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Elephas
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Species of <i>Elephas</i> have distinct bossing of the parieto-occipital region of the skull. The <a href="/facts/Premaxilla/82BL4FgY">premaxillae</a> bones containing the tusks are tapered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="evolutionary-history">Evolutionary history</h2><p> Relationships of living and extinct elephantids based on DNA, after Palkopoulou et al. 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></p> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Loxodonta/vMA6IWh1">Loxodonta</a></i> (African elephants) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon/RHvASknA">Palaeoloxodon</a></i> (straight-tusked elephants) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Elephas</i> (Asian elephants) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>†<i><a href="/facts/Mammuthus/k9MnxS2k">Mammuthus</a></i> (mammoths) </p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Asian elephants share a closer common ancestry with <a href="/facts/Mammoth/k9MnxS2k">mammoths</a> (genus <i>Mammuthus</i>) than they do with <a href="/facts/African_elephant/vMA6IWh1">African elephants</a> (<i>Loxodonta</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The oldest species attributed to the genus <i>Elephas</i> is <i>E. nawataensis</i> from the Late <a href="/facts/Miocene/cBRRzq4g">Miocene</a>-Early <a href="/facts/Pliocene/MjcIVQ86">Pliocene</a> of Kenya, though the validity of this species and its relationship to <i>Elephas</i> has been doubted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The oldest species widely attributed to the genus, <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_ekorensis/TADAqFjR">Elephas ekorensis</a></i> is known from the early-mid Pliocene (5–4.2 million years ago) of East Africa<i>,</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> though the attribution of this species to <i>Elephas</i> has been questioned, due to a lack of shared morphological features with later <i>Elephas</i> species.<i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></i> The oldest record of the genus outside of Africa is <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_planifrons/sDTDvE6B">Elephas planifrons</a></i> which is known from the Late Pliocene of the Indian subcontinent, around 3.6 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> However, the placement of <i>Elephas planifrons</i> within the genus has also been questioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The earliest fossils of the ancestor of the modern Asian elephant, <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_hysudricus/nQG4XPNk">Elephas hysudricus</a></i> date to the beginning of the Pleistocene, around 2.6 million years ago, with remains found on the Indian subcontinent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Modern Asian elephants had evolved from <i>E. hysrudicus</i> by the <a href="/facts/Late_Pleistocene/jKVh7yXL">Late Pleistocene</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The scientific name <i>Elephas</i> was proposed by <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758 who described the genus and an elephant from <a href="/facts/Ceylon/VtTBmysE">Ceylon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The genus is assigned to the <a href="/facts/Proboscidea/Dzk4qsH0">proboscidean</a> family <a href="/facts/Elephantidae/pE2dqhAB">Elephantidae</a> and is made up of one living and seven extinct species:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Asian_elephant/KE152Fa8">Elephas maximus</a></i> – Asian elephant<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Indian_elephant/Vp1ljmhu">Elephas maximus indicus</a></i> – Indian elephant</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Sri_Lankan_elephant/1RM0uv8V">Elephas maximus maximus</a></i> – Sri Lankan elephant</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Sumatran_elephant/xUcoyX2j">Elephas maximus sumatranus</a></i> – Sumatran elephant</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Borneo_elephant/e2M9MsuU">Elephas maximus borneensis</a></i> – Borneo elephant, proposed but not yet recognized as valid<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The following Asian elephants were proposed as <a href="/facts/Extinct/24p5NP2q">extinct</a> subspecies, but are now considered <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonymous</a> with the Indian elephant:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Javan_elephant/XttkQbu6">Elephas maximus sondaicus</a></i> – Javan elephant <a href="/facts/Extinction/24p5NP2q">†</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elephants_in_ancient_China/fC32WNnK">Elephas maximus rubridens</a></i> – Chinese elephant <a href="/facts/Extinction/24p5NP2q">†</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Syrian_elephant/9Ew5GfVt">Elephas maximus asurus</a></i> – Syrian elephant <a href="/facts/Extinction/24p5NP2q">†</a></li></ul> <p>The following <i>Elephas</i> species are extinct: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_beyeri/YkIp3SHc">Elephas beyeri</a></i> – dwarf elephant species described from <a href="/facts/Fossil/by7NzIA1">fossil</a> remains found in 1911 in <a href="/facts/Luzon_Island/dJNpzhEM">Luzon</a>, the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> by <a href="/facts/Gustav_Heinrich_Ralph_von_Koenigswald/l30S6IvN">von Königswald</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_ekorensis/TADAqFjR">Elephas ekorensis</a></i> – described from the Kubi Algi Formation, <a href="/facts/Turkana_District/potP1yd6">Turkana</a>, <a href="/facts/Kenya/Y9Ko9pQu">Kenya</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> dating to the Early Pliocene, one of the oldest species of the genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_hysudricus/nQG4XPNk">Elephas hysudricus</a></i> – described from fossil remains found in the <a href="/facts/Siwalik_hills/YxAB5ce9">Siwalik Hills</a> of the northern Indian subcontinent by <a href="/facts/Hugh_Falconer/tMUBF8My">Falconer</a> and <a href="/facts/Proby_Cautley/FLAWyksK">Cautley</a>, 1845,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> thought to be the ancestor of the living Asian elephant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_hysudrindicus/GVu97Us1">Elephas hysudrindicus</a></i> – a fossil elephant of the <a href="/facts/Pleistocene/0ya9eUp5">Pleistocene</a> of <a href="/facts/Java_(island)/2MNA2rLm">Java</a> and different from <i>Elephas maximus sondaicus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_planifrons/sDTDvE6B">Elephas planifrons</a></i> - one of the oldest species, known from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of the Indian subcontinent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Elephas_platycephalus/yD6AQfuM">Elephas platycephalus</a></i> a species sometimes recognised from the Pleistocene of India</li> <li><i>Elephas kiangnanensis</i> a species sometimes recognised from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><i>Elephas nawataensis</i> a species of elephant known from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of Kenya, though other authors argue that this species is actually a synonym of <i><a href="/facts/Primelephas_korotorensis/PJKhj5NW">Primelephas korotorensis</a>.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><i>Elephas atavus</i>? known from the Early Pleistocene of Africa, traditionally considered part of <i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon_recki/8fJGby6s">Elephas/Palaeoloxodon recki</a></i></li></ul> <p>While formerly assigned to this genus, <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_recki/8fJGby6s">Elephas recki</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_namadicus/F0hA9en3">Elephas namadicus</a></i>, the <a href="/facts/Straight-tusked_elephant/hSMRKd2m">straight-tusked elephant</a> <i>E. antiquus</i> and the <a href="/facts/Dwarf_elephant/h015PWbt">dwarf elephants</a> <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_falconeri/W2AFC1AU">E. falconeri</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_cypriotes/eTU7pcwq">E. cypriotes</a></i> are now placed in the separate genus <i><a href="/facts/Palaeoloxodon/RHvASknA">Palaeoloxodon</a>,</i> which is more closely related to African elephants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> However, some material historically assigned to <i>Elephas recki</i> , such as <i>Elephas recki atavus,</i> may be closely related to true <i>Elephas,</i> rather than to <i>Palaeoloxodon<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></i> <i><a href="/facts/Elephas_celebensis/0xkvPmsR">"Elephas" celebensis</a></i> is now placed in <i><a href="/facts/Stegoloxodon/0xkvPmsR">Stegoloxodon</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Shoshani, J. (2005). "Genus Elephas". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. <a href="978-0-8018-8221-0" target="_blank">978-0-8018-8221-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Zhang, Hanwen; Pape, Thomas; Lister, Adrian M. (2018-01-02). "On the type material of Elephas hysudrindicus Dubois, 1908 (Mammalia, Proboscidea)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (1): e1425211. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E5211Z. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1425211. ISSN 0272-4634. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2017.1425211" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2017.1425211</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Eleftheria Palkopoulou; Mark Lipson; Swapan Mallick; Svend Nielsen; Nadin Rohland; Sina Baleka; Emil Karpinski; Atma M. Ivancevic; Thu-Hien To; R. Daniel Kortschak; Joy M. Raison; Zhipeng Qu; Tat-Jun Chin; Kurt W. Alt; Stefan Claesson; Love Dalén; Ross D. E. MacPhee; Harald Meller; Alfred L. Roca; Oliver A. Ryder; David Heiman; Sarah Young; Matthew Breen; Christina Williams; Bronwen L. Aken; Magali Ruffier; Elinor Karlsson; Jeremy Johnson; Federica Di Palma; Jessica Alfoldi; David L. Adelson; Thomas Mailund; Kasper Munch; Kerstin Lindblad-Toh; Michael Hofreiter; Hendrik Poinar; David Reich (2018). "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566 – E2574. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E2566P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115. PMC 5856550. PMID 29483247. <a href="/wiki/Federica_Di_Palma" target="_blank">/wiki/Federica_Di_Palma</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Fleischer, R. C.; Perry, E. A.; Muralidharan, K.; Stevens, E. E. & Wemmer, C. M. (2001). "Phylogeography of the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) based on mitochondrial DNA". Evolution. 55 (9): 1882–1892. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00837.x. PMID 11681743. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2001.tb00837.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2001.tb00837.x</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo; Sanders, William J.; Plavcan, J. Michael; Cerling, Thure E.; Brown, Francis H. (September 2020). "Late Middle Pleistocene Elephants from Natodomeri, Kenya and the Disappearance of Elephas (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in Africa". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 27 (3): 483–495. doi:10.1007/s10914-019-09474-9. ISSN 1064-7554. <a href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-019-09474-9" target="_blank">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-019-09474-9</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Sanders, William J.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (June 2012). "A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 19 (2): 105–128. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 254703858. <a href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y" target="_blank">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Sanders, William J. (March 2020). "Proboscidea from Kanapoi, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 140: 102547. Bibcode:2020JHumE.14002547S. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.013. PMID 30745193. S2CID 73451588. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248418303919" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248418303919</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (2023-02-28). "What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology". Quaternary. 6 (1): 16. doi:10.3390/quat6010016. hdl:11573/1680082. ISSN 2571-550X. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fquat6010016" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fquat6010016</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>H. Zhang Elephas recki: the wastebasket? 66th Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Manchester. (2018) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kwhvt5LOFro" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kwhvt5LOFro</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Lister, Adrian M.; Dirks, Wendy; Assaf, Amnon; Chazan, Michael; Goldberg, Paul; Applbaum, Yaakov H.; Greenbaum, Nathalie; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (September 2013). "New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: Implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 386: 119–130. Bibcode:2013PPP...386..119L. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.013. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003101821300237X" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003101821300237X</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ma, Jiao; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Changzhu; Hu, Yaowu; Bocherens, Hervé (May 2019). "Ecological flexibility and differential survival of Pleistocene Stegodon orientalis and Elephas maximus in mainland southeast Asia revealed by stable isotope (C, O) analysis". Quaternary Science Reviews. 212: 33–44. Bibcode:2019QSRv..212...33M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.021. S2CID 135056116. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379118309648" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379118309648</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Linnaei, C. (1760). "Elephas maximus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I. Halae Magdeburgicae: Ioannes Ioachimus Langius. p. 33. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/carolilinnaeisys11linn#page/n80/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/carolilinnaeisys11linn#page/n80/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Maglio, V.J. (1973). "Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia Volume 63. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, pp. 149 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Shoshani, J. (2005). "Genus Elephas". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. <a href="978-0-8018-8221-0" target="_blank">978-0-8018-8221-0</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Fernando, P., Vidya, T.N.C., Payne, J., Stuewe, M., Davison, G., et al. (2003). DNA Analysis Indicates That Asian Elephants Are Native to Borneo and Are Therefore a High Priority for Conservation. PLoS Biol 1 (#1): e6 <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Shoshani, J. (2005). "Genus Elephas". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. <a href="978-0-8018-8221-0" target="_blank">978-0-8018-8221-0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Von Königswald, G.H.R. (1956). Fossil mammals from the Philippines. National Research Council of the Philippines, Manila <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Maglio, V.J. (1973). "Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia Volume 63. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, pp. 149 <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Sanders, William J.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (June 2012). "A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 19 (2): 105–128. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y. ISSN 1064-7554. 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