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Chetan Nayak
open-in-new
<h2 id="education-and-career">Education and career</h2> <p>Nayak was born in New York City in 1971. He earned a bachelor's degree from <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> in 1992 and a Ph.D. in physics from <a href="/facts/Princeton_University/n3EPGHBM">Princeton University</a> in 1996.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> His dissertation on "Theories of the half-filled Landau level" was completed under <a href="/facts/Frank_Wilczek/EnrB8uUn">Frank Wilczek</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>In 1996, he was a post-doctoral fellow at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Berkeley/MXVEjklr">University of California, Berkeley</a> (UCSB) and a professor of physics at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Los_Angeles/KwPz7AK1">University of California, Los Angeles</a> from 1997 to 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>He joined Microsoft in 2005 as a visiting researcher in Redmond, Washington, and the faculty of UCSB in 2007 where he has served as a technical fellow and professor of <a href="/facts/Condensed_matter_physics/EBVI5nmL">condensed matter theory</a> through 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>Nayak has contributed to the theory of <a href="/facts/Topological_order/EfEnKRSw">topological phases</a>, <a href="/facts/High-temperature_superconductivity/MXtx2gvV">high-temperature superconductivity</a>, the <a href="/facts/Quantum_Hall_effect/yK3zcCgu">quantum Hall effect</a>, and phases of periodically driven quantum systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="scientific-work">Scientific work</h2> <p>In 1996, Nayak and Wilczek discovered the type of non-Abelian statistics in paired quantum Hall states associated with <a href="/facts/Majorana_fermion/39gzL0Nv">Majorana zero modes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>In 2005, with <a href="/facts/Michael_Freedman/FxESCuA7">Michael Freedman</a> and <a href="/facts/Sankar_Das_Sarma/R8mujCux">Sankar Das Sarma</a>, Nayak authored a proposal for a topological <a href="/facts/Qubit/WveeEubw">qubit</a> using the 5/2 <a href="/facts/Fractional_quantum_Hall_effect/bkRtdmxX">fractional quantum Hall state</a> as the non-Abelian topological state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In 2006 and 2008, Das Sarma, Freedman and Nayak developed theoretical proposals for <a href="/facts/Topological_quantum_computing/paJBK88q">topological quantum computing</a> based on non-abelian <a href="/facts/Anyon/hfgpCFjf">anyons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>In 2011, Nayak, Parsa Bonderson and Victor Gurarie proved that quasiparticles in certain quantized Hall states are non-Abelian anyons, firmly establishing the mathematical foundation of these particles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>In 2016, with Dominic Else and Bela Bauer, he developed Floquet <a href="/facts/Time_crystal/A5mq9AwN">time crystals</a> and predicted its occurrence in periodically driven systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Nayak also led research teams in inducing a phase of matter characterized by Majorana zero modes with low enough disorder to pass the topological gap protocol, demonstrating the viability of topological quantum computing. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>In February 2025, the Microsoft Quantum team announced the creation of a chip powered by a topological architecture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The claim has been met with skepticism by many in the quantum scientific and engineering community, who question the lack of data supporting the existence of the proposed qubits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Nayak has clarified that the supporting data, namely measurements on the native operations in a measurement-based topological qubit, do exist. Results were presented to a closed group at a Station Q meeting and are anticipated at the 2025 APS March Meeting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="recognition">Recognition</h2> <p>Nayak is a Fellow of the <a href="/facts/American_Physical_Society/DCkkU6dD">American Physical Society</a>, a recipient of the Outstanding Young Physicist Award from the American Chapter of the Indian Physics Association, an <a href="/facts/Alfred_P._Sloan_Foundation/bIGkfYAS">Alfred P. Sloan Foundation</a> Fellowship, and an NSF Early Career Award.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WRL78vEAAAAJ">Chetan Nayak</a> publications indexed by <a href="/facts/Google_Scholar/FhEwS2QM">Google Scholar</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kelley, Alexandra (8 February 2024). "Microsoft Quantum Coming Getting DARPA Funding". Redmond Channel Partner Magazine. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://rcpmag.com/articles/2024/02/08/microsoft-quantum-computing-darpa.aspx" target="_blank">https://rcpmag.com/articles/2024/02/08/microsoft-quantum-computing-darpa.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Shelly Gable, Chetan Nayak". The New York Times. 20 March 2005. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Simonite, Tom (4 November 2019). "Microsoft is Taking Quantum Computers to the Cloud". Wired. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/microsoft-taking-quantum-computers-cloud/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/story/microsoft-taking-quantum-computers-cloud/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Savitsky, Zach (20 December 2023). "A ghostly quasiparticle rooted in a century-old Italian mystery could unlock quantum computing's potential—if only it could be pinned down". Science.org. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/ghostly-quasiparticle-rooted-century-old-mystery-unlock-quantum-computings-potential" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/content/article/ghostly-quasiparticle-rooted-century-old-mystery-unlock-quantum-computings-potential</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Shelly Gable, Chetan Nayak". The New York Times. 20 March 2005. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Nayak, Chetan (November 1996). "Theories of the Half-Filled Landau Level". ProQuest. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/1a9c466c9686bab0ca0f5588641a7104/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y" target="_blank">https://www.proquest.com/openview/1a9c466c9686bab0ca0f5588641a7104/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Nayak, Chetan (November 1996). "Theories of the Half-Filled Landau Level". ProQuest. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/1a9c466c9686bab0ca0f5588641a7104/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y" target="_blank">https://www.proquest.com/openview/1a9c466c9686bab0ca0f5588641a7104/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Shelly Gable, Chetan Nayak". The New York Times. 20 March 2005. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gurarie, Victor; Flohr, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (11 August 1997). "The Haldane-Rezayi quantum Hall state and conformal field theory". Nuclear Physics B. 498 (13): 513–538. arXiv:cond-mat/9701212. Bibcode:1997NuPhB.498..513G. doi:10.1016/S0550-3213(97)00351-9. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0550321397003519" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0550321397003519</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan; Walker, Kevin; Wang, Zhenghan (11 August 1997). "A class of P,T-invariant topological phases of interacting electrons" (PDF). Annals of Physics. 310 (2004): 428–492. arXiv:cond-mat/0307511. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2004.01.006. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://boulderschool.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Nayak-P_%20T-invariant.pdf" target="_blank">https://boulderschool.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Nayak-P_%20T-invariant.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Shelly Gable, Chetan Nayak". The New York Times. 20 March 2005. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/fashion/weddings/shelly-gable-chetan-nayak.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Savitsky, Zach (20 December 2023). "A ghostly quasiparticle rooted in a century-old Italian mystery could unlock quantum computing's potential—if only it could be pinned down". Science.org. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/ghostly-quasiparticle-rooted-century-old-mystery-unlock-quantum-computings-potential" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/content/article/ghostly-quasiparticle-rooted-century-old-mystery-unlock-quantum-computings-potential</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Condensed Matter Theory". University of California Santa Barbara. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.physics.ucsb.edu/research/condensed-matter-theory" target="_blank">https://www.physics.ucsb.edu/research/condensed-matter-theory</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation". Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (3): 1083. arXiv:0707.1889. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80.1083N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Wilczek, Frank (11 February 2011). "A landmark proof". Physics. 4: 10. arXiv:1008.5194. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.075303. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v4/10#c1" target="_blank">https://physics.aps.org/articles/v4/10#c1</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Moore, Joel (5 October 2009). "Quasiparticles do the twist". Physics. 2: 82. arXiv:0903.3108. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155303. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v2/82" target="_blank">https://physics.aps.org/articles/v2/82</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Markoff, John (23 June 2014). "Microsoft Makes Bet Quantum Computing is Next Breakthrough". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/technology/microsoft-makes-a-bet-on-quantum-computing-research.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/technology/microsoft-makes-a-bet-on-quantum-computing-research.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Zyga, Lisa (9 September 2016). "Time crystals might exist after all". Phys.org. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://phys.org/news/2016-09-crystals.html#google_vignette" target="_blank">https://phys.org/news/2016-09-crystals.html#google_vignette</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Nayak, Chetan; Wilczek, Frank (18 November 1996). "2n-quasihole states realize 2n−1-dimensional spinor braiding statistics in paired quantum Hall states". Nuclear Physics B. 479 (3): 529–553. arXiv:cond-mat/9605145. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(96)00430-0. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0550321396004300" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0550321396004300</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation". Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (3): 1083. arXiv:0707.1889. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80.1083N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (1 July 2006). "Topological Quantum Computation". Physics Today. 59 (7): 32-28. Bibcode:2006PhT....59g..32S. doi:10.1063/1.2337825. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-abstract/59/7/32/1040851/Topological-quantum-computationThe-search-for-a?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-abstract/59/7/32/1040851/Topological-quantum-computationThe-search-for-a?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Else, Dominic; Bauer, Bela; Nayak, Chetan (26 August 2016). "Floquet Time Crystals". Physical Review Letters. 117 (9): 090402. arXiv:1603.08001. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.117i0402E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402. PMID 27610834. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Nayak, Chetan; Wilczek, Frank (18 November 1996). "2n-quasihole states realize 2n−1-dimensional spinor braiding statistics in paired quantum Hall states". Nuclear Physics B. 479 (3): 529–553. arXiv:cond-mat/9605145. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(96)00430-0. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0550321396004300" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0550321396004300</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Markoff, John (23 June 2014). "Microsoft Makes Bet Quantum Computing is Next Breakthrough". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/technology/microsoft-makes-a-bet-on-quantum-computing-research.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/technology/microsoft-makes-a-bet-on-quantum-computing-research.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (27 April 2005). "Topologically Protected Qubits from a Possible Non-Abelian Fractional Quantum Hall State". Physical Review Letters. 94 (16): 166802. arXiv:cond-mat/0412343. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402. PMID 27610834. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Das Sarma, Sankar; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (1 July 2006). "Topological Quantum Computation". Physics Today. 59 (7): 32-28. Bibcode:2006PhT....59g..32S. doi:10.1063/1.2337825. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-abstract/59/7/32/1040851/Topological-quantum-computationThe-search-for-a?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank">https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article-abstract/59/7/32/1040851/Topological-quantum-computationThe-search-for-a?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation". Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (3): 1083. arXiv:0707.1889. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80.1083N. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Wilczek, Frank (11 February 2011). "A landmark proof". Physics. 4: 10. arXiv:1008.5194. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.075303. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://physics.aps.org/articles/v4/10#c1" target="_blank">https://physics.aps.org/articles/v4/10#c1</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Zyga, Lisa (9 September 2016). "Time crystals might exist after all". Phys.org. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://phys.org/news/2016-09-crystals.html#google_vignette" target="_blank">https://phys.org/news/2016-09-crystals.html#google_vignette</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Else, Dominic; Bauer, Bela; Nayak, Chetan (26 August 2016). "Floquet Time Crystals". Physical Review Letters. 117 (9): 090402. arXiv:1603.08001. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.117i0402E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402. PMID 27610834. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.090402</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Yirka, Bob (24 June 2023). "Microsoft claims to have achieved first milestone in creating a reliable and practical quantum computer". Phys.org. Retrieved 2024-10-04. <a href="https://phys.org/news/2023-06-microsoft-milestone-reliable-quantum.html" target="_blank">https://phys.org/news/2023-06-microsoft-milestone-reliable-quantum.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Microsoft's Majorana 1 chip carves new path for quantum computing". Microsoft. Retrieved 2025-02-19. <a href="https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/ai/microsofts-majorana-1-chip-carves-new-path-for-quantum-computing/" target="_blank">https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/ai/microsofts-majorana-1-chip-carves-new-path-for-quantum-computing/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Microsoft has a new quantum computer – but does it actually work?". New Scientist. Retrieved 2025-02-20. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2469079-microsoft-has-a-new-quantum-computer-but-does-it-actually-work/" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2469079-microsoft-has-a-new-quantum-computer-but-does-it-actually-work/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"Preskill's comment on Microsoft's PR claim". LinkedIn. 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