The radio antenna's design focuses the signal, creating gain and increasing the ERP. There is also some loss (negative gain) from the feedline, which reduces some of the TPO to the antenna by both resistance and by radiating a small part of the signal.
The basic equation relating transmitter to effective power is:
Note that in this formula the Antenna Gain is expressed with reference to a dipole (dBd)
Morrow, Walter E. (1977-01-01), Napolitano, L. G. (ed.), "CURRENT AND FUTURE COMMUNICATION SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY**This work was sponsored by the Department of the Air Force.", Space and Energy, Pergamon, pp. 277–296, ISBN 978-0-08-021053-7, retrieved 2022-05-02 978-0-08-021053-7 ↩