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Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The project to develop ALSA was led by Jaroslav Kysela, and was based on the Linux device driver for the <a href="/facts/Gravis_Ultrasound/WTu5r8lJ">Gravis Ultrasound</a> sound card. It started in 1998 and was developed separately from the Linux kernel until it was introduced in the 2.5 development series in 2002 (2.5.4–2.5.5).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>In the 2.6 version, it replaced the previous system, <a href="/facts/Open_Sound_System/c0lnCaK7">Open Sound System</a> (OSS), by default (although a backwards-compatibility layer does exist).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>ALSA has a larger and more complex API than OSS, so it can be more difficult to develop an application that uses ALSA as its sound technology. While ALSA may be configured to provide an OSS emulation layer, such functionality is no longer available or is not installed by default in many Linux distributions. </p> <h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>ALSA was designed with some features which were not, at the time of its conception, supported by OSS: </p> <ul><li>Hardware-based <a href="/facts/Musical_Instrument_Digital_Interface/tblhmeFV">MIDI</a> synthesis.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hardware_mixing/ej5sM7hB">Hardware mixing</a> of multiple channels.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Full-duplex/LCULeVxr">Full-duplex</a> operation.</li> <li>Multiprocessor-friendly, <a href="/facts/Thread-safe/fx3ULqUw">thread-safe</a> device drivers.</li></ul> <p>Besides the sound device drivers, ALSA bundles a <a href="/facts/User-space/0yIzMY8t">user-space</a> <a href="/facts/Library_(computer_science)/xRzL3P7q">library</a> for application developers who want to use driver features through an interface that is <a href="/facts/High-_and_low-level/gGdp1JAl">higher-level</a> than the interface provided for direct interaction with the kernel drivers. Unlike the kernel API, which tries to reflect the capabilities of the hardware directly, ALSA's user-space library presents an abstraction that remains as standardized as possible across disparate underlying hardware elements. This goal is achieved in part by using <a href="/facts/Plug-in_(computing)/351Du3Wu">software plug-ins</a>; for example, many modern sound cards or built-in sound chips do not have a "master volume" control. Instead, for these devices, the user space library provides a software volume control using the "<a href="/facts/Softvol/cTNFMtHl">softvol</a>" plug-in, and ordinary application software need not care whether such a control is implemented by underlying hardware or software emulation of such underlying hardware. </p> <h3>Applications</h3> <p>Additional to the software framework internal to the Linux kernel, the ALSA project also provides the command-line tools<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> and utilities<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> alsactl,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> amixer,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> arecord/aplay and <a href="/facts/Alsamixer/K6Goeedc">alsamixer</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> an <a href="/facts/Ncurses/anPTppfj">ncurses</a>-based <a href="/facts/Text-based_user_interface/bngNtqIY">TUI</a>. </p><p>There also are GUIs programmed by <a href="/facts/Third_party_developer/6gbHyvDu">third-party developers</a>, such as GNOME-ALSAmixer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> (using <a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a>), Kmix,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> XFCE4-mixer, LXpanel, QasHctl, QasMixer, Pavucontrol, AconnectGUI,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> tapiir,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> polarbear,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> ALSAmixerGUI<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> (using <a href="/facts/FLTK/a9R0RuQI">FLTK</a>), <a href="/facts/ZynAddSubFX/AU8t6UxF">ZynAddSubFX</a>, <a href="/facts/Yoshimi_(synthesizer)/tSG7UqUd">Yoshimi</a>, and even more. </p> <h2 id="concepts">Concepts</h2> <p class="note">This section provides an overview of basic concepts pertaining to ALSA.</p><p><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Typically, ALSA supports up to eight <i>cards</i>, numbered 0 through 7; each card is a physical or logical kernel device capable of input and output. Furthermore, each card may also be addressed by its <i>id</i>, which is an explanatory string such as "<i>Headset</i>" or "<i><a href="/facts/I%2fO_Controller_Hub/IBDaDFXK">ICH</a>9</i>". </p><p>A card has <i>devices</i>, numbered starting at 0; a device may be of <i>playback</i> type, meaning it outputs sound from the computer, or some other type such as <i>capture</i>, <i>control</i>, <i>timer</i>, or <i><a href="/facts/Music_sequencer/VhLzSPhr">sequencer</a></i>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> device number 0 is used by default when no particular device is specified. </p><p>A device may have <i>subdevices</i>, numbered starting at 0; a subdevice represents some relevant sound endpoint for the device, such as a speaker pair. If the subdevice is not specified, or if subdevice number −1 is specified, then any available subdevice is used. </p><p>A card's <i>interface</i> is a description of an ALSA protocol for accessing the card; possible interfaces include: <i>hw</i>, <i>plughw</i>, <i>default</i>, and <i>plug:dmix</i>. The <i>hw</i> interface provides direct access to the kernel device, but no software mixing or stream adaptation support. The <i>plughw</i> and <i>default</i> enable sound output where the <i>hw</i> interface would produce an error. </p><p>An application typically describes sound output by combining all of the aforementioned specifications together in a <i>device string</i>, which has one of the following forms (which are <a href="/facts/Case_sensitivity/VS2eGDmY">case-sensitive</a>): </p> <ul><li><i>interface:card,device,subdevice</i></li> <li><i>interface:CARD=1,DEV=3,SUBDEV=2</i>.</li></ul> <p>An ALSA <i>stream</i> is a data flow representing sound; the most common stream format is <a href="/facts/Pulse-code_modulation/5gdfjtH3">PCM</a> that must be produced in such a way as to match the characteristics or parameters of the hardware, including: </p> <ul><li><i>sampling rate</i>: often 44.1 kHz on home stereos, or 48 kHz on home theaters, yet up to 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz, or even 192 kHz for hi-fi audio production or reproduction.</li> <li><i>sample width</i>: measured in some number of bits per sample (such as 8, 16, 24, or 32 bits/sample)</li> <li><i>sample encoding</i>: such as <a href="/facts/Endianness/wbrQnyu3">endianness</a></li> <li><i>number of channels</i>: 1 for mono, 2 for stereo, or 6 for <a href="/facts/Dolby_Digital/58JfURnU">AC-3</a>/<a href="/facts/IEC958/7esUguQA">IEC958</a></li></ul> <h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2> <p>The ALSA System on Chip (ASoC) layer aims to provide better support for ALSA on <a href="/facts/Embedded_system/a4muX1wU">embedded systems</a> that use a <a href="/facts/System-on-chip/1RVvVe6N">system-on-chip</a> (SoC) design.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Open_Sound_System/c0lnCaK7">Open Sound System</a> version 4 is able to emulate ALSA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/QNX/gBsfJvcB">QNX</a> uses a sound system derived from, but not directly compatible with ALSA. The header file and library names are still "asound", same as the ALSA names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> ALSA API uses ioctl() calls in a way not allowed in the QNX kernel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Open_Sound_System/c0lnCaK7">Open Sound System</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Disposable_Soft_Synth_Interface/9MdvdwT7">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Udev/89smRMUF">udev</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit/WAM1ALrW">JACK Audio Connection Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/KMid/PW6RokRK">KMid</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LADSPA/5FUuNmpJ">LADSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/PulseAudio/euEHeBCe">PulseAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alsamixer/K6Goeedc">Alsamixer</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/PipeWire/Wf4ygudF">PipeWire</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://alsa-project.org">Official website</a></li> <li>Constable, Mark. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020329080940/https://alsa.opensrc.org/">"Alsa WIKI"</a>. <i>AlsaOpensrcOrg</i>. Archived from <a href="https://alsa.opensrc.org/">the original</a> on 29 March 2002. Retrieved 18 July 2021. Some of the reasons this site remains in existence are, no one from the official ALSA site has ever contributed anything to this site (before the official one existed, this one predates the official wiki by quite a few years), no one has officially or formally suggested a merge, no one else has shown any serious interest in helping to merge them, and most importantly there are a significant number of offsite referers and Google hits that come directly to this site because it's been here for so long.</li></ul> Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the <a href="/facts/User_space_and_kernel_space/0yIzMY8t">userland</a> and <a href="/facts/User_space_and_kernel_space/0yIzMY8t">kernel space</a><table><tbody><tr><th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3">User mode</th><td>User applications</td><td colspan="5"><i><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">bash</a>, <a href="/facts/LibreOffice/MInj5kF7">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/facts/GIMP/01Phx7Vp">GIMP</a>, <a href="/facts/Blender_(software)/yzuvB0fL">Blender</a>, <a href="/facts/0_A.D._(video_game)/b3cjV9js">0 A.D.</a>, <a href="/facts/Firefox/xez2zv8H">Mozilla Firefox</a>, ...</i></td></tr><tr><td>System components</td><td><a href="/facts/Init/0NuCuc1g">init daemon</a>:<i><a href="/facts/OpenRC/fPka0TGp">OpenRC</a>, <a href="/facts/Runit/DYb7YdTM">runit</a>, <a href="/facts/Systemd/zls5HoVh">systemd</a>...</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Daemon_(computing)/bzuEVGGX">System daemons</a>:<i><a href="/facts/Polkit/laNkknYf">polkitd</a>, <a href="/facts/Samba_(software)/Huyc2pnX">smbd</a>, <a href="/facts/OpenSSH/2qxJ3Fe7">sshd</a>, <a href="/facts/Udevd/89smRMUF">udevd</a>...</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Windowing_system/nKYmkjP6">Windowing system</a>:<i><a href="/facts/X_Window_System/ac2vRIQL">X11</a>, <a href="/facts/Wayland_(protocol)/I9I1TbEG">Wayland</a>, <a href="/facts/SurfaceFlinger/nKYmkjP6">SurfaceFlinger</a> (Android)</i></td><td>Graphics:<i><a href="/facts/Mesa_(computer_graphics)/oxcVI6bd">Mesa</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/AMD_Radeon_Software/ntMxIHW0">AMD Catalyst</a>, ...</i></td><td>Other libraries:<i><a href="/facts/GTK/oLpVm9pp">GTK</a>, <a href="/facts/Qt_(software)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a>, <a href="/facts/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries/6xW0s6QB">EFL</a>, <a href="/facts/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer/9tSff0Lg">SDL</a>, <a href="/facts/Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library/RwJfj05B">SFML</a>, <a href="/facts/FLTK/a9R0RuQI">FLTK</a>, <a href="/facts/GNUstep/LaIT4jYx">GNUstep</a>, ...</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_standard_library/qdG1nW2c">C standard library</a></td><td colspan="5"><a href="/facts/Fopen/m5n82Fqz">fopen</a>, <a href="/facts/Exec_(system_call)/x9bn7lFr">execv</a>, <a href="/facts/Malloc/llutVVlp">malloc</a>, <a href="/facts/Memcpy/V0AYCYR2">memcpy</a>, <a href="/facts/Localtime/uA9EQtsF">localtime</a>, <a href="/facts/Pthread_create/S8oH6pI9">pthread_create</a>... (up to 2000 <a href="/facts/Subroutine/9vFJrg0A">subroutines</a>)<i><a href="/facts/Glibc/AL6IYDkA">glibc</a></i> aims to be fast, <i><a href="/facts/Musl/37ByvC8P">musl</a></i> aims to be lightweight, <i><a href="/facts/UClibc/gky2euH0">uClibc</a></i> targets embedded systems, <i><a href="/facts/Bionic_(software)/xXucrnRG">bionic</a></i> was written for <a href="/facts/Android_(operating_system)/nNyHb0xz">Android</a>, etc. All aim to be <a href="/facts/POSIX/mQkSt234">POSIX</a>/<a href="/facts/Single_UNIX_Specification/w1ba5bDt">SUS</a>-compatible.</td></tr><tr><th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3">Kernel mode</th><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a></td><td colspan="5"><a href="/facts/Stat_(system_call)/5DeWQJFS">stat</a>, <a href="/facts/Splice_(system_call)/sQNytGDW">splice</a>, <a href="/facts/Dup_(system_call)/9zYeHEpF">dup</a>, <a href="/facts/Read_(system_call)/m4oKv1Fc">read</a>, <a href="/facts/Open_(system_call)/TP39FgXh">open</a>, <a href="/facts/Ioctl/119Wrsz9">ioctl</a>, <a href="/facts/Write_(system_call)/R4NsXaBc">write</a>, <a href="/facts/Mmap/QCtfjG5u">mmap</a>, <a href="/facts/Close_(system_call)/gzzGEtKc">close</a>, <a href="/facts/Exit_(system_call)/dnhClTUU">exit</a>, etc. (about 380 system calls)The Linux kernel <a href="/facts/System_call/NW44AFJr">System Call Interface</a> (SCI), aims to be <a href="/facts/POSIX/mQkSt234">POSIX</a>/<a href="/facts/Single_UNIX_Specification/w1ba5bDt">SUS</a>-compatible<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheduling_(computing)/XptmcM1a">Process scheduling</a> subsystem</td><td><a href="/facts/Inter-process_communication/cIQYyT6y">IPC</a> subsystem</td><td><a href="/facts/Memory_management/vthLkUpz">Memory management</a> subsystem</td><td><a href="/facts/Virtual_file_system/lRI31T4T">Virtual files</a> subsystem</td><td>Networking subsystem</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5">Other components: ALSA, <a href="/facts/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure/gY65go57">DRI</a>, <a href="/facts/Evdev/3aIMFnN9">evdev</a>, <a href="/facts/Klibc/Cj0P3dLy">klibc</a>, <a href="/facts/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)/HV86mJw0">LVM</a>, <a href="/facts/Device_mapper/MuSuYo3B">device mapper</a>, <a href="/facts/Linux_Network_Scheduler/7URA71LE">Linux Network Scheduler</a>, <a href="/facts/Netfilter/M3rtyl3r">Netfilter</a><a href="/facts/Linux_Security_Modules/T9UzLVgm">Linux Security Modules</a>: <i><a href="/facts/Security-Enhanced_Linux/YcTycMEN">SELinux</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/TOMOYO_Linux/o54cTY5d">TOMOYO</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/AppArmor/8uBuL9gJ">AppArmor</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Smack_(Linux_security_module)/bvjKqN1d">Smack</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="7" scope="row">Hardware (<a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">CPU</a>, <a href="/facts/Random-access_memory/DuD4bxh6">main memory</a>, <a href="/facts/Computer_data_storage/wPHKFpdx">data storage devices</a>, etc.)</th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Introduction". alsa-project.org. Retrieved 2012-01-08. <a href="http://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/Introduction" target="_blank">http://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/Introduction</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Linux 2.5.5 release notes, retrieved 2012-01-08 <a href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/ChangeLog-2.5.5" target="_blank">https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/ChangeLog-2.5.5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>OSS Emulation, archived from the original on 2012-06-05, retrieved 2012-07-07 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605094307/http://www.alsa-project.org/~tiwai/OSS-Emulation.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120605094307/http://www.alsa-project.org/~tiwai/OSS-Emulation.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Alsa-project/Alsa-tools". GitHub. 3 April 2022. <a href="https://github.com/alsa-project/alsa-tools" target="_blank">https://github.com/alsa-project/alsa-tools</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Alsa-tools - ALSA wiki". alsa.opensrc.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318125424/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/Alsa-tools" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080318125424/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/Alsa-tools</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"ALSA User Info - AlsaProject". <a href="https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/ALSA_User_Info" target="_blank">https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/ALSA_User_Info</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Alsa-utils". GitHub. 4 May 2022. <a href="https://github.com/alsa-project/alsa-utils" target="_blank">https://github.com/alsa-project/alsa-utils</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Category:Alsa-utils - ALSA wiki". alsa.opensrc.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318125514/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/Category:Alsa-utils" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080318125514/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/Category:Alsa-utils</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"How to Use ALSA Utilities to Manage Linux Audio from the Terminal". 14 May 2018. <a href="https://www.maketecheasier.com/alsa-utilities-manage-linux-audio-command-line/" target="_blank">https://www.maketecheasier.com/alsa-utilities-manage-linux-audio-command-line/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"How to Use ALSA Utilities to Manage Linux Audio from the Terminal". 14 May 2018. <a href="https://www.maketecheasier.com/alsa-utilities-manage-linux-audio-command-line/" target="_blank">https://www.maketecheasier.com/alsa-utilities-manage-linux-audio-command-line/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"AlsaMixers - ALSA wiki". alsa.opensrc.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183733/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/AlsaMixers" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183733/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/AlsaMixers</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"AlsaMixers - ALSA wiki". alsa.opensrc.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183733/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/AlsaMixers" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080404183733/http://alsa.opensrc.org/index.php/AlsaMixers</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>boer, maarten de. "maarten's homepage". iua.upf.es. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 18 July 2021. this page will contain a list of my projects, but i need to clean up some things first. for now, use the following links, or browse the ftp: tapiir, alsamixergui, aconnectgui, polarbear <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904023118/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060904023118/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>boer, maarten de. "maarten's homepage". iua.upf.es. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 18 July 2021. this page will contain a list of my projects, but i need to clean up some things first. for now, use the following links, or browse the ftp: tapiir, alsamixergui, aconnectgui, polarbear <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904023118/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060904023118/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>boer, maarten de. "maarten's homepage". iua.upf.es. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. Retrieved 18 July 2021. this page will contain a list of my projects, but i need to clean up some things first. for now, use the following links, or browse the ftp: tapiir, alsamixergui, aconnectgui, polarbear <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904023118/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060904023118/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Boer, Maarten de. "AlsaMixerGui". Music Technology Group. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 18 July 2021. alsamixergui is a FLTK based frontend for alsamixer. It is written directly on top of the alsamixer source, leaving the original source intact, only adding a couple of ifdefs, and some calls to the gui part, so it provides exactly the same functionality, but with a graphical user interface. (Researcher, 1999-2010) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205035610/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/projects/alsamixergui/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090205035610/http://www.iua.upf.es/~mdeboer/projects/alsamixergui/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Tranter, Jeff (October 2004), "Introduction to Sound Programming with ALSA", Linux Journal, retrieved 2012-01-08 <a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6735" target="_blank">http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6735</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Phillips, Dave (June 2005), "A User's Guide to ALSA", Linux Journal, archived from the original on 2012-01-09, retrieved 2012-01-08 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109014951/http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/8234/print" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120109014951/http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/8234/print</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Alsa C library Doxygen documentation, October 2007, retrieved 2012-01-08 <a href="http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"ALSA project - the C library reference: Sequencer interface". www.alsa-project.org. Retrieved 2019-04-30. <a href="https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/seq.html" target="_blank">https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/seq.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>ALSA SoC Layer, kernel.org, 2017-07-13 <a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/sound/soc/overview.html" target="_blank">https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/sound/soc/overview.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Tips And Tricks - Open Sound System". ossnext.trueinstruments.com. <a href="http://www.opensound.com/wiki/index.php/Tips_And_Tricks#ALSA_Emulation" target="_blank">http://www.opensound.com/wiki/index.php/Tips_And_Tricks#ALSA_Emulation</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Audio Architecture (QNX 6.4.1)". www.qnx.com. <a href="https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/6.4.1/neutrino/audio/architecture.html" target="_blank">https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/6.4.1/neutrino/audio/architecture.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"ALSA and libasound.so". www.qnx.com. <a href="https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/7.1/#com.qnx.doc.neutrino.audio/topic/copyright_3p.html" target="_blank">https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/7.1/#com.qnx.doc.neutrino.audio/topic/copyright_3p.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Admin Guide README". Kernel.org git repositories. <a href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst" target="_blank">https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>