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<h2 id="pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2> <h3>Vowels</h3> <h4>Short monophthongs</h4> <ul><li>The vowel of <i>cat</i> /æ/ is pronounced either as an <a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">open front unrounded vowel</a> [a]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> or a more central <a href="/facts/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel/YFxhvcEV">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> [æ̈].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Cardiff/AHpRtKKg">Cardiff</a>, <i>bag</i> is pronounced with a long vowel [aː].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Mid-Wales/CzSENNSw">Mid-Wales</a>, a pronunciation resembling its <a href="/facts/New_Zealand_English/sMLCt6FI">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">South African</a> analogue is sometimes heard, i.e. <i>trap</i> is pronounced /trɛp/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>The vowel of <i>end</i> /ɛ/ is pronounced close to <a href="/facts/Cardinal_vowel/qfwjSIvX">cardinal vowel</a> [ɛ], similar to modern <a href="/facts/Received_Pronunciation/YRBWev67">RP</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>In Cardiff, the vowel of "kit" /ɪ/ sounds slightly closer to the <a href="/facts/Schwa/5TvL9LSb">schwa</a> sound of <i>above</i>, an advanced <a href="/facts/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel/t5MjN7xX">close-mid central unrounded vowel</a> [ɘ̟].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>The vowel of "bus" /ʌ/ is usually pronounced [ɜ~ə]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and is encountered as a <a href="/facts/Hypercorrection/QxSCYugT">hypercorrection</a> in northern areas for <i>foot</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> It is sometimes manifested in border areas of north and mid Wales as an <a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">open front unrounded vowel</a> /a/. It also manifests as a <a href="/facts/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/4taYcT5v">near-close near-back rounded vowel</a> /ʊ/ without the <a href="/facts/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels/XDvE3guG">foot–strut split</a> in parts of North Wales influenced by <a href="/facts/Cheshire_dialect/PVgtxhuj">Cheshire</a> and <a href="/facts/Scouse/Kj562h7y">Scouse</a> accents,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and to a lesser extent in south Pembrokeshire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Schwa/5TvL9LSb">schwa</a> tends to be supplanted by an /ɛ/ in final closed syllables, e.g. <i>brightest</i> /ˈbrəitɛst/. The uncertainty over which vowel to use often leads to 'hypercorrections' involving the schwa, e.g. <i>programme</i> is often pronounced /ˈproːɡrəm/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Long monophthongs</h4> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Trap-bath_split/u6PH4mFH">trap-bath split</a> is variable in Welsh English, especially among social status. In some varieties such as <a href="/facts/Cardiff_English/XIafd4UI">Cardiff English</a>, words like ask, bath, laugh, master and rather are usually pronounced with PALM while words like answer, castle, dance and nasty are normally pronounced with TRAP. On the other hand, the split may be completely absent in other varieties like <a href="/facts/Abercraf_English/1MPnv24n">Abercraf English</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>The vowel of <i>car</i> is often pronounced as an <a href="/facts/Open_central_unrounded_vowel/XuGme0KM">open central unrounded vowel</a> [ɑ̈]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> and more often as a long <a href="/facts/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/s80pvmYh">open front unrounded vowel</a> /aː/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>In broader varieties, particularly in Cardiff, the vowel of <i>bird</i> is similar to <a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">South African</a> and <a href="/facts/New_Zealand_English/sMLCt6FI">New Zealand</a>, i.e. a <a href="/facts/Mid_front_rounded_vowel/kDUta34M">mid front rounded vowel</a> [ø̞ː].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>Most other long monophthongs are similar to that of <a href="/facts/Received_Pronunciation/YRBWev67">Received Pronunciation</a>, but words with the RP /əʊ/ are sometimes pronounced as [oː] and the RP /eɪ/ as [eː]. An example that illustrates this tendency is the <a href="/facts/Abercrave/vHLjDLfH">Abercrave</a> pronunciation of <i>play-place</i> [ˈpleɪˌpleːs].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>In <a href="/facts/North_Wales/71KFFTgs">northern</a> varieties, /əʊ/ as in <i>coat</i> and /ɔː/ as in <i>caught/court</i> may be merged into /ɔː/ (phonetically [<a href="/facts/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/VwS9cKWJ">oː</a>]).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Diphthongs</h4> <ul><li>Fronting diphthongs tend to resemble Received Pronunciation, apart from the vowel of <i>bite</i> that has a more centralised onset [æ̈ɪ].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Backing diphthongs are more varied:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> <ul><li>The vowel of <i>low</i> in RP, other than being rendered as a monophthong, like described above, is often pronounced as [oʊ̝].</li> <li>The word <i>town</i> is pronounced with a <a href="/facts/Near-open_central_vowel/GUR9Nk56">near-open central</a> onset [ɐʊ̝].</li></ul></li> <li>Welsh English is one of few dialects where the Late Middle English diphthong /iu̯/ never <a href="/facts/Ju%3a/XDvE3guG">became /juː/</a>, remaining as a falling diphthong [ɪʊ̯]. Thus <i>you</i> /juː/, <i>yew</i> /jɪʊ̯/, and <i>ewe</i> /ɪʊ̯/ are not homophones in Welsh English. As such <a href="/facts/Yod-dropping/aRMpzrAh">yod-dropping</a> never occurs: distinctions are made between <i>choose</i> /t͡ʃuːz/ and <i>chews</i> /t͡ʃɪʊ̯s/, <i>through</i> /θruː/ and <i>threw</i> /θrɪʊ̯/, which most other English varieties do not have.</li></ul> <h3>Consonants</h3> <ul><li>Most Welsh accents pronounce /r/ as an <a href="/facts/Alveolar_flap/EvQ781EU">alveolar flap</a> [ɾ] (a 'flapped r'), similar to <a href="/facts/Scottish_English/VT54VbX9">Scottish English</a> and some <a href="/facts/English_language_in_Northern_England/1zJAIaQX">Northern English</a> and <a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">South African</a> accents, in place of an <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants/f1wQ41RI">approximant</a> [ɹ] like in most accents in England<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> while an <a href="/facts/Alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">alveolar trill</a> [r] may also be used under the influence of <a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>Welsh English is mostly <a href="/facts/Rhoticity_in_English/suxS0lNt">non-rhotic</a>, however variable rhoticity can be found in accents influenced by Welsh, especially <a href="/facts/North_Wales/71KFFTgs">northern</a> varieties. Additionally, while <a href="/facts/Port_Talbot_English/CrXuSnnF">Port Talbot English</a> is mostly non-rhotic like other varieties of Welsh English, some speakers may supplant the front vowel of <i>bird</i> with /ɚ/, like in many varieties of <a href="/facts/North_American_English/vX9W1Xz1">North American English</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/H-dropping/lRwyaQzG">H-dropping</a> is common in many Welsh accents, especially <a href="/facts/South_Wales/G2YuSorj">southern</a> varieties like <a href="/facts/Cardiff_English/XIafd4UI">Cardiff English</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> but is absent in northern and <a href="/facts/West_Wales/PSsCRCE9">western</a> varieties influenced by Welsh.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>Some <a href="/facts/Gemination/SWW77Fxw">gemination</a> between vowels is often encountered, e.g. <i>money</i> is pronounced [ˈmɜn.niː].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>As Welsh lacks the letter Z and the <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">voiced alveolar fricative</a> /z/, some first-language Welsh speakers replace it with the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">voiceless alveolar fricative</a> /s/ for words like <i>cheese</i> and <i>thousand</i>, while <i>pens</i> (/pɛnz/) and <i>pence</i> merge into /pɛns/, especially in north-west, west and south-west Wales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>In northern varieties influenced by Welsh, <i>chin</i> (/tʃɪn/) and <i>gin</i> may also merge into /dʒɪn/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>In the north-east, under influence of such accents as <a href="/facts/Scouse/Kj562h7y">Scouse</a>, <a href="/facts/Ng-coalescence/aRMpzrAh"><i>ng</i>-coalescence</a> does not take place, so <i>sing</i> is pronounced /sɪŋɡ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>Also in northern accents, /l/ is frequently strongly velarised [ɫː]. In much of the south-east, <a href="/facts/Velarisation/r0vmyV4T">clear and dark L</a> alternate much like they do in RP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>The consonants are generally the same as RP but Welsh consonants like /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a>/ and /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>/ (phonetically [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a>]) are encountered in loan words such as <i>Llangefni</i> and <i>Harlech</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="distinctive-vocabulary-and-grammar">Distinctive vocabulary and grammar</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_English_words_of_Welsh_origin/oAXS9mlY">List of English words of Welsh origin</a></p> <p>Aside from lexical borrowings from <a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a> like <i>bach</i> (little, wee), <i><a href="/facts/Eisteddfod/bHF4STEn">eisteddfod</a></i>, <i>nain</i> and <i>taid</i> (<i>grandmother</i> and <i>grandfather</i> respectively), there exist distinctive grammatical conventions in vernacular Welsh English. Examples of this include the use by some speakers of the <a href="/facts/Tag_question/ozxpQsgo">tag question</a> <i>isn't it?</i> regardless of the form of the preceding statement and the placement of the subject and the verb after the <a href="/facts/Predicate_(grammar)/v1hK1EL2">predicate</a> for emphasis, e.g. <i>Fed up, I am</i> or <i>Running on Friday, he is.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>In South Wales the word <i>where</i> may often be expanded to <i>where to</i>, as in the question, "<i>Where to is your Mam?</i>". The word <i>butty</i> (<a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a>: <i>byti</i>) is used to mean "friend" or "mate".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p><p>There is no standard variety of English that is specific to Wales, but such features are readily recognised by Anglophones from <a href="/facts/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom/4tMbqgXp">the rest of the UK</a> as being from Wales, including the phrase <i>look you</i> which is a translation of a Welsh language tag.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>The word <i>tidy</i> is among “the most over-worked Wenglish words”. It carries a number of meanings including ‘great’ or ‘excellent,’ or a large quantity. A <i>tidy swill</i> is a wash that includes, at the least, the hands and the face.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="code-switching">Code-switching</h2> <p>As Wales has become increasingly more anglicised, <a href="/facts/Code-switching/130hrwol">code-switching</a> has become increasingly more common.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> <h3>Examples</h3> <p>Welsh code-switchers fall typically into one of three categories: the first category is people whose first language is Welsh and are not the most comfortable with English, the second is the inverse, English as a first language and a lack of confidence with Welsh, and the third consists of people whose first language could be either and display competence in both languages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Welsh and English share congruence, meaning that there is enough overlap in their structure to make them compatible for code-switching. In studies of Welsh English code-switching, Welsh frequently acts as the matrix language with English words or phrases mixed in. A typical example of this usage would look like <i>dw i’n love-io soaps</i>, which translates to "I love soaps".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>In a study conducted by Margaret Deuchar in 2005 on Welsh-English code-switching, 90 per cent of tested sentences were found to be congruent with the Matrix Language Format, or MLF, classifying Welsh English as a classic case of code-switching.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> This case is identifiable as the matrix language was identifiable, the majority of clauses in a sentence that uses code-switching must be identifiable and distinct, and the sentence takes the structure of the matrix language in respect to things such as subject verb order and modifiers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history-of-the-english-language-in-wales">History of the English language in Wales</h2> <p>The presence of English in Wales intensified on the passing of the <a href="/facts/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%25E2%2580%25931542/geMbNvx2">Laws in Wales Acts of 1535–1542</a>, the <a href="/facts/Statute_law/UCL1ARYE">statutes</a> having promoted the dominance of English in Wales; this, coupled with the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries/SSxJkzch">closure of the monasteries</a>, which closed down many centres of Welsh education, led to decline in the use of the Welsh language. </p><p>The decline of Welsh and the ascendancy of English was intensified further during the <a href="/facts/Industrial_Revolution/B6E3Fasm">Industrial Revolution</a>, when many Welsh speakers moved to England to find work and the recently developed <a href="/facts/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom/Cc33LGKF">mining</a> and <a href="/facts/Smelting/Ghdvhlga">smelting</a> industries came to be manned by Anglophones. <a href="/facts/David_Crystal/ew2ef0G9">David Crystal</a>, who grew up in <a href="/facts/Holyhead/nkNe8vGd">Holyhead</a>, claims that the continuing dominance of English in Wales is little different from its spread elsewhere in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> The decline in the use of the Welsh language is also associated with the preference in the communities for English to be used in schools and to discourage everyday use of the <a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh language</a> in them, including by the use of the <a href="/facts/Welsh_Not/rFYslcVb">Welsh Not</a> in some schools in the 18th and 19th centuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="literature">Literature</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Welsh_literature_in_English/9mjb6TPC">Welsh literature in English</a></p> <p>"Anglo-Welsh literature" and "Welsh writing in English" are terms used to describe works written in the English language by Welsh writers. It has been recognised as a distinctive entity only since the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> The need for a separate identity for this kind of writing arose because of the parallel development of modern <a href="/facts/Welsh-language_literature/f7sEojAd">Welsh-language literature</a>; as such it is perhaps the youngest branch of English-language literature in the British Isles. </p><p>While <a href="/facts/Raymond_Garlick/RWjlb16Y">Raymond Garlick</a> discovered sixty-nine Welsh men and women who wrote in English prior to the twentieth century,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Dafydd Johnston believes it is "debatable whether such writers belong to a recognisable Anglo-Welsh literature, as opposed to English literature in general".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Well into the 19th century English was spoken by relatively few in Wales, and prior to the early 20th century there are only three major Welsh-born writers who wrote in the English language: <a href="/facts/George_Herbert/4HP7YPsx">George Herbert</a> (1593–1633) from <a href="/facts/Montgomeryshire/aYuyNqCz">Montgomeryshire</a>, <a href="/facts/Henry_Vaughan/A94VSXbj">Henry Vaughan</a> (1622–1695) from <a href="/facts/Brecknockshire/BmCRz75a">Brecknockshire</a>, and <a href="/facts/John_Dyer/n2Jw94LR">John Dyer</a> (1699–1757) from <a href="/facts/Carmarthenshire/ee1Q8nPn">Carmarthenshire</a>. </p><p>Welsh writing in English might be said to begin with the 15th-century bard <a href="/facts/Ieuan_ap_Hywel_Swrdwal/I7Cs81mn">Ieuan ap Hywel Swrdwal</a> (?1430 - ?1480), whose <i>Hymn to the Virgin</i> was written at <a href="/facts/Oxford%2c_England/kHvWDTXW">Oxford</a> in England in about 1470 and uses a Welsh poetic form, the <i><a href="/facts/Awdl/rTH0d83H">awdl</a></i>, and <a href="/facts/Welsh_orthography/ndLDbUlL">Welsh orthography</a>; for example: </p> O mighti ladi, owr leding - tw haf At hefn owr abeiding: Yntw ddy ffast eferlasting I set a braents ws tw bring. <p>A rival claim for the first Welsh writer to use English creatively is made for the diplomat, soldier and poet <a href="/facts/John_Clanvowe/DvuGIoLj">John Clanvowe</a> (1341–1391). </p><p>The influence of Welsh English can be seen in the 1915 short story collection <i><a href="/facts/My_People_(story_collection)/hvfwh15Y">My People</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Caradoc_Evans/pu4UlCSl">Caradoc Evans</a>, which uses it in dialogue (but not narrative); <i><a href="/facts/Under_Milk_Wood/Mf5Nhx9A">Under Milk Wood</a></i> (1954) by <a href="/facts/Dylan_Thomas/24bF9nEk">Dylan Thomas</a>, originally a radio play; and <a href="/facts/Niall_Griffiths/5Lvuv7IA">Niall Griffiths</a> whose gritty realist pieces are mostly written in Welsh English. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cardiff_English/XIafd4UI">Cardiff English</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Abercraf_English/1MPnv24n">Abercraf English</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gower_dialect/XB2k0FEY">Gower dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Port_Talbot_English/CrXuSnnF">Port Talbot English</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Welsh_literature_in_English/9mjb6TPC">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers/au4xyGfT">Regional accents of English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gallo_language/1K2ch2RQ">Gallo</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Scots_language/0qPof8oC">Scots language</a></li></ul> <p>Other English dialects heavily influenced by Celtic languages </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bungi_dialect/9CKDzqgt">Bungi dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cornish_dialect/5dQxXoxp">Cornish dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hiberno-English/1RhpyNrx">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Highland_English/FKRPKT0C">Highland English</a> (and <a href="/facts/Scottish_English/VT54VbX9">Scottish English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Manx_English/UQSuNNX7">Manx English</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Connolly, John H. (1990), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C">"Port Talbot English"</a>, in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), <i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85359-032-0</li> <li>Coupland, Nikolas (1988), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8kmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dialect in Use: Sociolinguistic Variation in Cardiff English</i></a>, University of Wales Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-70830-958-5</li> <li>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C"><i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i></a>, Multilingual Matters Ltd., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85359-032-0</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Crystal/ew2ef0G9">Crystal, David</a> (4 August 2003), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh_RZhvHk0YC"><i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Second Edition</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521530330</li> <li>Johnston, Dafydd (1994), <a href="https://archive.org/details/literatureofwale0000john"><i>A Pocket Guide to the Literature of Wales</i></a>, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0708312650</li> <li><a href="/facts/Raymond_Garlick/RWjlb16Y">Garlick, Raymond</a> (1970), "Welsh Arts Council", <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa0wvgAACAAJ"><i>An introduction to Anglo-Welsh literature</i></a>, University of Wales Press, <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-5050">0141-5050</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_C._Wells/1FpNz4VN">Wells, John C.</a> (1982), <i>Accents of English</i>, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <a href="/facts/International_Standard_Book_Number/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-52128540-2 </li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Penhallurick, Robert (2004), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dptsvykgk3IC">"Welsh English: phonology"</a>, in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English, Vol. 1: Phonology</i>, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-017532-5</li> <li>Podhovnik, Edith (2010), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213616/http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002frela.2010.8.issue-0$002fv10015-010-0006-5$002fv10015-010-0006-5.pdf?t:ac=j$002frela.2010.8.issue-0$002fv10015-010-0006-5$002fv10015-010-0006-5.xml">"Age and Accent - Changes in a Southern Welsh English Accent"</a> (PDF), <i>Research in Language</i>, 8 (2010): 1–18, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10015-010-0006-5">10.2478/v10015-010-0006-5</a>, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11089%2F9569">11089/9569</a>, <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2083-4616">2083-4616</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145409227">145409227</a>, archived from <a href="http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002frela.2010.8.issue-0$002fv10015-010-0006-5$002fv10015-010-0006-5.pdf?t:ac=j$002frela.2010.8.issue-0$002fv10015-010-0006-5$002fv10015-010-0006-5.xml">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015, retrieved 25 August 2015</li></ul> <ul><li>Parry, David, <i>A Grammar and Glossary of the Conservative Anglo-Welsh Dialects of Rural Wales</i>, The National Centre for English Cultural Tradition: <a href="https://archive.org/details/start-of-survey-of-anglo-welsh-dialects/">introduction</a> and <a href="https://archive.org/details/ggcawdrw-phonology">phonology</a> available at the Internet Archive.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar">Sounds Familiar?</a> – Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website</li> <li><a href="http://www.talktidy.com">Talk Tidy</a> : John Edwards, Author of books and CDs on the subject "Wenglish".</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325093722/http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/Thoughts.html">Some thoughts and notes on the English of south Wales</a> : D Parry-Jones, National Library of Wales journal 1974 Winter, volume XVIII/4</li> <li><a href="http://www.ku.edu/~idea/europe/wales/wales.htm">Samples of Welsh Dialect(s)/Accent(s)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626174623/http://www.ku.edu/~idea/europe/wales/wales.htm">Archived</a> 26 June 2006 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C&dq=%22welsh+English%22+transcription&pg=PA134">Welsh vowels</a></li> <li><a href="http://parallel.cymru/?p=4224">David Jandrell: Introducing The Welsh Valleys Phrasebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.oed.com/discover/welsh-english/">OED Welsh English</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rhodri Clark (27 March 2007). "Revealed: the wide range of Welsh accents". Wales Online. Retrieved 31 January 2019. <a href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/revealed-wide-range-welsh-accents-2269968" target="_blank">https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/revealed-wide-range-welsh-accents-2269968</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Secret behind our Welsh accents discovered". Wales Online. 7 June 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2010. <a href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/secret-behind-welsh-accents-discovered-2332160" target="_blank">https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/secret-behind-welsh-accents-discovered-2332160</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Carney, Rachel (16 December 2010). "A Cardiff Story: A migrant city". The Guardian Cardiff. Cardiff. Retrieved 16 December 2010. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/cardiff/2010/dec/15/a-cardiff-story-a-migrant-city-rachel-carney" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/cardiff/2010/dec/15/a-cardiff-story-a-migrant-city-rachel-carney</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lambert, James (2018). "A multitude of "lishes"". English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English. 39: 1–33. doi:10.1075/eww.00001.lam. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wells (1982), pp. 380, 384–385. - Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, ISBN 0-52128540-2 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Connolly (1990), pp. 122, 125. - Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Wells (1982), pp. 384, 387, 390 - Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, ISBN 0-52128540-2 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Schneider, Edgar Werner; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM. - Google Books. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG. ISBN 9783110175325. Retrieved 22 February 2015. <a href="9783110175325" target="_blank">9783110175325</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Wells (1982), pp. 380–381. - Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, ISBN 0-52128540-2 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Schneider, Edgar Werner; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM. - Google Books. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG. ISBN 9783110175325. Retrieved 22 February 2015. <a href="9783110175325" target="_blank">9783110175325</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Schneider, Edgar Werner; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM. - Google Books. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG. ISBN 9783110175325. Retrieved 22 February 2015. <a href="9783110175325" target="_blank">9783110175325</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Trudgill, Peter (27 April 2019). "Wales's very own little England". The New European. Retrieved 16 April 2020. <a href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/pembrokeshire-wales-little-england-history-1-6016252" target="_blank">https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/pembrokeshire-wales-little-england-history-1-6016252</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Wells (1982), pp. 384, 387, 390 - Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, ISBN 0-52128540-2 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Wells (1982), p. 387. - Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, ISBN 0-52128540-2 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Schneider, Edgar Werner; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM. - Google Books. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG. ISBN 9783110175325. Retrieved 22 February 2015. <a href="9783110175325" target="_blank">9783110175325</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Wells (1982), pp. 384, 387, 390 - Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–393, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, ISBN 0-52128540-2 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Peter Garrett; Nikolas Coupland; Angie Williams, eds. (15 July 2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. University of Wales Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781783162086. Retrieved 2 September 2019. <a href="9781783162086" target="_blank">9781783162086</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313. Retrieved 22 February 2015.[page needed] <a href="9781853590313" target="_blank">9781853590313</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Coupland (1988), p. 29. - Coupland, Nikolas (1988), Dialect in Use: Sociolinguistic Variation in Cardiff English, University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-70830-958-5 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8kmAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=W8kmAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Approaches to the Study of Sound Structure and Speech: Interdisciplinary Work in Honour of Katarzyna Dziubalska-Kołaczyk. Magdalena Wrembel, Agnieszka Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak and Piotr Gąsiorowski. 21 October 2019. pp. 1–398. ISBN 9780429321757. <a href="9780429321757" target="_blank">9780429321757</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Crystal (2003), p. 335. - Crystal, David (4 August 2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521530330 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh_RZhvHk0YC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh_RZhvHk0YC</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Crystal (2003), p. 335. - Crystal, David (4 August 2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521530330 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh_RZhvHk0YC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh_RZhvHk0YC</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>The British Isles. Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton. 10 December 2008. ISBN 9783110208399. 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