Subscript and superscript

<p>A single typeface may contain sub- and superscript glyphs at different positions for different uses. The four most common positions are listed here. Because each position is used in different contexts, not all alphanumerics may be available in all positions. For example, subscript letters on the baseline are quite rare, and many typefaces provide only a limited number of superscripted letters. Despite these differences, all reduced-size glyphs go by the same generic terms <i>subscript</i> and <i>superscript</i>, which are synonymous with the terms <i>inferior letter</i> (or <i>number</i>) and <i>superior letter</i> (or <i>number</i>), respectively. Most fonts that contain superscript/subscript will have predetermined size and orientation that is dependent on the design of the font.
</p>
<h3>Subscripts that are dropped below the baseline</h3>
<p>Subscripts are used in <a href="/facts/Chemical_formula/hghUtthl">chemical formulas</a>. For example, the chemical formula for <a href="/facts/Glucose/oUSkoLCD">glucose</a> is <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">C</a>6<a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">H</a>12<a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">O</a>6 (meaning that it is a molecule with 6 <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a> atoms, 12 <a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a> atoms and 6 <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> atoms). The chemical formula of the <a href="/facts/Water/0lkXnJPK">water</a> molecule, H2O, indicates that it contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
</p><p>A subscript is also used to distinguish between different versions of a <a href="/facts/Subatomic_particle/tMEzcTWQ">subatomic particle</a>. Thus electron, muon, and tau <a href="/facts/Neutrino/yGWVfSg2">neutrinos</a> are denoted νe νμ and ντ. A particle may be distinguished by multiple subscripts, such as Ω−bbb for the <a href="/facts/Omega_baryon/u7lW74Yb">triple bottom omega</a> particle.
</p><p>Similarly, subscripts are also used frequently in mathematics to define different versions of the same <a href="/facts/Variable_(mathematics)/VbQlrvKz">variable</a>: for example, in an equation <i>x</i>0 and <i>x</i>f might indicate the initial and final value of <i>x</i>, while <i>v</i>rocket and <i>v</i>observer would stand for the velocities of a rocket and an observer. Commonly, variables with a zero in the subscript are referred to as the variable name followed by "<a href="/facts/Nought/4NBRtKHc">nought</a>" (e.g. v0 would be read, "v-nought").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>
</p><p>Subscripts are often used to refer to members of a mathematical <a href="/facts/Sequence/gV2S4uqp">sequence</a> or <a href="/facts/Set_(mathematics)/BfucfHMq">set</a> or elements of a vector. For example, in the sequence <i>O</i> = (45, −2, 800), <i>O</i>3 refers to the third member of sequence <i>O</i>, which is 800.
</p><p>Also in mathematics and computing, a subscript can be used to represent the <a href="/facts/Radix/J5RGWRJF">radix</a>, or base, of a written number, especially where multiple bases are used alongside each other. For example, comparing values in <a href="/facts/Hexadecimal/02ohQW22">hexadecimal</a>, <a href="/facts/Denary/7omfVNIM">denary</a>, and <a href="/facts/Octal/4nRcq0Ce">octal</a> one might write Chex = 12dec = 14oct.
</p><p>Subscripted numbers dropped below the baseline are also used for the <a href="/facts/Denominator/ghnQE9B3">denominators</a> of stacked <a href="/facts/Fraction/ghnQE9B3">fractions</a>, like this: ⁠67/68⁠.
</p>
<h3>Subscripts that are aligned with the baseline</h3>
<p>The only common use of these subscripts is for the denominators of diagonal fractions, like ½ or the signs for <a href="/facts/Percent/Wugt2XEf">percent</a> %, <a href="/facts/Permille/3xNDvE9l">permille</a> ‰, and <a href="/facts/Basis_point/sqx8t5BW">basis point</a> ‱. Certain standard abbreviations are also composed as diagonal fractions, such as ℅ (care of), ℀ (account of), ℁ (addressed to the subject), or in Spanish ℆ (cada uno/una, "each one").
</p>
<h3>Superscripts that typically do not extend above the ascender line</h3>
<p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Superior_letter/GQklBa67">superior letter</a></p>
<p>These superscripts typically share a baseline with <a href="/facts/Numerator/ghnQE9B3">numerator</a> digits, the top of which are aligned with the top of the full-height numerals of the base font; lowercase ascenders may extend above.
</p><p><a href="/facts/Ordinal_indicator/xYjaI72Q">Ordinal indicators</a> are sometimes written as superscripts (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, rather than 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th), although many English-language <a href="/facts/Style_guide/tScbnQx5">style guides</a> recommend against this use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Romance languages use a similar convention, such as 1er or 2e in French, 4ª and 4º in <a href="/facts/Galician_language/bGIhIvMX">Galician</a>, <a href="/facts/Brazilian_Portuguese/9wrGa38X">Brazilian Portuguese</a> and <a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a>, or 4.ª and 4.º in <a href="/facts/European_Portuguese/RTuCpyhE">European Portuguese</a> and <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>.
</p><p>In medieval manuscripts, many superscript as well as subscript signs were used to abbreviate text. From these developed modern <a href="/facts/Diacritical_mark/Rw6lMzQW">diacritical marks</a> (<a href="/facts/Glyph/A7Gesbxj">glyphs</a>, or "accents" placed above or below the letter). Also, in early <a href="/facts/Middle_High_German/LI9JRDIu">Middle High German</a>, <a href="/facts/Umlaut_(linguistics)/Bj9MqpvE">umlauts</a> and other modifications to pronunciation would be indicated by superscript letters placed directly above the letter they modified. Thus the modern <a href="/facts/Umlaut_(diacritic)/FsYeoSzC">umlaut</a> <a href="/facts/%25C3%259C/gwfEAKhq">ü</a> was written as uͤ. Both vowels and consonants were used in this way, as in ſheͨzze and boͮsen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In modern typefaces, these letters are usually smaller than other superscripts, and their baseline is slightly above the base font's midline, making them extend no higher than a typical ordinal indicator.
</p><p>Superscripts are used for the standard abbreviations for <a href="/facts/Service_mark/CvkTjP09">service mark</a> (℠) and <a href="/facts/Trademark/B23H8IS0">trademark</a> (™). The signs for <a href="/facts/Copyright/7GHEWEx9">copyright</a> © and <a href="/facts/Registered_trademark/B23H8IS0">registered trademark</a> ® are also sometimes superscripted, depending on the typeface or house style.
</p><p>On handwritten documents and signs, a monetary amount may be written with the cents value superscripted, as in $8⁰⁰ or 8€⁵⁰. Often the superscripted numbers are underlined: $8⁰⁰, 8€⁵⁰. The <a href="/facts/Currency_symbol/cCPm1sPP">currency symbol</a> itself may also be superscripted, as in $80 or 6¢.There is no ruling whether or not these characters need to be supercript, or made smaller than the numbers, or aligned to any of the various guide lines. That of course is decided by the preference of the typographer.
</p>
<h3>Superscripts that typically extend above the ascender line</h3>

<p>Both low and high superscripts can be used to indicate the presence of a <a href="/facts/Footnote/QzY5DMcS">footnote</a> in a document, like this5 or this.xi Any combination of characters can be used for this purpose; in technical writing footnotes are sometimes composed of letters and numbers together, like this.A.2 The choice of low or high alignment depends on taste, but high-set footnotes tend to be more common, as they stand out more from the text.
</p><p>In <a href="/facts/Mathematics/pxTouaz4">mathematics</a>, high superscripts are used for <a href="/facts/Exponentiation/pac6QY2g">exponentiation</a> to indicate that one number or variable is raised to the power of another number or variable. Thus <i>y</i>4 is <i>y</i> raised to the fourth power, 2<i>x</i> is 2 raised to the power of <i>x</i>, and the equation <a href="/facts/E%253Dmc2/ExXawGcc">E = mc2</a> includes a term for the <a href="/facts/Speed_of_light/sKSQwdNx">speed of light</a> <a href="/facts/Square_(algebra)/Jzpq0R0z">squared</a>. This led over time to an "<a href="/facts/Abuse_of_notation/D4W6n85F">abuse of notation</a>" whereby superscripts indicate iterative <a href="/facts/Function_composition/r5Pvnmth">function composition</a>, including <a href="/facts/Derivative/7Ito70Dh">derivatives</a>. In an unrelated use, superscripts also indicate contravariant tensors in <a href="/facts/Ricci_calculus/We4yudeq">Ricci calculus</a>.
</p><p>The charges of <a href="/facts/Ion/wrbwhF3z">ions</a> and <a href="/facts/Subatomic_particle/tMEzcTWQ">subatomic particles</a> are also denoted by superscripts. Cl− is a negatively charged <a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">chlorine</a> atom, Pb4+ is an atom of <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> with a positive charge of four, e− is an <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electron</a>, e+ is a <a href="/facts/Positron/HgV4zBzA">positron</a>, and μ+ is an <a href="/facts/Antimuon/BP2fLVIR">antimuon</a>.
</p><p>Atomic <a href="/facts/Isotope/KD9B1y6o">isotopes</a> are written using superscripts. In symbolic form, the number of <a href="/facts/Nucleon/6fguU9Xk">nucleons</a> is denoted as a superscripted prefix to the <a href="/facts/Chemical_symbol/2Fe1VAL0">chemical symbol</a> (for example 3He, 12C, 13C, 131I, and 238U). The letters <i>m</i> or <i>f</i> may follow the number to indicate metastable or fission <a href="/facts/Nuclear_isomer/L8DHcqnk">isomers</a>, as in 58mCo or 240fPu.
</p><p>Subscripts and superscripts can also be used together to give more specific information about <a href="/facts/Nuclide/97Ykvzr3">nuclides</a>. For example, 23592U denotes an atom of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a> with 235 nucleons, 92 of which are <a href="/facts/Proton/clCjepXP">protons</a>. A chemical symbol can be completely surrounded: 146C2+2 is a divalent cation of <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a> with 14 nucleons, of which six are protons and 8 are <a href="/facts/Neutron/oRCM1geb">neutrons</a>, and there are two atoms in this chemical compound.
</p><p>The numerators of stacked fractions (such as ⁠34/35⁠) usually use high-set superscripts, although some specially designed glyphs keep the top of the numerator aligned with the top of the full-height numerals.
</p>
<h2 id="alignment-examples">Alignment examples</h2>

<p>This image shows the four common locations for subscripts and superscripts, according to their typical uses. The typeface is <a href="/facts/Minion_(typeface)/8x5vUcuS">Minion</a> Pro, set in Adobe Illustrator. Note that the default superscripting algorithms of most word processors would set the "th" and "lle" too high, and the weight of all the subscript and superscript glyphs would be too light.
</p>
<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">HTML subscripts and superscripts</th></tr><tr><th>X6O8M</th><th><i>X</i>6<i>O</i>8<i>M</i></th></tr><tr><td>Default subscript and superscript rendered in HTML for fonts in normal styles</td><td>Example of possible collision of italic styles in HTML</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Another minor adjustment that is often omitted by renderers is the control of the direction of movement for superscripts and subscripts, when they do not lie on the baseline. Ideally this should allow for the font, e.g. italics are slanting; most renderers adjust the position only vertically and do not also shift it horizontally. This may create a collision with surrounding letters in the same italic font size. One can see an example of such collision on the right side when rendered in HTML (see the figure on the right). To avoid this, it is often desirable to insert a small positive horizontal margin (or a thin space) (on the left side of the first superscript character), or a negative margin (or a tiny backspace) before a subscript. It is more critical with glyphs from fonts in Oblique styles that are more slanted than those from fonts in Italic style, and some fonts reverse the direction of slanting, so there is no general solution except when the renderer takes into account the font metrics properties that specifies the angle of slanting,
</p><p>However the same problem occurs more generally between spans of normal glyphs (non-superscript and non-subscript) when slanting styles are mixed.
</p>
<h2 id="software-support">Software support</h2>
<h3>Desktop publishing</h3><p>
Many text editing and <a href="/facts/Word_processing_programs/qAR7lagF">word processing programs</a> have automatic subscripting and superscripting features, although these programs usually simply use ordinary characters reduced in size and moved up or down – rather than separately designed subscript or superscript glyphs. Professional typesetting programs such as <a href="/facts/QuarkXPress/9wVzdTQI">QuarkXPress</a> or <a href="/facts/Adobe_InDesign/auEPc4sL">Adobe InDesign</a> also have similar features for automatically converting regular type to subscript or superscript.  These programs, however, may also offer native OpenType support for the special subscript and superscript glyphs included in many professional typeface packages (such as those shown in the image above). </p><i>See also OpenType, below.</i>
Comparison of software support<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Software</th><th rowspan="2">OpenType support forprofessional glyphs?</th><th colspan="4">Default values for glyph transformation (non-professional glyphs)</th><th colspan="2">Keyboard shortcuts</th></tr><tr><th>Size</th><th>Subscript position </th><th>Superscript position </th><th>User-modifiable settings?</th><th>Superscript</th><th>Subscript</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OpenOffice.org/561WcNgg">OpenOffice.org</a> 3.3</td><td>No</td><td>58%</td><td>−33%</td><td>+33%</td><td>Yes</td><td>Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P</td><td>Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/LibreOffice/MInj5kF7">LibreOffice</a> 5.3</td><td>Yes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td>58%</td><td>−33%</td><td>+33%</td><td>Yes</td><td>Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P</td><td>Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Word/HPSu5W4j">Microsoft Word</a> 2015</td><td>Yes</td><td>50%</td><td>−14.1%</td><td>+40%</td><td>Manual<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>Ctrl+⇧ Shift+=</td><td>Ctrl+=</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Adobe_Illustrator/T0L5wGoT">Adobe Illustrator</a> CS3</td><td>Yes</td><td>58.3%</td><td>−33.3%</td><td>+33.3%</td><td>Yes</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Adobe_Photoshop/f6bbmNx0">Adobe Photoshop</a> CS3</td><td><a href="/facts/Ordinal_indicator/xYjaI72Q">Ordinal indicators</a> only</td><td>58.3%</td><td>−33.3%</td><td>+33.3%</td><td>Manual<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>Alt+Ctrl+⇧ Shift+=</td><td>Ctrl+⇧ Shift+=</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/LaTeX/c1lvjF0A">LaTeX</a></td><td>Yes (using <a href="/facts/XeLaTeX/BJjY2V3R">XeLaTeX</a> or <a href="/facts/LuaTeX/6PL2Bl2P">LuaTeX</a> only)</td><td>≈70%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td>−14%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td>+25%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>Manual<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Notes:</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>HTML</h3>
<p>In <a href="/facts/HyperText_Markup_Language/sSc3fT78">HTML</a> and <a href="/facts/Wiki_syntax/uCKCEzqb">Wiki syntax</a>, subscript text is produced by putting it inside the tags <sub> and </sub>. Similarly, superscripts are produced with <sup> and </sup>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The exact size and position of the resulting characters will vary by font and browser, but are usually reduced to around 75% original size.
</p>
<h3>TeX</h3>
<p>In <a href="/facts/TeX/8t3cCBqk">TeX</a>'s mathematics mode (as used in <a href="/facts/MediaWiki/MbkLUTor">MediaWiki</a>), subscripts are typeset with the <a href="/facts/Underscore/KJsRo3tA">underscore</a>, while superscripts are made with the <a href="/facts/Caret/LRV5MF7s">caret</a>. Thus $X_{ab}$ produces 
  
    
      
        
          X
          
            a
            b
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle X_{ab}}
  
, and $X^{ab}$ produces 
  
    
      
        
          X
          
            a
            b
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle X^{ab}}
  
.
</p><p>In LaTeX text mode the math method above is inappropriate, as letters will be in math italic, so the command n\textsuperscript{th} will give nth and A\textsubscript{base} will give Abase (textual <i>sub</i>scripts are rare, so \textsubscript is not built-in, but requires the <i>fixltx2e</i> package). As in other systems, when using UTF-8 encoding, the masculine º and feminine ª ordinal indicators can be used as characters, with no need to use a command.
</p><p>In line with its origin as a superscript circle, the <a href="/facts/Degree_symbol/ckUXSh21">degree symbol</a> (°) is composed by a superscript <a href="/facts/Composition_operator/j2Tzx5w4">circle operator</a> (∘). ^{\circ}.
</p><p>Superscripts and subscripts of arbitrary height can be done with the \raisebox{<dimen>}{<text>} command: the first argument is the amount to raise, and the second is the text; a negative first argument will lower the text. In this case the text is not resized automatically, so a sizing command can be included, e.g. go\raisebox{1ex}{\large home}.
</p>
<h3>Unicode</h3>
<p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts/82YCoGWK">Unicode subscripts and superscripts</a></p>
<p><a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a> defines subscript and superscript characters in several areas; in particular, it has a full set of superscript and subscript digits. Owing to the popularity of using these characters to make fractions, most modern fonts render most or all of these as cap height superscripts and baseline subscripts. The same font may align letters and numbers in different ways. Other than numbers, the set of super- and subscript letters and other symbols is incomplete and somewhat random, and many fonts do not contain them. Because of these inconsistencies, these glyphs may not be suitable for some purposes (see <i>Uses</i>, above).
</p>
<h3>OpenType</h3>
<p>Several advanced features of <a href="/facts/OpenType/u0BfkC5I">OpenType</a> typefaces are supported for professionally designed subscript and superscript glyphs. Exactly which glyphs are included varies by typeface; some have only basic support for numerals, while others contain a full set of letters, numerals, and punctuation. They can be available via activating subs or sups feature tag. These feature tags can be turned on if software environment support optional features. In addition, some other typefaces placed them in a Unicode <a href="/facts/Private_Use_Areas/PyDqUQnJ">Private Use Area</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mathematical_notation/vHgEE8cE">Mathematical notation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Superior_letter/GQklBa67">Superior letter</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Furigana/skLLJryf">Furigana</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ruby_character/9mj3SvkF">Ruby character</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Typesetting/CsKmfY0t">Typesetting</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Typeface/It41hIjl">Font</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Superscripts_and_Subscripts_(Unicode_block)/CgEwcoey">Superscripts and Subscripts (Unicode block)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts/82YCoGWK">Unicode subscripts and superscripts</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bringhurst%2c_Robert/L7QR44Cm">Bringhurst, Robert</a> (2005), <i><a href="/facts/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style/J4uqxCJp">The Elements of Typographic Style</a></i>, 3rd ed., Vancouver: Hartley and Marks, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-88179-205-5.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Look up <i>subscript</i> or <i>superscript</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up <i>Appendix:Subscript</i> or <i>Appendix:Superscript</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Superscript.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subscript.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.microsoft.com/typography/developers/fdsspec/overview.aspx">Vincent Connare's type-design standards for Microsoft</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.typophile.com/node/16879">Vertical alignment questions</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318144147/http://www.typophile.com/node/16879">Archived</a> 2015-03-18 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> from Typophile</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Bringhurst 2005, pp. 311–312. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Bringhurst 2005, p. 309. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>"Your Head Will Spin: "Naught," "Aught," and "Ought"". Retrieved 2020-11-21. <a href="https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/wc/your-head-will-spin-naught-aught-and-ought/" target="_blank">https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/wc/your-head-will-spin-naught-aught-and-ought/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>"UCC EPU: Editing Word files for publication: Making the best of what Word provides". Academic and Collaborative Technologies Unit. 2007. Publish.ucc.ie. 2011-07-03. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-03. <a href="http://publish.ucc.ie/doc/wordedit?sectoc=5#noautostyle" target="_blank">http://publish.ucc.ie/doc/wordedit?sectoc=5#noautostyle</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>Marc Wilhelm Küster; Isabel Wojtovicz (14 September 2000). "Diacritics for medieval studies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2008-03-31. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612090836/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2266.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070612090836/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2266.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Available by typing a syntax consisting font name, feature tag and its value into Font Name area.[6] <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Default subscript and superscript options can be overcome by manually changing the font size and raising/lowering text. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Default subscript and superscript options can be overcome by manually changing the font size and raising/lowering text. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>Dependent on math mode; differs for subsub- and supersuper-scripts. <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics" target="_blank">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:10"><p>Nominal values; dependent on fontdimen parameters (16 and 17). <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen" target="_blank">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:11"><p>Nominal values; dependent on fontdimen parameters (16 and 17). <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen" target="_blank">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:12"><p>Changing fontdimen values requires some skill the textual commands can be modified to use the \raisebox command. <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen" target="_blank">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:13"><p>Pyatt, Elizabeth J. (27 September 2016). "Math Unicode Entities". Information Sciences and Technology. Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 6 January 2021. <a href="https://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/accents/math/mathchart/#super" target="_blank">https://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/accents/math/mathchart/#super</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

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