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Stannide
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<h2 id="binary-alkali-and-alkaline-earth-stannides">Binary alkali and alkaline earth stannides</h2> <p>When tin is combined with an <a href="/facts/Alkali/s6NqPGSP">alkali</a> or <a href="/facts/Alkaline_earth/Ts4U5zIe">alkaline earth</a> metal some of the compounds formed have ionic structures containing monatomic or polyatomic tin anions (<a href="/facts/Zintl_ions/EsuLgxJU">Zintl ions</a>), such as Sn4− in Mg2Sn<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> or Sn4−9 in K4Sn9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Even with these metals not all of the compounds formed can be considered to be ionic with localised bonding, for example Sr3Sn5, a metallic compound, contains {Sn5} square pyramidal units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ternary-alkali-and-alkaline-earth-stannides">Ternary alkali and alkaline earth stannides</h2> <p>Ternary (where there is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a transition metal as well as tin e.g. LiRh3Sn5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and MgRuSn4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>) have been investigated. </p> <h2 id="other-metal-stannides">Other metal stannides</h2> <p>Binary (involving one other metal) and ternary (involving two other metals) intermetallic stannides have been investigated. <a href="/facts/Niobium-tin/QnRWPr70">Niobium stannide</a>, Nb3Sn is perhaps the best known superconducting tin intermetallics. This is more commonly called "niobium-tin". </p><p>There are multiple <a href="/facts/Rare_earth_elements/PQSUQumk">rare earth</a> stannides, including <a href="/facts/Dysprosium_stannides/r8gGXPmA">with dysprosium</a> and <a href="/facts/Yttrium_stannides/5GYLk7f0">yttrium</a>. </p> <h2 id="stannide-ions-snyx">Stannide ions, Sn<i>y</i>−<i>x</i></h2> <p>Some examples of stannide Zintl ions are listed below. Some of them contain 2-centre 2-electron bonds (2c-2e), others are "electron deficient" and bonding sometimes can be described using <a href="/facts/Polyhedral_skeletal_electron_pair_theory/hnVKFea2">polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory</a> (Wade's rules) where the number of valence electrons contributed by each tin atom is considered to be 2 (the s electrons do not contribute).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> There are some examples of <a href="/facts/Silicide/NyxslNNN">silicide</a> and <a href="/facts/Plumbide/qXlrB4Jf">plumbide</a> ions with similar structures, for example tetrahedral Si4−4, the chain anion (Si2−)<i>n</i>, Pb4−4 and Pb4−9.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Sn4− found for example in Mg2Sn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>Sn4−4, tetrahedral with 2c-2e bonds e.g. in CsSn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>Sn2−4, tetrahedral <i>closo</i>-cluster with 10 electrons (2<i>n</i> + 2).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>(Sn2−)<i>n</i> zig-zag chain polymeric anion with 2c-2e bonds found for example in BaSn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Sn2−5 <i>closo</i>-cluster, 12 electrons (2<i>n</i> + 2), (i.e. trigonal bipyramidal) in (2,2,2-crypt-Na)2Sn5.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li>(Sn4−8)<i>n</i> polymeric two-dimensional anion in NaSn2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Sn4−9 <i>nido</i>-cluster 22 electrons (2<i>n</i> + 4), capped square antiprismatic with as per <a href="/facts/Polyhedral_skeletal_electron_pair_theory/hnVKFea2">polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory</a>, in the intermetallic K4Sn9,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> and a distorted ion in the salt Na4Sn9·7 <a href="/facts/Ethylenediamine/VDX8VfFv">en</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Sn3−9 a paramagnetic, 21 electrons, <i>closo</i>- cluster anion (D3h symmetry), 1 more electron than the 20 (2<i>n</i> + 2) predicted by <a href="/facts/Polyhedral_skeletal_electron_pair_theory/hnVKFea2">polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>(Sn7−12)<i>n</i> polymeric two-dimensional anion in Na7Sn12<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Flacke, F.; Jacobs, H. (1997). "[Li(NH3)4] [Sn(SnPh3)3].C6H6, Crystal structure of a stannide with trigonal pyramidal tin skeleton". European Journal of Solid State and Inorganic Chemistry. 34 (5): 495–501. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>S.M. Kauzlarich,(1994), Zintl Compounds, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, ISBN 0-471-93620-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hoch, C.; Wendorff, M.; Röhr, C. (2002). "Tetrapotassium nonastannide, K4Sn9". Acta Crystallogr C. 58 (4): i45 – i46. Bibcode:2002AcCrC..58I..45H. doi:10.1107/S0108270102002032. PMID 11932511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Klem, M. T.; Vaughey, J. T.; Harp, J G.; Corbett, J D. (2001). "A3Tt5 Phases Sr3Sn5, Ba3Pb5, and La3Sn5. Structure and Bonding in a Series of Isotypic Metallic Compounds with Increased Electron Count and Their Comparison with the Nominal Zintl Phase La3In5". Inorg. Chem. 40 (27): 7020–7026. doi:10.1021/ic010804v. PMID 11754285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sreeraj, P; Johrendt, D.; Müller, H.; Hoffmann, R.-D.; Wu, Zhiyun; Pöttgen, R. (2005). "The stannide LiRh3Sn5: Synthesis, structure, and chemical bonding". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B. 60 (9): 933–939. doi:10.1515/znb-2005-0904. S2CID 197000256. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznb-2005-0904" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fznb-2005-0904</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Schlüter, M.; Kunst, A.; Pöttgen, R. (2002). "The Ternary Stannides MgRuSn4 and MgxRh3Sn7−x (x = 0.98–1.55)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 628 (12): 2641–2646. doi:10.1002/1521-3749(200212)628:12<2641::aid-zaac2641>3.0.co;2-y. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. <a href="978-0-08-037941-8" target="_blank">978-0-08-037941-8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>S.M. Kauzlarich,(1994), Zintl Compounds, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, ISBN 0-471-93620-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Yong, Li; Stephan D. Hoffmann; Thomas F. Fässler (1 December 2006). "A low-dimensional arrangement of [Pb9]4− clusters in [K(18-crown-6)]2K2Pb9·(en)1.5". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 359 (15). Elsevier: 4774–4778. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2006.04.017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>S.M. Kauzlarich,(1994), Zintl Compounds, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, ISBN 0-471-93620-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>S.M. Kauzlarich,(1994), Zintl Compounds, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, ISBN 0-471-93620-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Critchlow, S. C.; Corbett, J. D. (1981). "Stable homopolyatomic anions: the tetrastannide (2–) and tetragermanide(2–) anions, Sn2−4 and Ge2−4 X-ray crystal structure of [K+(crypt)]2Sn2−4. ethylenediamine". J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1981 (5): 236–237. doi:10.1039/C39810000236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>S.M. Kauzlarich,(1994), Zintl Compounds, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, ISBN 0-471-93620-0 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Edwards, P. A.; Corbett, J. D. (1977). "Stable homopolyatomic anions. Synthesis and crystal structures of salts containing the pentaplumbide(2−) and pentastannide(2−) anions". Inorg. Chem. 16 (4): 903–907. doi:10.1021/ic50170a036. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Dubois, F.; Schreyer, M.; Fässler, T. F. (2005). "NaSn2: A Novel Binary Zintl Phase with 2D Polyanions of Realgar-Type Units [Sn8]4−". Inorg. Chem. 44 (3): 477–479. doi:10.1021/ic048770p. PMID 15679372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hoch, C.; Wendorff, M.; Röhr, C. (2002). "Tetrapotassium nonastannide, K4Sn9". Acta Crystallogr C. 58 (4): i45 – i46. Bibcode:2002AcCrC..58I..45H. doi:10.1107/S0108270102002032. PMID 11932511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Diehl, L.; Khodadadeh, K.; Kummer, D.; Strähle, J. (1976). "Anorganische Polyederverbindungen, III. Zintl's Polyanionige Salze: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der kristallinen Verbindungen [Na4·7 en]Sn9, [Na4·5 en]Ge9 und [Na3·4 en]Sb7 und ihrer Lösungen Die Kristallstruktur von [Na4·7 en]Sn9". Chemische Berichte. 109 (100): 3404–3418. doi:10.1002/cber.19761091018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Critchlow, S. C.; Corbett, J. D. (1983). "Homopolyatomic anions. The synthesis and characterization of the novel paramagnetic nonastannide(3−) anion Sn3−9, a D3h cluster with 21 skeletal electrons". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105 (17): 5715–5716. doi:10.1021/ja00355a045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>.Fässler, T.F.; Hoffmann, S. (2003). "Na7Sn12: A Binary Zintl Phase with a Two-Dimensional Covalently Bonded Tin Framework". Inorg. Chem. 42 (18): 5474–5476. doi:10.1021/ic030148u. PMID 12950190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>