda/8Iqh2yEJ">Sauropoda</a>, <a href="/facts/Tyrannosauroidea/sIUowTnq">Tyrannosauroidea</a>, <a href="/facts/Ornithomimidae/8jyWktbk">Ornithomimidae</a>, <a href="/facts/Therizinosauroidea/0nRMf3uj">Therizinosauroidea</a>, <a href="/facts/Troodontidae/TXa3nahN">Troodontidae</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dromaeosauridae/mLeNBfBQ">Dromaeosauridae</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Elsewhere in this formation, the site of Akkurgan is distinguished by the presence of the two basal <a href="/facts/Hadrosauroidea/FJ49JytU">hadrosauroids</a> <i><a href="/facts/Arstanosaurus/04nzLU8L">Arstanosaurus</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and <i><a href="/facts/Batyrosaurus/MSRDBXKy">Batyrosaurus</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> as well as the pterosaur <i><a href="/facts/Samrukia/FtSIBclX">Samrukia</a></i> (whose jaw was first attributed to an <a href="/facts/Caenagnathidae/EvjD5dAN">Caenagnathid</a> <a href="/facts/Oviraptorosauria/C6puS7KW">oviraptorosaur</a>, then to a giant bird),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> which could be a junior synonym of <i>Aralazhdarcho</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Dinosaurs portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Timeline_of_hadrosaur_research/ySp5nSr3">Timeline of hadrosaur research</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rozhdestvensky, A.K. (1968). "Gadrozavry Kazakhstana [Hadrosaurs of Kazakhstan]. [Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic Amphibians and Reptiles]" (PDF). Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow: 97–141. <a href="http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Prieto-Márquez, A.; Dalla Vecchia, F.M.; Gaete, R.; Galobart, À. (2013). "Diversity, Relationships, and Biogeography of the Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs from the European Archipelago, with Description of the New Aralosaurin Canardia garonnensis". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e69835. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869835P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069835. PMC 3724916. PMID 23922815. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3724916" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3724916</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Rozhdestvensky, A.K. (1968). "Gadrozavry Kazakhstana [Hadrosaurs of Kazakhstan]. [Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic Amphibians and Reptiles]" (PDF). Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow: 97–141. <a href="http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Rozhdestvensky, A.K. (1968). "Gadrozavry Kazakhstana [Hadrosaurs of Kazakhstan]. [Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic Amphibians and Reptiles]" (PDF). Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow: 97–141. <a href="http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Rozhdestvensky, A.K. (1968). "Gadrozavry Kazakhstana [Hadrosaurs of Kazakhstan]. [Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic Amphibians and Reptiles]" (PDF). Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow: 97–141. <a href="http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dinochecker.com/papers/Hadrosaurs_of_Kazakhstan_Rozhdestvensky_1968.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Godefroit, P.; Alifanov, V.; Boltsky, Y. (2004). "A re-appraisal of "Aralosaurus tuberiferus" (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 74Sup (74): 139–154. <a href="http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/godefroit_reappraisal_2004" target="_blank">http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/godefroit_reappraisal_2004</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Godefroit, P.; Alifanov, V.; Boltsky, Y. (2004). "A re-appraisal of "Aralosaurus tuberiferus" (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan". 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