Kazachok

<h2 id="scientific-instruments">Scientific instruments</h2>
The Kazachok lander project was led by <a href="/facts/Roscosmos/GzWfae7U">Roscosmos</a>, but its scientific payload would also have included two European instruments and European contributions to four Russian-led instruments. The payload mass was to be about 45 kg and consists of the following instruments (plus an instrument interface and memory unit (BIP)):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>

<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/LaRa/yf8sVg9z">Lander Radioscience</a> experiment (LaRa) would study the internal structure of Mars and help to understand the sublimation/condensation cycle of atmospheric CO2, and would make precise measurements of the rotation and orientation of the planet by monitoring two-way Doppler frequency shifts between the lander and Earth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> It would have also detected variations in angular momentum due to the redistribution of masses, such as the migration of ice from the polar caps to the atmosphere. Developed by Belgium.</li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/HABIT_(HabitAbility%3a_Brine%2c_Irradiation_and_Temperature)/LKbevGtA">Habitability, Brine, Irradiation and Temperature</a> (HABIT) package would investigate the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere, daily and seasonal variations in ground and air temperatures, and the UV radiation environment. Developed by Sweden.</li>
<li>Meteorological package (MTK). Led by Russia. The package would incorporate the following sensors:
<ul><li>Pressure and humidity sensors (METEO-P, METEO-H).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Developed by Finland. The sensors have extensive heritage from those in the Curiosity rover, Schiaparelli lander and Phoenix lander.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a></li>
<li>Meteorological boom, incorporating: 3 atmospheric temperature sensors (MT3S); Solar Irradiance (SIS20) and Dust (DS20) sensors (developed by Spain); METEO-H (see above), and wind sensor (DSV).</li>
<li>Anisotropic Magneto-Resistance (AMR) sensor to measure magnetic fields. Developed by Spain.</li>
<li>Optical Depth Sensor (ODS).</li>
<li>Microphone.</li>
<li>MTK-L: Descent and Landing Unit (DB) for atmospheric temperature and pressure, and high atmosphere unit (BDVA) for sensing acceleration & angular rate.</li>
<li>Upward-looking LIDAR (BDA).</li></ul></li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Magnetometer/dqX9g1og">magnetometer</a> package (MAIGRET - MArtIan GRound Electromagnetic Tool), led by Russia, including electronics unit, fluxgate unit (UF-M) and Wave Analyser Module (WAM),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> the latter developed by the Czech Republic.</li>
<li>A set of four cameras (TSPP) plus data collection unit to characterise the landing site environment. Developed by Russia.</li>
<li>An <a href="/facts/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy/G9UscTuA">IR Fourier spectrometer</a> (FAST) to study the atmosphere. Developed by Russia.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/ADRON-RM/CEQ4MmIU">Active Detection of Radiation of Nuclei-ExoMars</a> (ADRON-EM). Developed by Russia, including a pulsed neutron generator (ING-10M), and a radiation dosimeter (Liulin-ML) from Bulgaria.</li>
<li>Multi-channel Diode-Laser Spectrometer (M-DLS) for atmospheric investigations. Developed by Russia.</li>
<li>Radio thermometer (RAT-M) for soil temperatures. Developed by Russia.</li>
<li>Dust particle size, impact, and atmospheric charging instrument suite (PK). Developed by Russia, including also contributions from Italy (MicroMED) and France (electrical conductivity sensor).</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Seismometer/CCc9vwqf">seismometer</a> (SEM). Developed by Russia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gas_chromatography%25E2%2580%2593mass_spectrometry/Gm3eCCoQ">Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry</a> (MGAK) for atmospheric analysis. Developed by Russia.</li>
<li>INRRI (Instrument for landing/Roving laser Retroreflector Investigations), provided by Italy.</li></ul>
Power source
The science and communication instruments on the lander would have been powered by <a href="/facts/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft/js1dxpcr">solar panels</a> and rechargeable batteries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The automated voltage power system is being developed and build by <a href="/facts/Information_Satellite_Systems_Reshetnev/3XnpV2Mv">ISS Reshetnev</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Russia previously evaluated the option of using a <a href="/facts/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator/Tsjjvp5h">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) to power the science instruments,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> and a <a href="/facts/Radioisotope_heater_unit/6IoyhN7Q">radioisotope heater unit</a> (RHU) to provide thermal control while on the frozen Martian surface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h2 id="landing-site-selection">Landing site selection</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/ExoMars/LjWF3wIT">ExoMars § Landing site selection</a>

After a review by an ESA-appointed panel, a short list of four sites was formally recommended in October 2014 for further detailed analysis:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mawrth_Vallis/v42b9WJA">Mawrth Vallis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Oxia_Planum/FcSUmkm0">Oxia Planum</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Hypanis_Vallis/2tIRqPjW">Hypanis Vallis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle/G1tBj5Im">Aram Dorsum</a></li></ul>
On 21 October 2015, <a href="/facts/Oxia_Planum/FcSUmkm0">Oxia Planum</a> was chosen as the preferred landing site for the ExoMars rover, now the <a href="/facts/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)/ISJKlWXk">Rosalind Franklin rover</a>, assuming a 2018 launch. But since the launch was postponed to 2020, Aram Dorsum and Mawrth Vallis are also being considered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> ESA convened further workshops to re-evaluate the three remaining options and in March 2017 selected two sites to study in detail:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mawrth_Vallis/v42b9WJA">Mawrth Vallis</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Oxia_Planum/FcSUmkm0">Oxia Planum</a></li></ul>
After deliberation, ESA selected Oxia Planum to be the landing site in November 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.laspace.ru/projects/planets/exomars/">ExoMars 2020</a> by NPO Lavochkin (in Russian)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/psa/exomars_rsp">ExoMars Rover and Surface Platform</a> at ESA's Planetary Science Archive</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Meet 'Kazachok': Landing Platform for ExoMars Rover Gets a Name. Mike Wall, Spaceflight. 22 March 2019. <a href="https://www.space.com/russian-exomars-lander-name-kazachok.html" target="_blank">https://www.space.com/russian-exomars-lander-name-kazachok.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions". Space.com. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2016. <a href="http://www.space.com/20240-mars-missions-russia-europe.html" target="_blank">http://www.space.com/20240-mars-missions-russia-europe.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Exomars 2018 surface platform". European Space Agency. Retrieved 14 March 2016. <a href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/56933-exomars-2018-surface-platform/" target="_blank">http://exploration.esa.int/mars/56933-exomars-2018-surface-platform/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions". Space.com. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2016. <a href="http://www.space.com/20240-mars-missions-russia-europe.html" target="_blank">http://www.space.com/20240-mars-missions-russia-europe.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Joint Europe-Russia Mars rover project is parked". BBC. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60782932" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60782932</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Europe ending cooperation with Russia on life-hunting Mars rover". Space.com. <a href="https://www.space.com/europe-ends-cooperation-russia-exomars-rover" target="_blank">https://www.space.com/europe-ends-cooperation-russia-exomars-rover</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Exomars 2018 surface platform". European Space Agency. Retrieved 14 March 2016. <a href="http://exploration.esa.int/mars/56933-exomars-2018-surface-platform/" target="_blank">http://exploration.esa.int/mars/56933-exomars-2018-surface-platform/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">ExoMars-2020 Surface Platform scientific investigation. Daniel Rodionov, Lev Zelenyi, Oleg Korablev, Ilya Chuldov and Jorge Vago. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 12, EPSC2018-732, European Planetary Science Congress 2018. <a href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-732.pdf" target="_blank">https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-732.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">LaRa (Lander Radioscience) on the ExoMars 2020 Surface Platform. (PDF) Véronique Dehant, Sébastien Le Maistre, Rose-Marie Baland, et al. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 12, EPSC2018-31, 2018. European Planetary Science Congress 2018. <a href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-31.pdf" target="_blank">https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-31.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Controller for in-situ pressure and humidity measurements on board ExoMars 2020 Surface Platform. Nikkanen, Timo; Genzer, Maria; Hieta, Maria; Harri, Ari-Matti; Haukka, Harri; Polkko, Jouni; Meskanen, Matias. 20th EGU General Assembly, EGU2018, Proceedings from the conference held 4–13 April 2018 in Vienna, Austria, p.7507. April 2018. <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EGUGA..20.7507N" target="_blank">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EGUGA..20.7507N</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Controller for in-situ pressure and humidity measurements on board ExoMars 2020 Surface Platform. Nikkanen, Timo; Genzer, Maria; Hieta, Maria; Harri, Ari-Matti; Haukka, Harri; Polkko, Jouni; Meskanen, Matias. 20th EGU General Assembly, EGU2018, Proceedings from the conference held 4–13 April 2018 in Vienna, Austria, p.7507. April 2018. <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EGUGA..20.7507N" target="_blank">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EGUGA..20.7507N</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Wave analyzer module of the MAIGRET instrument onboard Surface Platform of the ExoMars 2020 mission. Santolik, Ondrej; Kolmasova, Ivana; Uhlir, Ludek; Skalsky, Alexander; Soucek, Jan; Lan, Radek. 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 14–22 July 2018, in Pasadena, California, USA, Abstract id. B4.2-39-18. July 2018. <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018cosp...42E2969S" target="_blank">http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018cosp...42E2969S</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Алексей Андреев. И на Марсе может здорово трясти, 20 Мая 2019 <a href="https://stimul.online/articles/science-and-technology/i-na-marse-mozhet-zdorovo-tryasti/?sphrase_id=3569" target="_blank">https://stimul.online/articles/science-and-technology/i-na-marse-mozhet-zdorovo-tryasti/?sphrase_id=3569</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">ISS-Reshetnev chosen for ExoMars-2020 project Archived 28 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. ISS-Reshetnev. 23 November 2016. <a href="http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116" target="_blank">http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">ISS-Reshetnev chosen for ExoMars-2020 project Archived 28 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. ISS-Reshetnev. 23 November 2016. <a href="http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116" target="_blank">http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-231116</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Amos, Jonthan (21 June 2013). "Looking forward to Europe's 'seven minutes of terror'". BBC News. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-23010103" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-23010103</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Zak, Anatoly (3 March 2016). "ExoMars 2018". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 15 March 2016. <a href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/exomars_2016.html" target="_blank">http://www.russianspaceweb.com/exomars_2016.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Four Candidate Landing Sites for ExoMars 2018". ESA. Space Ref. 1 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014. <a href="https://archive.today/20141001213700/http://spaceref.com/mars/four-candidate-landing-sites-for-exomars-2018.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20141001213700/http://spaceref.com/mars/four-candidate-landing-sites-for-exomars-2018.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Recommendation for the Narrowing of ExoMars 2018 Landing Sites". ESA. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014. <a href="http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=54707" target="_blank">http://exploration.esa.int/jump.cfm?oid=54707</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Amos, Jonathan (21 October 2015). "ExoMars rover: Landing preference is for Oxia Planum". BBC News. Retrieved 22 October 2015. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34584214" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34584214</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Atkinson, Nancy (21 October 2015). "Scientists Want ExoMars Rover to Land at Oxia Planum". Universe Today. Retrieved 22 October 2015. <a href="http://www.universetoday.com/123018/scientists-want-exomars-rover-to-land-at-oxia-planum/" target="_blank">http://www.universetoday.com/123018/scientists-want-exomars-rover-to-land-at-oxia-planum/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Landing Site". ESA. Retrieved 12 March 2020. <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/Landing_site" target="_blank">https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/Landing_site</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Amos, Jonathan (9 November 2018). "ExoMars: Life-detecting robot to be sent to Oxia Planum". BBC News. Retrieved 12 March 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46153332" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46153332</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Kazachok open-in-new

Kazachok