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Corylus avellana
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Common hazel is typically a <a href="/facts/Shrub/X1gKVxL5">shrub</a> reaching 3–8 metres (10–26 feet) tall, but can reach 15 m (49 ft). The <a href="/facts/Leaves/1m6wCNTg">leaves</a> are <a href="/facts/Deciduous/7jQHVtdd">deciduous</a>, rounded, 6–12 centimetres (2+1⁄2–4+1⁄2 inches) long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The <a href="/facts/Flower/7gI5Kefw">flowers</a> are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are <a href="/facts/Monoecious/Up20kQT3">monoecious</a> with single-sex <a href="/facts/Wind-pollinated/37MXM06c">wind-pollinated</a> <a href="/facts/Catkin/PPE9klav">catkins</a>. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the <a href="/facts/Bud/0rgfAkTT">buds</a> with only the bright red 1–3 millimetres (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long <a href="/facts/Carpel/P5qFQMk1">styles</a> visible. The <a href="/facts/Fruit/PBpuzk60">fruit</a> is a <a href="/facts/Nut_(fruit)/HvHpVkod">nut</a>, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy <a href="/facts/Involucral_bract/pnMGNMdn">involucre</a> ("husk") which encloses about three-quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, 15–20 mm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) long and 12–20 mm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) broad (larger, up to 25 mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale <a href="/facts/Scar/XSQ92JoG">scar</a> at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after <a href="/facts/Pollination/u383g7XJ">pollination</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>It is readily distinguished from the closely related filbert (<i><a href="/facts/Corylus_maxima/2URerqWR">Corylus maxima</a></i>) by the short involucre; in the filbert the nut is fully enclosed by a beak-like involucre longer than the nut.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The scientific name <i>avellana</i> derives from the town of <a href="/facts/Avella/pdIUHEN9">Avella</a> in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and was selected by Linnaeus from <a href="/facts/Leonhart_Fuchs/fBXRekK5">Leonhart Fuchs</a>'s <i>De historia stirpium commentarii insignes</i> (1542), where the species was described as "<i>Avellana nux sylvestris</i>" ("wild nut of Avella").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> That name was taken in turn from <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny the Elder</a>'s first century A.D. encyclopedia <a href="/facts/Natural_History_(Pliny)/bMp2te1A">Naturalis Historia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p><i>Corylus avellana</i> occurs from <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a> and the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a> south to <a href="/facts/Iberian_Peninsula/ztFXI8zt">Iberia</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> and <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>, north to central <a href="/facts/Scandinavia/KpLQ40kl">Scandinavia</a>, and east to the central <a href="/facts/Ural_Mountains/gzNoPkt6">Ural Mountains</a>, the <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a>, and northwestern <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p>The leaves provide food for many animals, including <a href="/facts/Lepidoptera/yPFPsQmL">Lepidoptera</a> such as the case-bearer moth <i><a href="/facts/Coleophora_anatipennella/2LJ8E8JU">Coleophora anatipennella</a></i>. Caterpillars of the concealer moth <i><a href="/facts/Alabonia_geoffrella/gb5Hb3E4">Alabonia geoffrella</a></i> have been found feeding inside dead common hazel twigs. </p><p>The fruit are possibly even more important animal food, both for <a href="/facts/Invertebrates/3CyqCVnN">invertebrates</a> adapted to circumvent the shell (usually by <a href="/facts/Ovipositing/7rFyPfgX">ovipositing</a> in the female flowers, which also gives protection to the offspring) and for <a href="/facts/Vertebrate/tT54FSTT">vertebrates</a> which manage to crack them open (such as <a href="/facts/Squirrel/yLLl7JWY">squirrels</a> and <a href="/facts/Corvid/PAr1u8fF">corvids</a>). Both are considered pests by hazelnut growers. </p><p>The roots of <i>C. avellana</i> are also commonly used as the host for <a href="/facts/Ectomycorrhizal/HAgj8brf">ectomycorrhizal</a> fungus such as <i><a href="/facts/Laccaria_laccata/PT4Q2Gc8">Laccaria laccata</a></i> (Deceiver), <i><a href="/facts/Russula_ochroleuca/onawgca3">Russula ochroleuca</a></i> (Ochre Brittlegill) and <i><a href="/facts/Paxillus_involutus/xVjPyIgT">Paxillus involutus</a></i> (Brown Rollrim), which are the most commonly recorded mycorrhizal fungi in Great Britain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In the Mediterranean, the Black Truffle (<i><a href="/facts/Tuber_melanosporum/Ge42MdM5">Tuber melanosporum</a></i>) is found on the roots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <p>There are many <a href="/facts/Cultivar/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a> of the hazel, up to 400 cultivars (in 2011) of <i>C. avellana</i> have been named.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The list of cultivars includes Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, England, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, and Willamette.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It also includes Polish hazelnuts cultivars: Kataloński and Webba Cenny.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut including large nut size, and early and late fruiting cultivars, whereas other are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Some cultivars are of <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybrid</a> origin between common hazel and filbert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The following ornamental cultivars have gained the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_of_Garden_Merit/zQ4Ya8S6">Award of Garden Merit</a>: </p> <ul><li>'Contorta'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> (corkscrew hazel, <a href="/facts/Harry_Lauder/E41PryvS">Harry Lauder</a>'s walking stick)</li> <li>'Red Majestic'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>According to the <i>New Sunset Western Garden Book</i>, the European hazelnut is among the most widely grown hazelnut plants for commercial nut production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>This shrub is common in many European woodlands. It is an important component of the <a href="/facts/Hedgerow/qp0wBkIf">hedgerows</a> that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>. The <a href="/facts/Wood/z13NpHPl">wood</a> was traditionally grown as <a href="/facts/Coppicing/VN99v1xD">coppice</a>, the poles cut and used for <a href="/facts/Wattle-and-daub/GnjMKHg1">wattle-and-daub</a> building and agricultural <a href="/facts/Fence/efJPfQhN">fencing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>Hazelnuts</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Hazelnut/HH8ac3Qm">Hazelnut</a></p> <p>Hazelnuts are rich in <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> and <a href="/facts/Unsaturated_fat/87HcP11s">unsaturated fat</a>. They also contain significant amounts of <a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">manganese</a>, <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a>, <a href="/facts/Vitamin_E/UcL1ghae">vitamin E</a>, <a href="/facts/Thiamine/37RC4MCS">thiamine</a>, and <a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">magnesium</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts in <a href="/facts/Commerce/SL9xueYJ">commercial</a> <a href="/facts/Orchard/N7jv0Wrz">orchards</a> in <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>, <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a>, <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> and <a href="/facts/Caucasus/sE8P8Ejg">Caucasus</a>. The name "hazelnut" applies to the nuts of any of the several species of the genus <i>Corylus</i>. This hazelnut or cobnut, the <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">kernel</a> of the <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">seed</a>, is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin which has a <a href="/facts/Taste/mdB8ysuK">bitter</a> flavour and is sometimes removed before cooking. The top producer of hazelnuts, by a large margin, is Turkey, specifically the <a href="/facts/Giresun_Province/Hzw08Tok">Giresun Province</a>. Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 <a href="/facts/Tonne/BWlnWgLE">tonnes</a> accounts for approximately 75% of worldwide production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h4>Biochemistry</h4> <p>In 2003, the US <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a> recognized edible nuts as "<a href="/facts/Cardiac_diet/QFSlLALT">heart healthy</a>" foods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Frequent nut intake is associated with low risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The prevalent <a href="/facts/Phenols/xs1CtNTa">phenolics</a> accumulates in <i>Corylus avellana</i> kernels and its by-products are <a href="/facts/Catechin/EaYR3n8G">catechin</a>, <a href="/facts/Gallic_acid/PJLYqGrG">gallic acid</a>, <a href="/facts/Sinapic_acid/qmdXu3SP">sinapic acid</a>, <a href="/facts/Caffeic_acid/QrdjMYzV">caffeic acid</a>, <a href="/facts/P-Coumaric_acid/oAIjVxRC">p-coumaric acid</a>, <a href="/facts/Ferulic_acid/zkuT33jj">ferulic acid</a>, their <a href="/facts/Esters/FoUAIIw4">esters</a> and <a href="/facts/Flavonoids/J7FEAtLE">flavonoids</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Various other bioactive phenols have also been characterized in hazelnut leaves and foliar buds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Gevuina_avellana/q2XXz9wn">Gevuina avellana</a></i> (Chilean hazelnut, or Gevuina hazelnut)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li> Media related to Corylus avellana at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="http://www.euforgen.org/species/corylus-avellana/"><i>Corylus avellana</i></a> - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. <a href="/facts/European_Forest_Genetic_Resources_Programme/jKQ1QNsI">European Forest Genetic Resources Programme</a> (EUFORGEN)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Trees for Life Hazel species profile Archived 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/Trees_for_Life_(Scotland)" target="_blank">/wiki/Trees_for_Life_(Scotland)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Flora of NW Europe: Corylus avellana Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1775" target="_blank">http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1775</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Mitchell, A. F. (1982). The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-219037-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum p. 998. <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" target="_blank">/wiki/Species_Plantarum</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23". penelope.uchicago.edu. <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/23*.html" target="_blank">https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/23*.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Den Virtuella Floran: map <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206123228/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/coryla/coryl/coryavev.jpg" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120206123228/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/coryla/coryl/coryavev.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Trees for Life Hazel species profile Archived 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine <a href="/wiki/Trees_for_Life_(Scotland)" target="_blank">/wiki/Trees_for_Life_(Scotland)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Harley, J.L.; Harley, E.L. (1987). "A checklist of mycorrhiza in the British flora". New Phytologist. 105: 1–102. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1987.tb00674.x</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Santelices, R.; Palfner, G. (2010). "Controlled rhizogenesis and mycorrhization of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cuttings with Black truffle (tuber melanosporum Vitt.)". Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 70 (2): 204–212. doi:10.4067/S0718-58392010000200003. hdl:1807/45808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Molnar, T.J. (2011). "Corylus.". In Kole, C. (ed.). Wild crop relatives: Genomic and breeding resources, forest trees. Springer-Verlag. pp. 15–48. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Zhao, Jiarui; Wang, Xinhe; Lin, He; Lin, Zhe (1 July 2023). "Hazelnut and its by-products: A comprehensive review of nutrition, phytochemical profile, extraction, bioactivities and applications". Food Chemistry. 413. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135576. PMID 36745946. Retrieved 12 October 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135576" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135576</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ciemniewska-Żytkiewicz, Hanna; Verardo, Vito; Pasini, Federica; Bryś, Joanna; Koczoń, Piotr; Caboni, Maria Fiorenza (1 February 2015). "Determination of lipid and phenolic fraction in two hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars grown in Poland". Food Chemistry. 168: 615–622. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.107. hdl:11585/552099. PMID 25172755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Flora of NW Europe: Corylus avellana Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1775" target="_blank">http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1775</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Corylus avellana 'Contorta'". RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97648/Corylus-avellana-Contorta/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97648/Corylus-avellana-Contorta/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Corylus avellana 'Red Majestic'". RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/172191/Corylus-avellana-Red-Majestic-(PBR)/Details" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/172191/Corylus-avellana-Red-Majestic-(PBR)/Details</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Hazelnut Plants". Archived from the original on 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2017-01-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331075529/http://homeguides.sfgate.com/hazelnut-plants-65404.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160331075529/http://homeguides.sfgate.com/hazelnut-plants-65404.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>SELF Nutrition data, Nuts, hazelnuts or filberts. Accessed 2014-08-22. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723072437/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3116/2" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140723072437/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3116/2</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook, USDA 2004. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>US Food and Drug Administration. (14 July 2003). Qualified Health Claims, Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease. Rockville, MD, USA: US Food & Drug Administration. pp. 1–4. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Brown, Damon (April 2003). "FDA considers health claim for nuts". J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 103 (4): 426. doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50094. 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