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Classiarius
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Augustus/RGfMCR2V">Augustus</a>, after the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Actium/bJfrojIJ">Battle of Actium</a>, reformed the army and navy, divided into <i>praetoriae</i> squadrons at <a href="/facts/Cape_Miseno/Pwqy4euY">Miseno</a>, Ravenna (port of Classe) and initially at <i><a href="/facts/Fr%25C3%25A9jus/YnGBjowm">Forum Iulii</a></i>, as well as <i>provinciales</i> in <a href="/facts/Roman_Syria/F5Gqlhcu">Syria</a>, <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egypt/BDsEGK4g">Egypt</a>, along the <a href="/facts/Limes_Germanicus/oAvrRTyH">Rhine</a>, <a href="/facts/Limes_Germanicus/oAvrRTyH">Danube and Sava</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Claudius/WJ31y54a">Claudius</a> increased the number of free and <a href="/facts/Roman_province/lcMVp672">provincial</a> <a href="/facts/Roman_citizenship/ag80U8GM">citizens</a> employed among the <i>classiarii</i> sailors, in contrast to what had happened in Augustus' time, where the majority were <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome/cPaafev8">slaves</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Freedman/12NuMqwR">freedmen</a>. The fleet now became part of the regular <i><a href="/facts/Auxilia/dr6wwSQU">auxilia</a></i>, where sailors received <a href="/facts/Roman_citizenship/ag80U8GM">citizenship</a> upon discharge (<i><a href="/facts/Honesta_missio/BWLeXbLI">honesta missio</a></i>) after twenty-six years of service, while their sons were allowed to serve in the <a href="/facts/Roman_legion/qdmdg3Vb">legions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nero/1w3NteNP">Nero</a> created a new fleet in the <i><a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Pontus Euxinus</a></i> (now <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>), the <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Pontica/Jszqf80K">Classis Pontica</a></i>, also using ships that had belonged to the former <a href="/facts/Thracians/JrSuD03j">kingdom of Thrace</a>, annexed in 46 by Claudius.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>Under <a href="/facts/Vespasian/cCRJILyw">Vespasian</a>'s rule, <a href="/facts/Suetonius/djJaFVvM">Suetonius</a> tells of a curious episode:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>Having asked the sailors for something (allowance) for their shoes, since they had to walk frequently from <a href="/facts/Ostia_Antica/c8tqcBxc">Ostia</a> and <a href="/facts/Pozzuoli/bJRK7xhT">Pozzuoli</a> to Rome, Vespasian did not think it right not to have given them an answer, so he added that the order was to go barefoot, so much so that it is still done that way today [Suetonius' time].</p>— Suetonius, <i>Life of Vespasian,</i> 8.</blockquote> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Galba/hyWLS8qH">Galba</a> carried out the enlistment of the <i><a href="/facts/Legio_I_Adiutrix/wEwtNqwI">I Adiutrix</a></i> legions (whose personnel consisted of men who had served in the <a href="/facts/Roman_navy/hpCKsHov">Italic fleets</a> of <a href="/facts/Classis_Misenensis/CwESwwXt">Miseno</a> and <a href="/facts/Classis_Ravennas/onSRK8Ht">Ravenna</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>Under the rule of <a href="/facts/Antoninus_Pius/Vmpxy9Fs">Antoninus Pius</a>, the careers of fleet officers were still restricted to the navy alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>In the third century, <i>classiarii</i> officers were equated with those of the legion as a condition of <i><a href="/facts/Pay_(Roman_army)/G2znU4jU">stipendium</a></i>, and thus with the possibility of being transferred and making a career in the legions themselves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="hierarchical-structure-and-organization">Hierarchical structure and organization</h2> <p>The core of a naval crew was formed by the oarsmen (in <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> <i>remiges</i>, sing. <i>remex</i>; in <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> <i>eretai</i>, sing. <i>eretēs</i>). Contrary to popular belief, the <a href="/facts/Roman_navy/hpCKsHov">Roman navy</a>, as well as that of ancient times in general, based its existence on oarsmen of free status, not on <a href="/facts/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome/cPaafev8">slaves</a>, who on the contrary were used only in cases of extreme necessity, so much so that they were then made free prematurely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> During the <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/facts/Roman_province/lcMVp672">provincials</a>, not yet <a href="/facts/Roman_citizenship/ag80U8GM">Roman citizens</a> but freeborn (<i><a href="/facts/Peregrinus_(Roman)/08K9Skbu">peregrini</a></i>) from Greece, Phoenicia, Syria and Egypt, formed the main core of fleet crews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>During the <a href="/facts/Roman_Republic/Han0FRLT">Republican period</a>, the command of the <a href="/facts/Roman_navy/hpCKsHov">fleet</a> was entrusted to a magistrate or <a href="/facts/Promagistrate/gp3yhIhL">promagistrate</a>, normally of <a href="/facts/Roman_consul/7Yh7yLJp">consular</a> or <a href="/facts/Praetor/or3Q9946">praetorian</a> rank.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> During the <a href="/facts/Punic_Wars/xLAP8I6u">Punic Wars</a>, for example, one consul commanded the fleet, while the other commanded the land army. In later wars waged in the East, praetors assumed command of the fleet. However, since these men had political appointments, the actual management of fleets or naval squadrons was entrusted to their subordinates, the certainly more experienced <a href="/facts/Legatus/Iu6gQDE5"><i>legati</i></a>. It was therefore during the Punic Wars that the figure of the <i><a href="/facts/Praefectus_classis/hpCKsHov">praefectus classis</a></i> appeared for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>During the early <a href="/facts/Principate/v3Vh1aop">principate</a>, a ship's crew, beyond its size, was nevertheless organized as a <i><a href="/facts/Centuria/2nBCPwnM">centuria</a></i>. They were framed in fact as soldiers (<i>miles classiarii</i>), maneuverers (<i>remiges</i> and <i>velarii</i>), construction workers (<i>fabri navales</i>) and other duties. The personnel of the fleet were considered inferior, not only to those of the <a href="/facts/Roman_legion/qdmdg3Vb">legions</a>, but also to those of the <a href="/facts/Auxilia/dr6wwSQU">auxiliary troops</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>As in the <a href="/facts/Roman_army/f6IYbVcR">Roman army</a>, each ship, organized in <i>centuria</i>, was placed under the command of a <i><a href="/facts/Centurion/Fe7vvrhu">centurio classiarius</a></i>, who had in the <i><a href="/facts/Optio/t4IgpW1t">optio</a></i> his most trusted subordinate. The <i><a href="/facts/Beneficiarius/m3XcdeT4">beneficiarius</a></i>, on the other hand, lent a hand at the administrative level.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Among the crew there were a certain number of both <i>principales</i> and <i><a href="/facts/Immunes/SNs24q9s">immunes</a></i>, exactly as was the case in the auxiliary troops. </p><p>Regarding high command, on the other hand, during the imperial period, with Augustus the <i>praefectus classis</i> became <i><a href="/facts/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)/LHq7dBrY">procurator Augusti</a></i>, at the head of each permanent fleet. These posts were initially filled by those who belonged to the <a href="/facts/Equites/nC0ukltb">equestrian order</a>, or beginning with Claudius, by his <a href="/facts/Freedman/12NuMqwR">freedmen</a>, thus ensuring direct imperial control over the various fleets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> With the <a href="/facts/Flavian_dynasty/3AJmpAeQ">Flavian dynasty</a>, the status of <i>praefectus</i> was entrusted only to knights with military experience, who had made a career in the equestrian <i>militiae</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Again, the prefect, though endowed with military experience, was nevertheless a politician with little naval knowledge, so much so that he relied on subordinates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Great expertise and responsibility was required of the <i>classiarii</i>, particularly of some key figures: </p> <ul><li>the <i>gubernator</i> (helmsman) had to know not only the harbors, but also the rocks, shoals or <a href="/facts/Shoal/uVP4nYGo">sandbars</a> present along the shipping route.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Great expertise was required of the same during naval clashes, when the helmsman was of paramount importance in finding the best course to strike the opposing ships or to avoid being sunk by the enemy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Navarch/U8Gro3mr">Navarchs</a> (ship commanders) were required to have great attention and skill in commanding the ships' crews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>Courage<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> and great physical strength was required of oarsmen, as was necessary during a naval battle, when on the calm sea without a breath of wind, everything was entrusted to the thrust of the oars, in order to strike the opponents with the rostrums and, in turn, avoid being struck and sunk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Finally, it is estimated that there were about 40,000 to 50,000 <i>classiarii</i> during the Early Roman Empire, organized according to the following hierarchical structure: </p> <ul><li>Commandery: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Roman_navy/hpCKsHov"><i>praefectus classis</i></a>, or fleet commander, where <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Misenensis/CwESwwXt">praefectus classis Misenensis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></i> represented the most coveted command post, along with <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Ravennas/onSRK8Ht">praefectus classis Ravennatis</a></i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> compared to provincial ones;</li> <li><i>subpraefectus classis</i></li></ul></li> <li>Officers: <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Navarch/U8Gro3mr">navarchus princeps</a></i>, commander of several squadrons (dozens of ships), equivalent in the <a href="/facts/Roman_legion/qdmdg3Vb">Roman legion</a> to <i><a href="/facts/Primus_pilus/bWYpLIyV">primus pilus</a></i>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Navarch/U8Gro3mr">navarchus</a></i>, commander of a detachment of the mother-fleet (or at any rate a ship<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a>), usually consisting of ten ships;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> he was in charge of training helmsmen, oarsmen and soldiers;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><i>trierarchus</i>, commander of a <a href="/facts/Trireme/fX1B8mMP">trireme</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Centurion/Fe7vvrhu">centurio classiarius</a></i>, commander of a ship with one hundred <i>miles classiarii</i> (after 70),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> also equated to a regular "land" <a href="/facts/Centurion/Fe7vvrhu">centurion</a> in function of his military career (<i><a href="/facts/Cursus_honorum/TkTgKXAX">cursus honorum</a></i>);</li></ul></li> <li>sub-officers (<i>principales</i>, positions placed under the <a href="/facts/Centurion/Fe7vvrhu">centurion</a>, thus exempt from normal routine duties or services): <ul><li><i>Dupicarii</i> (with <a href="/facts/Pay_(Roman_army)/G2znU4jU">pay</a> equal to twice that of the simple <i>miles classiarius</i>): <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Optio/t4IgpW1t">Optio</a></i>: the vice-centurion, one per centuria, who closed the deployment of this unit;</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Signifer/J70uWsxE">Signifer</a></i> or <i><a href="/facts/Vexillarius/RYFqDKJv">vexillifer</a></i>: standard-bearer (signa);</li></ul></li> <li><i>sesquiplicarius</i> (with <a href="/facts/Pay_(Roman_army)/G2znU4jU">pay</a> equal to one and a half times that of the simple <i>miles classiarius</i>): <ul><li>the <i><a href="/facts/Cornicen/CDrnzh07">cornicen</a></i> and <i>tubicen</i>, players of wind instruments who gave orders during maneuvers or battles;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/facts/Beneficiarius/m3XcdeT4">beneficiarius</a></i> with administrative duties;</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Troop corps: <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Immunes/SNs24q9s">immunes</a></i> soldiers: <ul><li>the <i>custos armorum</i>, in charge of weapons;</li> <li>the <i><a href="/facts/Ballistarius/FaHza47e">ballistarius</a></i> and <i>sagittarius</i>, troops specializing in throwing blunt weapons;</li> <li><i>medicus</i>, ship's doctor;</li></ul></li> <li><i>non-immunes</i>: <ul><li><i>miles classiarius</i>, simple soldier;</li> <li><i>nauta</i> (sail attendant);</li> <li><i>remex</i> (oarsman);</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Other important roles on ships, probably falling within the group of <i><a href="/facts/Immunes/SNs24q9s">immunes</a></i> were, according to an inscription found at <a href="/facts/Kos/eloYjDgB">Kos</a> during the <a href="/facts/First_Mithridatic_War/5Q7e1VhP">First Mithridatic War</a>: </p> <ul><li>the <i>gubernator</i> (<i>kybernētēs</i> in Greek), the stern helmsman;</li> <li>the <i>celeusta</i> (<i>keleustēs</i> in Greek), who supervised the oarsmen;</li> <li>the <i>proreta</i> (<i>prōreus</i> in Greek), who watched from the bow of the ship for the right direction, also to avoid possible obstacles;</li> <li><i>pentacontarchos</i>, a young officer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="clothing-weapons-and-armor">Clothing, weapons and armor</h2> <p>In order to prevent the boats from being recognized when exploring, they were dyed blue (the color of the sea waves), along with their ropes and sails, to better camouflage themselves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> The same thing applied to the crew of the <i>classiarii</i>, who wore blue uniforms so that they could remain hidden, not only at night but also during the day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="length-of-service-and-pay">Length of service and pay</h2> <p>Fleet personnel (<i>Classiarii</i>) were divided into two groups: sailors and soldiers. Service lasted 26 years<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> (as opposed to 20 for the <a href="/facts/Legionary/MtnqDM8Q">legionaries</a> and 25 for the <i><a href="/facts/Auxilia/dr6wwSQU">auxilia</a></i>). From the third century it was increased to 28 years of service. Upon discharge (<i><a href="/facts/Honesta_missio/BWLeXbLI">Honesta missio</a></i>) sailors were given a <a href="/facts/Pay_(Roman_army)/G2znU4jU">severance pay</a>, land and usually also granted <a href="/facts/Roman_citizenship/ag80U8GM">citizenship</a>, as they were in the status of <i><a href="/facts/Peregrinus_(Roman)/08K9Skbu">peregrini</a></i> at the time of enlistment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Marriage, on the other hand, was allowed to them only at the end of permanent active service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>There was a substantial difference in <i><a href="/facts/Pay_(Roman_army)/G2znU4jU">stipendium</a></i> between the high ranks of command: the prefects of the two praetoriae fleets (<i><a href="/facts/Classis_Misenensis/CwESwwXt">Misenensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Ravennas/onSRK8Ht">Ravennatis</a></i>), were classified as <i>procuratores ducenarii</i>, i.e., they earned 200,000 <i><a href="/facts/Sestertius/Xjmar03V">sesterces</a></i> annually; the prefect of the <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Germanica/hjbdhK8b">Classis Germanica</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Britannica/76YuHFqu">Classis Britannica</a></i>, and later the <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Pontica/Jszqf80K">Classis Pontica</a></i>, on the other hand, were <i>procuratores centenarii</i> (earning 100,000 <i>sesterces</i>), while the other prefects were also called <i>procuratores sexagenarii</i> (i.e., they earned 60,000 <i>sesterces</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="classiariiemployed-in-the-legions-and-auxiliary-troops"><i>Classiarii</i> employed in the legions and auxiliary troops</h2> <p>A <i><a href="/facts/Legio_XVII/585RTCWB">Legio XVII Classica</a></i>, i.e., naval, probably distinct from one under Octavian that bore the same numbering, was part of <a href="/facts/Mark_Antony/Yb4yXKrs">Mark Antony</a>'s army and had to disappear after his <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Actium/bJfrojIJ">defeat at Actium</a>. A similar fate befell the <i>Legio XXX Classica</i>, which appears to have been stationed in <a href="/facts/Asia_(Roman_province)/2Yl0KwsX">Asia</a> in late <a href="/facts/Roman_Republic/Han0FRLT">Republican times</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>Two more "naval" legions were, therefore, enlisted under <a href="/facts/Nero/1w3NteNP">Nero</a> in 68 (the <i><a href="/facts/Legio_I_Adiutrix/wEwtNqwI">I Adiutrix</a></i> from the <i><a href="/facts/Classis_Misenensis/CwESwwXt">classis Misenensis</a></i>), as well as one of its "twins" in 69 by <a href="/facts/Vespasian/cCRJILyw">Vespasian</a> (the <i><a href="/facts/Legio_II_Adiutrix/I34KHUQn">II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></i>). </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Roman_navy/hpCKsHov">Roman navy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roman_army/f6IYbVcR">Roman army</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Roman_legion/qdmdg3Vb">Roman legion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Cursus_honorum/TkTgKXAX">Cursus honorum</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ammianus_Marcellinus/Q9Mf1KeS">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>. <i>The History</i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Appian/drsa4KBC">Appian</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022024519/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_illyrian_00.html"><i>Illyrian Wars</i></a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_illyrian_00.html">the original</a> on October 22, 2017.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cassius_Dio/KJCU0Ubw">Cassius Dio</a>. <a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html"><i>Roman History</i></a>. Vol. XII. pp. 51–52.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Herodian/uJL5ojHt">Herodian</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031151038/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre608.html"><i>History of the Roman Empire since the Death of Marcus Aurelius</i></a>. Vol. VI–VIII. Archived from <a href="http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodian/hre608.html">the original</a> on October 31, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eutropius_(historian)/Mxnk01Vt">Eutropius</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Breviarium_historiae_romanae"><i>Breviarium historiae romanae</i></a>. Vol. IX.</li> <li><a href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/fasti.html">Fasti triumphales</a> <a href="/facts/L%2527Ann%25C3%25A9e_%25C3%25A9pigraphique/hT0kUQXP">AE</a> <a href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1930%2C+00060&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">1930, 60</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Florus/wznPPYYE">Florus</a>. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Flori_Epitomae_Liber_primus"><i>Epitoma de Tito Livio bellorum omnium annorum DCC</i></a>. Vol. I.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jordanes/7ubI564h">Jordanes</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213070528/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/iordanes1.html"><i>Getica</i></a>. 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Franz Steiner Verlag.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Yann Le Bohec, L'esercito romano, Roma 1992, pp. 33 e seg. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Alessandro Milan, Le forze armate nella storia di Roma antica, XII, p. 118. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Saddington (2007, p. 212) - Saddington, D. B. (2007). "Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.). A Companion to the Roman Army. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4051-2153-8. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Alessandro Milan, Le forze armate nella storia di Roma antica, XII, p. 118. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>L. Keppie, The making of the roman army, from Republic to Empire, p. 213. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Tacitus, Historiae, 86; III, 7 e 21. AE 1972, 203. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" target="_blank">/wiki/Tacitus</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Webster & Elton (1998), p. 166. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Wesch-Klein (1998), p. 25. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Casson (1991), p. 188. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Casson (1991), p. 188. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Starr (1960), p. 75 Table 1. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Rodgers (1976), p. 60. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Livy, Ab Urbe condita libri, XXVI, 48; XXXVI, 42. <a href="/wiki/Livy" target="_blank">/wiki/Livy</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Casson (1991), p. 188. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Webster & Elton (1998), p. 166. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Webster & Elton (1998), p. 165. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Webster & Elton (1998), p. 165. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>A Companion to the Roman Army, p. 210. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Rankov (1995, p. 80) - Rankov, Boris (1995). "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC–AD 324". In Morrison, John S.; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 78–85. ISBN 0-85177-554-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 43.1. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 43.3. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 43.3. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 43.3. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 43.3. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 32.1. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 32.1. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Saddington (2007, p. 210.) - Saddington, D. B. (2007). "Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.). A Companion to the Roman Army. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4051-2153-8. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Starr (1960), pp. 42-43. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 32.2. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Casson (1991), p. 188. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Starr (1960), p. 39. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Webster & Elton (1998), pp. 165-166. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 32.2. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Casson (1991), p. 188. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Starr (1960), p. 39. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Saddington (2007, pp. 210–211) - Saddington, D. B. (2007). "Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.). A Companion to the Roman Army. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4051-2153-8. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Saddington (2007, pp. 201–202) - Saddington, D. B. (2007). "Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.). A Companion to the Roman Army. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4051-2153-8. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 37.5. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Vegetius, Epitoma rei militaris, IV, 37.6. <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" target="_blank">/wiki/Vegetius</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>AE 2006, 1861. <a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" target="_blank">/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Rankov (1995, p. 80) - Rankov, Boris (1995). "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC–AD 324". In Morrison, John S.; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 78–85. ISBN 0-85177-554-3. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>CIL XVI, 1. <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" target="_blank">/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>CIL XVI, 1. <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" target="_blank">/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Pflaum, H.G. (1950). Les procurateurs équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, pp. 50-53. <a href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/equesproc.html" target="_blank">http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/equesproc.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>AE 1997, 1416. <a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" target="_blank">/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Tacitus, Historiae, III, 50 e 55. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" target="_blank">/wiki/Tacitus</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>