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<h2 id="puma">PUMA</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assembly/NYqcuxkh">Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly</a></p> <p>The PUMA (<i>Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly</i>, or <i>Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm</i>) was developed by <a href="/facts/Victor_Scheinman/LgVmzapa">Victor Scheinman</a> at Unimation in 1978. Initially developed for <a href="/facts/General_Motors_Corporation/rBgP3IRK">General Motors</a>, the PUMA was based on the earlier Vicarm design Scheinman invented while at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>. </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Invasion Of The Robots". Businessweek. March 2, 1997. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1997-03-02/invasion-of-the-robots" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1997-03-02/invasion-of-the-robots</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Munson, George (December 2, 2010). "THE RISE AND FALL OF UNIMATION, INC. – Story of robotics innovation & triumph that changed the world!". Archived from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730081232/http://www.botmag.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-unimation-inc-story-of-robotics-innovation-triumph-that-changed-the-world/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210730081232/http://www.botmag.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-unimation-inc-story-of-robotics-innovation-triumph-that-changed-the-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Modern Robotics: Building Versatile Machines (2006) by Harry Henderson ISBN 978-0816057450, pp. 31-4 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Robots: Explore the World of Robots and How They Work for Us (2015) by Rick Leider ISBN 978-1632204394 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Munson, George (December 2, 2010). "THE RISE AND FALL OF UNIMATION, INC. – Story of robotics innovation & triumph that changed the world!". Archived from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730081232/http://www.botmag.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-unimation-inc-story-of-robotics-innovation-triumph-that-changed-the-world/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210730081232/http://www.botmag.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-unimation-inc-story-of-robotics-innovation-triumph-that-changed-the-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>""Unimate." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 08 Oct. 2008". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-03-15. <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1086638/Unimate" target="_blank">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1086638/Unimate</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"The History and Benefits of Industrial Robots". Used-Robots.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. Retrieved 2012-03-15. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131064539/http://www.used-robots.com/robot-education.php?page=benefits+of+industrial+robots" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100131064539/http://www.used-robots.com/robot-education.php?page=benefits+of+industrial+robots</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Unimate". Razor Robotics. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044551/https://www.razorrobotics.com/robotics/Unimate" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044551/https://www.razorrobotics.com/robotics/Unimate</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Pearce, Jeremy (August 15, 2011). "George C. Devol, Inventor of Robot Arm, Dies at 99". The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/business/george-devol-developer-of-robot-arm-dies-at-99.html?_r=0" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/business/george-devol-developer-of-robot-arm-dies-at-99.html?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Mickle, Paul. "1961: A peep into the automated future", The Trentonian. Accessed August 11, 2011. "Without any fanfare, the world's first working robot joined the assembly line at the General Motors plant in Ewing Township in the spring of 1961.... It was an automated die-casting mold that dropped red-hot door handles and other such car parts into pools of cooling liquid on a line that moved them along to workers for trimming and buffing. Its most distinct feature was a grip on a steel armature that eliminated the need for a man to touch car parts just made from molten steel." <a href="http://www.capitalcentury.com/1961.html" target="_blank">http://www.capitalcentury.com/1961.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Munson, George (December 2, 2010). "THE RISE AND FALL OF UNIMATION, INC. – Story of robotics innovation & triumph that changed the world!". Archived from the original on 2021-07-30. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730081232/http://www.botmag.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-unimation-inc-story-of-robotics-innovation-triumph-that-changed-the-world/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210730081232/http://www.botmag.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-unimation-inc-story-of-robotics-innovation-triumph-that-changed-the-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Kilbane, Doris (December 1, 2008). "Joseph Engelberger: Robotics Move From Industry To Space To Elder Care". Electronic Design. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="http://electronicdesign.com/embedded/joseph-engelberger-robotics-move-industry-space-elder-care" target="_blank">http://electronicdesign.com/embedded/joseph-engelberger-robotics-move-industry-space-elder-care</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Joseph F. Engelberger, Father of Robotics". Robotics Industries Association. December 1, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="http://www.robotics.org/content-detail.cfm/Industrial-Robotics-News/Joseph-F-Engelberger-Father-of-Robotics/content_id/5840" target="_blank">http://www.robotics.org/content-detail.cfm/Industrial-Robotics-News/Joseph-F-Engelberger-Father-of-Robotics/content_id/5840</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Pearce, Jeremy (August 15, 2011). "George C. Devol, Inventor of Robot Arm, Dies at 99". The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/business/george-devol-developer-of-robot-arm-dies-at-99.html?_r=0" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/business/george-devol-developer-of-robot-arm-dies-at-99.html?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Spice, Byron (November 11, 2003). "4 robots clank into Hall of Fame; 2 fictional, 2 real". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 1, 2015. <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/news/science/2003/11/11/4-robots-clank-into-Hall-of-Fame-2-fictional-2-real/stories/200311110096" target="_blank">http://www.post-gazette.com/news/science/2003/11/11/4-robots-clank-into-Hall-of-Fame-2-fictional-2-real/stories/200311110096</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"COMPANY NEWS; Westinghouse to Sell Unimation to Staubli". The New York Times. 1988-12-08. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/08/business/company-news-westinghouse-to-sell-unimation-to-staubli.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/08/business/company-news-westinghouse-to-sell-unimation-to-staubli.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"SHAKEOUT IN ROBOT INDUSTRY". The New York Times. 1983-01-12. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/12/business/shakeout-in-robot-industry.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1983/01/12/business/shakeout-in-robot-industry.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"COMPANY NEWS; Westinghouse to Sell Unimation to Staubli". The New York Times. 1988-12-08. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/08/business/company-news-westinghouse-to-sell-unimation-to-staubli.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/08/business/company-news-westinghouse-to-sell-unimation-to-staubli.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Anandan, Tanya (2017-04-28). "The Robotmakers – Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow". Association For Advancing Automation. <a href="https://www.automate.org/industry-insights/the-robotmakers-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow" target="_blank">https://www.automate.org/industry-insights/the-robotmakers-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>