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Valid time
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The term <i>valid time</i> was coined by <a href="/facts/Richard_T._Snodgrass/TB2l5n2A">Richard T. Snodgrass</a> and his doctoral student (1986).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>As of December 2011, ISO/IEC 9075, Database Language <a href="/facts/SQL%3a2011/ocV3IJ5F">SQL:2011</a> Part 2: SQL/Foundation included clauses in table definitions to define "application-time period tables" (that is, valid-time tables). </p> <h2 id="example">Example</h2> <p>[<i>Needs an additional row: "John's death registered".</i>] </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Date</th><th>What happened in the real world</th><th>Database action</th><th>What the database shows</th></tr><tr><td>1975-04-03</td><td>John is born</td><td>Nothing</td><td>There is no person called John Doe</td></tr><tr><td>1975-04-04</td><td>John's father officially reports John's birth</td><td>Inserted:Person(John Doe, Smallville)</td><td>John Doe lives in Smallville</td></tr><tr><td>1994-08-26</td><td>After graduation, John moves to Bigtown, but forgets to register his new address</td><td>Nothing</td><td>John Doe lives in Smallville</td></tr><tr><td>1994-12-26</td><td>Nothing</td><td>Nothing</td><td>John Doe lives in Smallville</td></tr><tr><td>1994-12-27</td><td>John registers his new address</td><td>Updated:Person(John Doe, Bigtown)</td><td>John Doe lives in Bigtown</td></tr><tr><td>2001-04-01</td><td>John dies</td><td>Deleted:Person(John Doe)</td><td>There is no person called John Doe</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Valid time is the time for which a fact is true in the real world. In the example above, the Person table gets two extra fields, valid_from and valid_to, specifying when a person's address was valid in the real world. On 1975-04-04, John's father proudly registered his son's birth. An official will then insert a new entry to the database stating that John lives in Smallville from April, 3rd. Notice that although the data was inserted on the 4th, the database states that the information is valid since the 3rd. The official does not yet know if or when John will ever move to another place so in the database the valid_to is filled with infinity (∞) or a very late date (like for example 2300-01-01). Resulting in this entry in the database: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Person(John Doe, Smallville, 1975-04-03, ∞)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 1994-12-27 John reports his new address in Bigtown where he has been living since 1994-08-26. The Bigtown official does not change the address of the current entry of John Doe in the database. He adds a new one: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Person (John Doe, Big Town, 1994-08-26, ∞)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The original entry Person (John Doe, Smallville, 1975-04-03, ∞) is then updated (not removed!). Since it is now known that John stopped living in Smallville on 1994-08-26, the valid_to entry can be filled in. The database now contains two entries for John Doe </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Person(John Doe, Smallville, 1975-04-03, 1994-08-26)</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td>Person(John Doe, Bigtown, 1994-08-26, ∞)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When John dies the database is once more updated. The current entry will be updated stating the date of death as the last valid_to for Bigtown, as John does not live in Bigtown any longer. No new entry is being added. The database now looks like this: </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>1975-04-03-, 1994-08-26)</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td>Person(John Doe, Bigtown, 1994-08-26, 2001-04-01)</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Transaction_time/6w8H6kRa">Transaction time</a>, when data was loaded into a database</li> <li><a href="/facts/Decision_time/03FdANkW">Decision time</a>, when a decision was made about interpretation of history in a database</li> <li><a href="/facts/Slowly_changing_dimension/XfWHE7R1">Slowly changing dimension</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"A not-so-gentle follow-up on bitemporal data challenges - Roelant Vos". <a href="https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-not-so-gentle-follow-up-on-bitemporal-data-challenges/" target="_blank">https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-not-so-gentle-follow-up-on-bitemporal-data-challenges/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"The Events API basics | Akeneo APIs". api.akeneo.com. Retrieved 2024-02-10. <a href="https://api.akeneo.com/events-documentation/subscription.html" target="_blank">https://api.akeneo.com/events-documentation/subscription.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"A not-so-gentle follow-up on bitemporal data challenges - Roelant Vos". <a href="https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-not-so-gentle-follow-up-on-bitemporal-data-challenges/" target="_blank">https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-not-so-gentle-follow-up-on-bitemporal-data-challenges/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"A not-so-gentle follow-up on bitemporal data challenges - Roelant Vos". <a href="https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-not-so-gentle-follow-up-on-bitemporal-data-challenges/" target="_blank">https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-not-so-gentle-follow-up-on-bitemporal-data-challenges/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Illuminated Computing | Survey of SQL:2011 Temporal Features". illuminatedcomputing.com. Retrieved 2024-06-18. <a href="https://illuminatedcomputing.com/posts/2019/08/sql2011-survey/" target="_blank">https://illuminatedcomputing.com/posts/2019/08/sql2011-survey/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Application-period temporal tables". www.ibm.com. Retrieved 2024-06-18. <a href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/ias?topic=tables-application-period-temporal" target="_blank">https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/ias?topic=tables-application-period-temporal</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Application-Time Periods". MariaDB KnowledgeBase. Retrieved 2024-06-18. <a href="https://mariadb.com/kb/en/application-time-periods/" target="_blank">https://mariadb.com/kb/en/application-time-periods/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"SAP Help Portal". help.sap.com. Retrieved 2024-06-18. <a href="https://help.sap.com/docs/SAP_HANA_PLATFORM/3823b0f33420468ba5f1cf7f59bd6bd9/73c7b80318ba4405a8769e6ceb41ec64.html?version=2.0.05" target="_blank">https://help.sap.com/docs/SAP_HANA_PLATFORM/3823b0f33420468ba5f1cf7f59bd6bd9/73c7b80318ba4405a8769e6ceb41ec64.html?version=2.0.05</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"A gentle introduction to bitemporal data challenges - Roelant Vos". <a href="https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-gentle-introduction-to-bitemporal-data-challenges/" target="_blank">https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-gentle-introduction-to-bitemporal-data-challenges/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"A gentle introduction to bitemporal data challenges - Roelant Vos". <a href="https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-gentle-introduction-to-bitemporal-data-challenges/" target="_blank">https://roelantvos.com/blog/a-gentle-introduction-to-bitemporal-data-challenges/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Richard T. Snodgrass and Ilsoo Ahn, "Temporal Databases," IEEE Computer 19(9), September, 1986, pp. 35-42. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>