During the rise of the internet many routing decisions were made at layer 4 i.e. based on the TCP/IP address and/or the port number. Application-oriented networks work at layer 7 of the OSI stack and because they can examine the content of the message they can make routing decisions based on many different criteria including such things as the value of the purchase order or the ship date.
"What is an application network?". MuleSoft. Retrieved 2023-11-24. https://www.mulesoft.com/resources/api/what-is-an-application-network ↩