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Graphical perception
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Spatial_visualization_ability/afTGh9GW">Spatial visualization ability</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>A <a href="https://rpubs.com/greddi/GR-DV-Perception-essay">brief description and picture of Cleveland and McGill's nine graphical elements</a></li> <li><a href="https://priceonomics.com/how-william-cleveland-turned-data-visualization/">"How William Cleveland Turned Data Visualization Into a Science"</a> (2016) from Priceonomics.com</li> <li>John Rauser's 2016 presentation, "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSgEeI2Xpdc">How Humans See Data</a>" at Velocity Amsterdam. Describes how good visualizations optimize for the human visual system</li> <li><a href="/facts/Michael_Friendly/L3kaP3XF">Michael Friendly</a>'s <a href="http://www.datavis.ca/gallery/">Gallery of Data Visualization: The Best and Worst of Statistical Graphics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Cleveland, William; McGill, Robert (1984). "Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation, and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 79 (387): 531–544. doi:10.1080/01621459.1984.10478080. JSTOR 2288400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Cleveland, William (1993). Visualizing Data. Summit, New Jersey: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-0-6. <a href="0-9634884-0-6" target="_blank">0-9634884-0-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cleveland, William (1994). The elements of graphing data. Summit, New Jersey: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-1-4. <a href="0-9634884-1-4" target="_blank">0-9634884-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Tufte, Edward (2001). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press. ISBN 1930824130. <a href="1930824130" target="_blank">1930824130</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Harrell, Jr, Frank (April 24, 2017). "PRINCIPLES OF GRAPH CONSTRUCTION" (PDF). Vanderbilt. Retrieved June 9, 2018. <a href="http://data.vanderbilt.edu/fh/talks/RCTGraphics/graphscourse.pdf" target="_blank">http://data.vanderbilt.edu/fh/talks/RCTGraphics/graphscourse.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Duke, Susan; Bancken, Fabrice; Crowe, Brenda; Soup, Mat; Botsis, Taxiarchis; Forshee, Richard (2015). "Seeing is believing: good graphic design principles for medical research". Statistics in Medicine. 34 (22): 3040–3059. doi:10.1002/sim.6549. PMID 26112209. S2CID 36793148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Angra, Aakanksha; Gardner, Stephanie (2017). "Reflecting on Graphs: Attributes of Graph Choice and Construction Practices in Biology". CBE: Life Sciences Education. 16 (3): ar53. doi:10.1187/cbe.16-08-0245. PMC 5589433. PMID 28821538. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5589433" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5589433</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Cleveland, William; McGill, Robert (1984). "Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation, and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 79 (387): 531–544. doi:10.1080/01621459.1984.10478080. JSTOR 2288400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cleveland, William (1993). Visualizing Data. Summit, New Jersey: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-0-6. <a href="0-9634884-0-6" target="_blank">0-9634884-0-6</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Cleveland, William (1994). The elements of graphing data. Summit, New Jersey: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-1-4. <a href="0-9634884-1-4" target="_blank">0-9634884-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Harrell, Jr, Frank (April 24, 2017). "PRINCIPLES OF GRAPH CONSTRUCTION" (PDF). Vanderbilt. Retrieved June 9, 2018. <a href="http://data.vanderbilt.edu/fh/talks/RCTGraphics/graphscourse.pdf" target="_blank">http://data.vanderbilt.edu/fh/talks/RCTGraphics/graphscourse.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Duke, Susan; Bancken, Fabrice; Crowe, Brenda; Soup, Mat; Botsis, Taxiarchis; Forshee, Richard (2015). "Seeing is believing: good graphic design principles for medical research". Statistics in Medicine. 34 (22): 3040–3059. doi:10.1002/sim.6549. PMID 26112209. S2CID 36793148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Cleveland, William; McGill, Robert (1985). "Graphical Perception and Graphical Methods for Analyzing Scientific Data". Science. 229 (4716): 828–833. Bibcode:1985Sci...229..828C. doi:10.1126/science.229.4716.828. PMID 17777913. S2CID 16342041. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Robbins, Naomi (2005). Creating More Effective Graphs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 47–62. ISBN 0985911123. <a href="0985911123" target="_blank">0985911123</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Carswell, C. Melody (1992). "Choosing Specifiers: An Evaluation of the Basic Tasks Model of Graphical Perception". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 34 (5): 535–554. doi:10.1177/001872089203400503. PMID 1459565. S2CID 19818462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hollands, J. G.; Spence, Ian (1992). "Judgments of Change and Proportion in Graphical Perception". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 34 (3): 313–334. doi:10.1177/001872089203400306. PMID 1634243. S2CID 28097022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Graph Design Rule #2: Explain your encodings". Flowing Data. 2010-08-26. Retrieved June 9, 2018. <a href="https://flowingdata.com/2010/08/26/rule-2-explain-your-encodings/" target="_blank">https://flowingdata.com/2010/08/26/rule-2-explain-your-encodings/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Cleveland, William (1994). The elements of graphing data. Summit, New Jersey: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-1-4. <a href="0-9634884-1-4" target="_blank">0-9634884-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Duke, Susan; Bancken, Fabrice; Crowe, Brenda; Soup, Mat; Botsis, Taxiarchis; Forshee, Richard (2015). "Seeing is believing: good graphic design principles for medical research". Statistics in Medicine. 34 (22): 3040–3059. doi:10.1002/sim.6549. PMID 26112209. S2CID 36793148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Bancken, Fabrice (September 6, 2012). "Select the Right Graph". CTSpedia Safety Graphics Home. Retrieved June 10, 2018. <a href="https://www.ctspedia.org/do/view/CTSpedia/SelectRightGraph" target="_blank">https://www.ctspedia.org/do/view/CTSpedia/SelectRightGraph</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Cleveland, William (1993). Visualizing Data. Summit, New Jersey: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-0-6. <a href="0-9634884-0-6" target="_blank">0-9634884-0-6</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Cleveland, William (1994). The elements of graphing data. Summit, New Jersey: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-1-4. <a href="0-9634884-1-4" target="_blank">0-9634884-1-4</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Tufte, Edward (2001). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press. ISBN 1930824130. <a href="1930824130" target="_blank">1930824130</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Harrell, Jr, Frank (April 24, 2017). "Graphics for Clinical Trials". Vanderbilt Dept of Biostatistics. Retrieved June 10, 2018. <a href="http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/wiki/Main/RCTGraphics" target="_blank">http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/wiki/Main/RCTGraphics</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Lane, Peter; Duke, Susan (Aug 12, 2012). "Best Practices Recommendations". CTSpedia Safety Graphics Home. Retrieved June 10, 2018. <a href="https://www.ctspedia.org/do/view/CTSpedia/BestPractices" target="_blank">https://www.ctspedia.org/do/view/CTSpedia/BestPractices</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>