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Learning object
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<h2 id="definitions">Definitions</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers/UddC4pUW">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) defines a learning object as "any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education or training".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Chiappe defined Learning Objects as: "A digital self-contained and reusable entity, with a clear educational purpose, with at least three internal and editable components: content, learning activities and elements of context. The learning objects must have an external structure of information to facilitate their identification, storage and retrieval: the metadata."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The following definitions focus on the relation between learning object and digital media. RLO-CETL, a British inter-university Learning Objects Center, defines "reusable learning objects" as "web-based interactive chunks of e-learning designed to explain a stand-alone learning objective".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Daniel Rehak and Robin Mason define it as "a digitized entity which can be used, reused or referenced during technology supported learning".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Adapting a definition from the Wisconsin Online Resource Center, Robert J. Beck suggests that learning objects have the following key characteristics: </p> <ul><li>Learning objects are a new way of thinking about learning content. Traditionally, content comes in a several hour chunk. Learning objects are much smaller units of learning, typically ranging from 2 minutes to 15 minutes.</li> <li>Are self-contained – each learning object can be taken independently</li> <li>Are reusable – a single learning object may be used in multiple contexts for multiple purposes</li> <li>Can be aggregated – learning objects can be grouped into larger collections of content, including traditional course structures</li> <li>Are tagged with metadata – every learning object has descriptive information allowing it to be easily found by a search<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="components">Components</h2> <p>The following is a list of some of the types of information that may be included in a learning object and its metadata: </p> <ul><li>General Course Descriptive Data, including: course identifiers, language of content (English, Spanish, etc.), subject area (Maths, Reading, etc.), descriptive text, descriptive keywords</li> <li>Life Cycle, including: version, status</li> <li>Instructional Content, including: text, web pages, images, sound, video</li> <li>Glossary of Terms, including: terms, definition, acronyms</li> <li>Quizzes and Assessments, including: questions, answers</li> <li>Rights, including: cost, copyrights, restrictions on Use</li> <li>Relationships to Other Courses, including prerequisite courses</li> <li>Educational Level, including: grade level, age range, typical learning time, and difficulty. [IEEE 1484.12.1:2002]</li> <li>Typology as defined by Churchill (2007): presentation, practice, simulation, conceptual models, information, and contextual representation <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="metadata">Metadata</h2> <p>One of the key issues in using learning objects is their identification by search engines or content management systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> This is usually facilitated by assigning descriptive <a href="/facts/Learning_object_metadata/xPEqLglK">learning object metadata</a>. Just as a book in a library has a record in the <a href="/facts/Card_catalog/mk474y74">card catalog</a>, learning objects must also be tagged with metadata. The most important pieces of metadata typically associated with a learning object include: </p> <ol><li>objective: The educational objective the learning object is instructing</li> <li>prerequisites: The list of skills (typically represented as objectives) which the learner must know before viewing the learning object</li> <li>topic: Typically represented in a taxonomy, the topic the learning object is instructing</li> <li>interactivity: The <a href="/facts/Interaction_Model/ueFk3PBr">Interaction Model</a> of the learning object.</li> <li>technology requirements: The required system requirements to view the learning object.</li></ol> <h2 id="mutability">Mutability</h2> <p>A mutated learning object is, according to Michael S. Shaw, MSc (2003), a learning object that has been "re-purposed and/or re-engineered, changed or simply re-used in some way different from its original intended design".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In other words, educational content or learning materials, initially designed for a specific domain, may be intentionally or unintentionally, repurposed or applied, or become relevant in some significant way to the learner or situation, even though it is from a totally different domain. This interpretation aligns with the idea that the inherent properties of the learning objects remain constant, but their application becomes beneficial and adaptable across diverse domains. Shaw's speculative interpretation suggests an intrinsic stimulation of cognitive flexibility and creative reuse of learning resources for the learner. Shaw also introduces the term "contextual learning object", to describe a learning object with high specificity, that has been "designed to have specific meaning and purpose to an intended learner". This may be useful if the intent involves <a href="/facts/Just-in-time_learning/sNM5YLb7">just-in-time learning</a> and the individual needs of individual learners. </p> <h2 id="portability">Portability</h2> <p>Before any institution invests a great deal of time and energy into building high-quality e-learning content (which can cost over $10,000 per classroom hour),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> it needs to consider how this content can be easily loaded into a <a href="/facts/Learning_Management_System/2uk1HBX0">Learning Management System</a>. It is possible for example, to package learning objects with <a href="/facts/SCORM/Ptw4l9Cj">SCORM</a> specification and load it in <a href="/facts/Moodle/ou9I43oP">Moodle</a> Learning Management System or <a href="/facts/Desire2Learn/bpvfI4Wr">Desire2Learn</a> Learning Environment. </p><p>If all of the properties of a course can be precisely defined in a common format, the content can be serialized into a standard format such as <a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a> and loaded into other systems. When it is considered that some e-learning courses need to include video, mathematical equations using <a href="/facts/MathML/uKRIc3Fy">MathML</a>, chemistry equations using <a href="/facts/Chemical_Markup_Language/40QHM0HD">CML</a> and other complex structures, the issues become very complex, especially if the systems needs to understand and validate each structure and then place it correctly in a database. </p> <h2 id="criticism">Criticism</h2> <p>In 2001, David Wiley criticized learning object theory in his paper, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019162710/http://rclt.usu.edu/whitepapers/paradox.html">The Reusability Paradox</a> which is <a href="http://www.darcynorman.net/2003/08/21/addressing-the-reusability-paradox/">summarized by D'Arcy Norman</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502180411/https://darcynorman.net/2003/08/21/addressing-the-reusability-paradox/">Archived</a> 2021-05-02 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> as, <i>If a learning object is useful in a particular context, by definition it is not reusable in a different context. If a learning object is reusable in many contexts, it isn’t particularly useful in any.</i> In <a href="http://www.learningspaces.org/papers/objections.html">Three Objections to Learning Objects and E-learning Standards</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415054958/http://www.learningspaces.org/papers/objections.html">Archived</a> 2021-04-15 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, Norm Friesen, Canada Research Chair in E-Learning Practices at Thompson Rivers University, points out that the word <i>neutrality</i> in itself implies <i>a state or position that is antithetical ... to pedagogy and teaching.</i> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Instructional_materials/Uxuqdh4L">Instructional materials</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Intelligent_tutoring_system/DsaIre48">Intelligent tutoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Carolina_Learning_Object_Repository_(NCLOR)/8yrJHPy1">North Carolina Learning Object Repository (NCLOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Serious_games/llz5f4sE">Serious games</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Beck, Robert J. (2009), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704103859/http://www4.uwm.edu/cie/learning_objects.cfm?gid=56"><i>"What Are Learning Objects?", Learning Objects, Center for International Education, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee</i></a>, archived from <a href="http://www4.uwm.edu/cie/learning_objects.cfm?gid=56">the original</a> on 2010-07-04, retrieved 2009-10-23.</li> <li>Learning Technology Standards Committee (2002), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072400/http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/files/LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf"><i>Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata. IEEE Standard 1484.12.1</i></a> (PDF), New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, archived from <a href="http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/files/LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-03-08, retrieved 2008-04-29.</li> <li>Rehak, Daniel R.; Mason, Robin (2003), "Engaging with the Learning Object Economy", in <a href="/facts/Allison_Littlejohn/8JvbKQ1C">Littlejohn, Allison</a> (ed.), <i>Reusing Online Resources: A Sustainable Approach to E-Learning</i>, London: Kogan Page, pp. 22–30, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7494-3949-1.</li> <li>Shaw, Michael (October 2003), <a href="http://www.shawmultimedia.com/edtech_oct_03.html">"(Contextual and Mutated) Learning Objects in the Context of Design, Learning and (Re)Use"</a>, <i>Teaching and Learning with Technology</i>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013227/http://www.shawmultimedia.com/edtech_oct_03.html">archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-27, retrieved 2008-04-29</li> <li>Laverde, Andrés Chiappe; Cifuentes, Yasbley Segovia; Rodríguez, Helda Yadira Rincón (2007). Boston, Springer (ed.). <a href="https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80222">"Toward an instructional design model based on learning objects"</a>. <i>Educational Technology Research and Development</i>. 55 (6). Boston: Springer US: 671–81. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11423-007-9059-0">10.1007/s11423-007-9059-0</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-1629">1042-1629</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189948711">189948711</a>. (Print) (Online). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207014142/https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80222">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-07. Retrieved 2023-03-10. Spanish Draf: <a href="http://andreschiappe.blogspot.com/2007/09/que-es-un-objeto-de-aprendizaje-what-is.html"><i>Blog de Andrés Chiappe - Objetos de Aprendizaje</i></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025053642/http://andreschiappe.blogspot.com/2007/09/que-es-un-objeto-de-aprendizaje-what-is.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-25 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Northrup, Pamela (2007), <i>Learning Objects for Instruction: Design and Evaluation</i>, USA: Information Science Publishing.</li> <li>Hunt, John P.; Bernard, Robert (2005), <a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-dita9a"><i>"An XML-based information architecture for learning content", IBM developerWorks</i></a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220752/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-dita9a/">archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-09, retrieved 2005-08-05.</li> <li>Churchill, Daniel (2007), "Towards a useful classification of learning objects", <i>Educational Technology Research and Development</i>, 55 (5): 479–497, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11423-006-9000-y">10.1007/s11423-006-9000-y</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57223598">57223598</a></li> <li>Innayah: Creating An Audio Script with Learning Object, unpublished, 2013.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401223956/http://www4.uwm.edu/cie/learning_objects.cfm?gid=55">Learning Objects</a> at Milwaukee's Center for International Education.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Cisco Systems, Reusable information object strategy (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-30 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530223125/http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/solutions/learning/whitepapers/el_cisco_rio.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130530223125/http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/solutions/learning/whitepapers/el_cisco_rio.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Gerard, R.W. (1967), "Shaping the mind: Computers in education", In N. A. Sciences, Applied Science and Technological Progress <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTcrAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BTcrAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>IEEE 1484.12 Learning Object Metadata[permanent dead link] <a href="http://129.115.100.158/txlor/docs/IEEE_LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf" target="_blank">http://129.115.100.158/txlor/docs/IEEE_LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>SCORM 2004 4th Edition Version 1.1 Overview Archived 2011-12-09 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://legacy.adlnet.gov/Technologies/scorm/SCORMSDocuments/2004%204th%20Edition/Overview.aspx" target="_blank">http://legacy.adlnet.gov/Technologies/scorm/SCORMSDocuments/2004%204th%20Edition/Overview.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Downes, Stephen (2001). "Learning Objects: Resources for Distance Education Worldwide". The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning. 2. doi:10.19173/irrodl.v2i1.32. <a href="https://doi.org/10.19173%2Firrodl.v2i1.32" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.19173%2Firrodl.v2i1.32</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Learning Technology Standards Committee 2002, p. 45 - Learning Technology Standards Committee (2002), Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata. IEEE Standard 1484.12.1 (PDF), New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08, retrieved 2008-04-29 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072400/http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/files/LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120308072400/http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/files/LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Laverde, Cifuentes & Rodríguez 2007, p. 8. - Laverde, Andrés Chiappe; Cifuentes, Yasbley Segovia; Rodríguez, Helda Yadira Rincón (2007). Boston, Springer (ed.). "Toward an instructional design model based on learning objects". Educational Technology Research and Development. 55 (6). Boston: Springer US: 671–81. doi:10.1007/s11423-007-9059-0. ISSN 1042-1629. S2CID 189948711. (Print) (Online). Archived from the original on 2024-02-07. Retrieved 2023-03-10. <a href="https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80222" target="_blank">https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/80222</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Learning Objects", RLO-CETL: Reusable Learning Objects, retrieved 2008-04-29[permanent dead link]. <a href="http://www.rlo-cetl.ac.uk/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemid=28" target="_blank">http://www.rlo-cetl.ac.uk/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemid=28</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>http://129.115.100.158/txlor/docs/IEEE_LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf[permanent dead link] <a href="http://129.115.100.158/txlor/docs/IEEE_LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf" target="_blank">http://129.115.100.158/txlor/docs/IEEE_LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Rehak & Mason 2003 - Rehak, Daniel R.; Mason, Robin (2003), "Engaging with the Learning Object Economy", in Littlejohn, Allison (ed.), Reusing Online Resources: A Sustainable Approach to E-Learning, London: Kogan Page, pp. 22–30, ISBN 978-0-7494-3949-1 <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Beck, Robert J., "What Are Learning Objects?", Learning Objects, Center for International Education, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, archived from the original on 2010-07-04, retrieved 2008-04-29 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704103859/http://www4.uwm.edu/cie/learning_objects.cfm?gid=56" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100704103859/http://www4.uwm.edu/cie/learning_objects.cfm?gid=56</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Churchill, Daniel (2007). "Towards a useful classification of learning objects". Educational Technology Research and Development. 55 (5): 479–497. doi:10.1007/s11423-006-9000-y. S2CID 57223598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>ECEL2006-5th European Conference on elearning: ECEL2006. Academic Conferences Limited. ISBN 978-1-905305-30-8. <a href="978-1-905305-30-8" target="_blank">978-1-905305-30-8</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Shaw 2003 - Shaw, Michael (October 2003), "(Contextual and Mutated) Learning Objects in the Context of Design, Learning and (Re)Use", Teaching and Learning with Technology, archived from the original on 2020-11-27, retrieved 2008-04-29 <a href="http://www.shawmultimedia.com/edtech_oct_03.html" target="_blank">http://www.shawmultimedia.com/edtech_oct_03.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Rumble, Greville (2019). "The Costs and Costing of Networked Learning". Online Learning. 5 (2). doi:10.24059/olj.v5i2.1880. S2CID 10610860. <a href="https://doi.org/10.24059%2Folj.v5i2.1880" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.24059%2Folj.v5i2.1880</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>