Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Convention (norm)
open-in-new
<h2 id="general">General</h2> <p>A convention is a selection from among two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. Often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community. For instance, it is conventional in many societies that strangers being introduced shake hands. Some conventions are explicitly legislated; for example, it is conventional in the United States and in Germany that motorists <a href="/facts/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic/bctd5Cr0">drive on the right</a> side of the road, whereas in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Nepal, India and the United Kingdom motorists drive on the left. The standardization of time is a human convention based on the solar cycle or calendar. The extent to which <a href="/facts/Justice/9mLpoA6B">justice</a> is conventional (as opposed to <a href="/facts/Naturalism_(philosophy)/Glvu6ASA">natural</a> or <a href="/facts/Objectivity_(philosophy)/nbUpe5Bp">objective</a>) is historically an important debate among <a href="/facts/Philosopher/Hyvzc54m">philosophers</a>. </p><p>The nature of conventions has raised long-lasting philosophical discussion. <a href="/facts/Willard_van_Orman_Quine/2RrhATxa">Quine</a>, <a href="/facts/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)/WSv0romH">Davidson</a>, and <a href="/facts/David_Lewis_(philosopher)/8aG4Ex6V">David Lewis</a> published influential writings on the subject. Lewis's account of convention received an extended critique in <a href="/facts/Margaret_Gilbert/Wbbx6pwY">Margaret Gilbert</a>'s <i>On Social Facts</i> (1989), where an alternative account is offered. Another view of convention comes from <a href="/facts/Ruth_Millikan/kpS0xS4I">Ruth Millikan</a>'s <i>Language: A Biological Model</i> (2005), once more against Lewis.[<i>example needed</i>] </p><p>According to David Kalupahana, <a href="/facts/Gotama_Buddha/8UchTM1s">The Buddha</a> described conventions—whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious—as <a href="/facts/Dependent_arising/kaWoN2wW">arising dependent</a> on specific conditions. According to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism, which in turn leads to conflict. This does not mean that conventions should be absolutely ignored as unreal and therefore useless. Instead, according to Buddhist thought, a wise person adopts a <a href="/facts/Middle_Way/6PHWgQQC">Middle Way</a> without holding conventions to be ultimate or ignoring them when they are fruitful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="customary-or-social-conventions">Customary or social conventions</h2> <h3>Social</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Norm_(social)/Qu2jGBz3">Norm (social)</a>, <a href="/facts/Mores/3uUwAUm9">Mores</a>, <a href="/facts/Norm_(philosophy)/3k0uMUx7">Norm (philosophy)</a>, and <a href="/facts/Taboo/3KuFszoI">taboo</a></p> <p>In <a href="/facts/Sociology/d2Fd0N87">sociology</a>, a <i>social rule</i> refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a <a href="/facts/Society/PulvrYfa">society</a>. These <i>rules</i> are not written in <a href="/facts/Law/luzxWkg0">law</a> or otherwise formalized. In <a href="/facts/Social_constructionism/NeGDLvKL">social constructionism</a>, there is a great focus on social rules. It is argued that these rules are socially constructed, that these rules act upon every member of a society, but at the same time, are re-produced by the individuals. </p><p>Sociologists representing <a href="/facts/Symbolic_interactionism/VXUoDQ6T">symbolic interactionism</a> argue that social rules are created through the interaction between the members of a society. The focus on active interaction highlights the fluid, shifting character of social rules. These are specific to the social context, a context that varies through time and place. That means a social rule changes over time within the same society. What was acceptable in the past may no longer be the case. Similarly, rules differ across space: what is acceptable in one society may not be so in another. </p><p>Social rules reflect what is <i>acceptable</i> or <i>normal</i> behaviour in any situation. <a href="/facts/Michel_Foucault/rWu19rjx">Michel Foucault</a>'s concept of <a href="/facts/Discourse/6qITpvKg">discourse</a> is closely related to social rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped and change. It is the social rules that tell people what is <i>normal</i> behaviour for any specific category. Thus, social rules tell a woman how to behave in a <a href="/facts/Femininity/FoKgaGgk">womanly</a> manner, and a man, how to be <a href="/facts/Masculinity/lp3LFyK4">manly</a>. Other such rules are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Strangers being introduced shake hands, as in Western societies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> but: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bowing_(social)/S15Bq7Xx">Bow</a> toward each other, in Korea, Japan and China</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Thai_greeting/a8ILA6Ca">Wai</a></i> each other in Thailand</li> <li><i>Do not</i> bow at each other, in the Jewish tradition</li> <li>In the United States, eye contact, a <a href="/facts/Nodding/5lcMIMfm">nod</a> of the head toward each other, and a smile, with no bowing; the palm of the hand faces sideways, neither upward nor downward, in a business handshake.</li> <li>Present business cards to each other, in business meetings (both-handed in Japan)</li></ul></li> <li>Click heels together, while saluting in some military contexts <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>In most places it's always polite to ask before kissing or hugging, this is called <a href="/facts/Public_display_of_affection/jmtmq3u2">public display of affection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>A property norm is to place things back where we found them.</li> <li>A property norm is used to identify which <a href="/facts/Commodity_money/bKzo7nrV">commodities</a> are accepted as money.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Sexual_norm/AdLCeNIU">sexual norm</a> can refer to a personal or a social norm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Most cultures have social norms regarding sexuality, and define normal sexuality to consist only of certain sex acts between individuals who meet specific criteria of age, consanguinity, race/ethnicity, and/or social role and socioeconomic status. In the west outside the <a href="/facts/Family_values/lLGndLgh">traditional norm</a> between consenting adults what is considered not normal is what falls under what is regarded as <a href="/facts/Paraphilia/MWfMWXmT">paraphilia</a> or sexual perversion.</li> <li>A form of <a href="/facts/Marriage/foMxzuxl">marriage</a>, <a href="/facts/Polygyny/hpBNMVSS">polygyny</a> or <a href="/facts/Polyandry/f3xAUbTT">polyandry</a>, is right or wrong in a <a href="/facts/Types_of_marriages/c6Eva89F">given society</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> as is homosexual marriage considered wrong in many of the societies. A religious more for an example is that a woman or man must not cohabitate, live together, when romantically involved until they have gotten married. Adultery is considered wrong that is not violating sexual fidelity when there is union of a couple in marriage.</li> <li>A men's and women's <a href="/facts/Dress_code/xaJf8tyx">dress code</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>Avoid using rude hand gestures like pointing at people, <a href="/facts/Profanity/gf39KK4s">swear words</a>, <a href="/facts/Obscenity/nwPwUhdl">offensive</a> language etc.,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>A woman's <a href="/facts/Curtsey/G3pf5Fhs">curtsey</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> in some societies</li> <li>In the Middle East, never displaying the sole of the foot toward another, as this would be seen as a grave insult.</li> <li>In many schools, though seats for students are not assigned they are still "claimed" by certain students, and sitting in someone else's seat is considered an insult.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>To <a href="/facts/Norm_of_reciprocity/NDjxgKQV">reciprocate</a> when something is done for us.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Etiquette/pfD1E8bL">Etiquette</a> norms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> like asking to be excused from the gathering's table, be ready to pay for your bill particularly in the case you asked people to dinner, it is a faux pas to refuse an offer of food as a guest.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Birth_control/qCzhxgH8">Contraception</a> norms, not to limit access to them by women who require it, some cultures limit contraception.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a>[<i>non-primary source needed</i>]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Recreational_drug_use/eoBD3vKn">Recreational drug use</a> restrictions on access or as popularly accepted in the culture<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> where it is used as an example alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and hashish, there is a disincentive and prohibition for controlled substances where use and sale is prohibited like MDMA and party drugs.</li> <li>The belief that certain forms of <a href="/facts/Discrimination/B2M2HqxR">discrimination</a> are unethical because they take something away from the person by restrictions and by being ostracised. Furthermore, can "Restrict women's and girls' rights, access to empowerment opportunities and resources".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>A person has a <a href="/facts/Aged_care/sK2rALEB">duty of care</a> for the aged persons within the family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> This is particularly true in countries of Asia. Much of aged care falls under unpaid labor.</li> <li>Refuse to favor known persons, as this would be an abuse of power relationship.</li> <li>Do not make a <a href="/facts/Promise/mSsvK6Pb">promise</a> if you know that you can not keep it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Do not ask for money if you know that you can not pay it back to that person or place.</li> <li>"Practice honesty and not deceive the innocent with false promises to obtain economic benefits or gratuities."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>It is suitable to make a <a href="/facts/Pledge_of_Allegiance/Dht9toCs">Pledge of Allegiance</a> in the United States, when prompted to in some social contexts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>An <a href="/facts/Gentlemen%2527s_agreement/rkBoaNMK">gentlemen's agreement</a>, or gentleman's agreement, is an informal and legally non-binding agreement between two or more parties. We follow through on our business dealings, when we say we will do something then we do it and will not falter to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>Do not divulge the privacy of others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>Treat friends and family <a href="/facts/Nonviolence/9XJPDSbd">nonviolently</a>, be faithful and honest in a couple, to treat with respect the beliefs, activities or aims of our parents, show respect for beliefs, religious and cultural symbols of others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>Tolerate and respect people with functional diversity, particularly when they wish to integrate in a game or sports equipment. Also tolerate different points of view than your own, even if contrary, and do not try and change their beliefs by force.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li>Give the seat to people with children, pregnant or elderly, in public and private transportation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>Face the front, do not go elevator surfing, and do not push extra buttons in an elevator or stand too close to someone if there are few people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li>In a library, it is polite to have talk in the same noise volume as that of a classroom.</li> <li>In a cinema, it is correct to not talk during a movie because people are there to watch the film, also it is correct to not have phones on as the light and sound will distract other patrons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>If you are going to be <a href="/facts/Punctual/oI6CTaNu">punctual</a>, notify friends or acquaintances if you will be late.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>If you cannot show up to an outing, restaurant, theater, cinema, etc., it's proper to give the reason over your phone or address sometime prior.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>It is a norm to speak one at a time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Religious_vows/Iu5KH4vq">religious vow</a> is a special promise. It made in a religious sense or in ceremonies such as in marriages when there is a couple who are being promised to marriage called "<a href="/facts/Marriage_vow/5AQG1Drq">marriage vows</a>", they are also promising one another to be faithful and take care of their children.</li> <li>Helping somebody in need,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> for social responsibility or to prevent harm. See the <a href="/facts/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan/CtCIm0Jf">parable of the Good Samaritan</a>.</li> <li>Do not go to a non-fast food restaurant or bar unless you have enough to make a good <a href="/facts/Gratuity/GoG2Lj42">tip</a>, depending on the place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li>Examples of US social norms or customs turned into laws include the following: <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States/yzjR1EbL">People under 21 cannot buy alcohol</a>.</li> <li>You must be 16 to drive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>Firearms are legal and relatively accessible to anyone who wants one.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>In a city you cannot cross the street wherever you like, you must use a zebra crossing. You can be fined if the police catch you breaking this rule.[<i>relevant? – discuss</i>]</li> <li>It is a social norm to provide tips in the US to waitresses and waiters.</li></ul></li> <li>There are numerous gender-specific norms that influence society:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] <ul><li>Girls should wear pink; boys should wear blue.</li> <li>Men should be strong and not show any emotion.</li> <li>Women should be caring and nurturing.</li> <li>Men should do repairs at the house and be the one to work and make money; while women are expected to take care of the housework and children.</li> <li>A man should pay for the woman's meal when going out to dinner.</li> <li>Men should open doors for women at bars, clubs, workplace, and should clear the way for the exit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="government">Government</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)/rMJxcPGU">Constitutional convention (political custom)</a></p> <p>In <a href="/facts/Forms_of_government/N4bYL0VC">government</a>, convention is a set of unwritten rules that participants in the government must follow. These rules can be ignored only if justification is clear, or can be provided. Otherwise, consequences follow. Consequences may include ignoring some other convention that has until now been followed. According to the traditional doctrine (Dicey), conventions cannot be enforced in courts, because they are non-legal sets of rules. Convention is particularly important in the <a href="/facts/Westminster_System/qaW6mkHp">Westminster System</a> of government, where many of the rules are unwritten. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/A_Dictionary_of_Slang_and_Unconventional_English/5r1LWGDE">A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_electrical_unit/LaJppNq6">Conventional electrical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_insulin_therapy/q1Du4jqr">Conventional insulin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_landing_gear/pJDBtjzg">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_pollutant/0VF3lU2U">Conventional pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_sex/GKuEmTIC">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_superconductor/9P4nzxyJ">Conventional superconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_treatment/aaqUhLPV">Conventional treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_tillage/smhuL68v">Conventional tillage</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_wastewater_treatment/ljQFgpNX">Conventional wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventional_wisdom/MbPVPozf">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventionalism/WtyyQuSD">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Conventionally_grown/jYqJTdF1">Conventionally grown</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/De_facto_standard/TRELHVwI">De facto standard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Non-conventional_trademark/q99L8PH3">Non-conventional trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Standard_(disambiguation)/gM4gcFFT">Standard (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trope_(literature)/xwQxCxqx">Trope (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unconventional_computing/XkJjTK0a">Unconventional computing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unconventional_superconductor/smImcsMy">Unconventional superconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Unconventional_wind_turbines/nM70Ww45">Unconventional wind turbines</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Rescorla, Michael (2007) <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/convention/">Convention</a> – <i><a href="/facts/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy/LDuL5HW4">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a href="http://law-ref.org">Law-Ref.org</a> – an index of important international conventions</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>David Kalupahana, Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 17–18. The author refers specifically to the thought of the Buddha here. <a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Kalupahana</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Hagan, Ekua. "The Art of Handshaking". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/spycatcher/201307/the-art-handshaking" target="_blank">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/spycatcher/201307/the-art-handshaking</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Rendering Honours". moebius.freehostia.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21. <a href="http://moebius.freehostia.com/honours.htm" target="_blank">http://moebius.freehostia.com/honours.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Public Displays of Affection Abroad (PDA) - Expat Guide Asia". www.expatguideasia.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524131242/http://www.expatguideasia.com/public-displays-affection-pda" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170524131242/http://www.expatguideasia.com/public-displays-affection-pda</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Young, H. Peyton. Social Norms: Prepared for the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2338-1. ISBN 9781349951215. S2CID 13026974. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="9781349951215" target="_blank">9781349951215</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Araujo, Luis (2004). "Social norms and money". Journal of Monetary Economics. 51 (2): 241–256. doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2003.01.005. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304393203001429" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304393203001429</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bozon, Michel; Rennes, Juliette (February 2015). The history of sexual norms: the hold of age and gender (42 ed.). Belin. p. 304. ISBN 9782701194325. Retrieved 2019-09-26. <a href="9782701194325" target="_blank">9782701194325</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Burton, Neel. "The Pros and Cons of Polygamy Is there a link between polygamy and social unrest?". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201801/the-pros-and-cons-polygamy" target="_blank">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201801/the-pros-and-cons-polygamy</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Solomon, Andrew (12 March 2021). "How Polyamorists and Polygamists Are Challenging Family Norms". www.newyorker.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/03/22/how-polyamorists-and-polygamists-are-challenging-family-norms" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/03/22/how-polyamorists-and-polygamists-are-challenging-family-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Mondal, Puja (12 April 2014). "Mores (Strongest Social Norms): Meaning and Characteristics". www.yourarticlelibrary.com/. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/mores-strongest-social-norms-meaning-and-characteristics/35066" target="_blank">https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/mores-strongest-social-norms-meaning-and-characteristics/35066</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>McNaught, Amber (9 May 2017). "What Are Social Norms? You Follow Them Every Day Without Even Noticing". www.lifehack.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifehack.org/587690/what-are-social-norms-you-follow-them-every-day-without-even-noticing" target="_blank">https://www.lifehack.org/587690/what-are-social-norms-you-follow-them-every-day-without-even-noticing</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>McNaught, Amber (9 May 2017). "What Are Social Norms? You Follow Them Every Day Without Even Noticing". www.lifehack.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifehack.org/587690/what-are-social-norms-you-follow-them-every-day-without-even-noticing" target="_blank">https://www.lifehack.org/587690/what-are-social-norms-you-follow-them-every-day-without-even-noticing</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Croffey, Amy (14 June 2016). "Etiquette to meet the Queen: The curtsy is out and kissing was never in". www.smh.com.au. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/how-prince-charles-exbutler-kept-favour-with-the-royals-unlike-paul-burrell-20160613-gphm1k.html" target="_blank">https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/how-prince-charles-exbutler-kept-favour-with-the-royals-unlike-paul-burrell-20160613-gphm1k.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Robins, Aaron Vela (23 November 2016). "A Social Norms Experiment: The Unspoken Rule of Class Seats". www.gcmag.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="http://gcmag.org/a-social-norms-experiment-the-unspoken-law-of-class-seats/" target="_blank">http://gcmag.org/a-social-norms-experiment-the-unspoken-law-of-class-seats/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Norm of Reciprocity and Persuasion". www.psychologistworld.com. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.psychologistworld.com/behavior/compliance/strategies/norm-of-reciprocity" target="_blank">https://www.psychologistworld.com/behavior/compliance/strategies/norm-of-reciprocity</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"25 Etiquette Rules You Should Never Forget". www.powerofpositivity.com. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.powerofpositivity.com/25-rules-good-manners-etiquette-everyone-know-follow/" target="_blank">https://www.powerofpositivity.com/25-rules-good-manners-etiquette-everyone-know-follow/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>SC, DL, D, JC., Dixon, Herbert, Loxton, Lucke (2014). "'As many options as there are, there are just not enough for me': Contraceptive use and barriers to access among Australian women". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 19 (5): 340–51. doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.919380. PMID 24901891. S2CID 20602371. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24901891/" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24901891/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>CC, LA, A, J, JS, Garrett, Keogh , Kavanagh, Tomnay , Hocking (2015). "Understanding the low uptake of long-acting reversible contraception by young women in Australia: A qualitative study". BMC Women's Health. 15: 15:72. doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0227-9. PMC 4566517. PMID 26359250.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566517" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566517</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>A, L, Mills, Barclay (2006). "None of them were satisfactory: Women's experiences with contraception". Health Care Women Int. 27 (5): 379–98. doi:10.1080/07399330600629468. PMID 16877290. S2CID 9017737. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6909857" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6909857</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Drucker, Donna J. (7 April 2020). Contraception A Concise History By. The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262538428. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="9780262538428" target="_blank">9780262538428</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Specialty Drug Classes That Are Costing Consumers an Arm and a Leg". The Motley Fool. 2015-10-24. <a href="http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/10/24/specialty-drug-classes-that-are-costing-consumers.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/10/24/specialty-drug-classes-that-are-costing-consumers.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Ferrant, Fuiret, Gaëlle, Léa (11 June 2018). "Social norms and gender equality: The potential for social transformation and women's empowerment". www.womendeliver.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://womendeliver.org/2018/social-norms-and-gender-equality-the-potential-for-social-transformation-and-womens-empowerment/" target="_blank">https://womendeliver.org/2018/social-norms-and-gender-equality-the-potential-for-social-transformation-and-womens-empowerment/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Etzler, Cooper, Summer, Brandon. "The Pledge of Allegiance: To stand or not to stand". lhslance.org. Lancer Media. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="https://lhslance.org/2016/opinion/the-pledge-of-allegiance-to-stand-or-not-to-stand/" target="_blank">https://lhslance.org/2016/opinion/the-pledge-of-allegiance-to-stand-or-not-to-stand/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Longley, Robert. "A Brief History of the Pledge of Allegiance". www.thoughtco.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/pledge-of-allegiance-brief-history-3320198" target="_blank">https://www.thoughtco.com/pledge-of-allegiance-brief-history-3320198</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"40 Examples of Moral and Social Norms". www.lifepersona.com. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms" target="_blank">https://www.lifepersona.com/40-examples-of-moral-and-social-norms</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>McNaught, Amber (9 May 2017). "What Are Social Norms? You Follow Them Every Day Without Even Noticing". www.lifehack.org. Retrieved 4 April 2021. <a href="https://www.lifehack.org/587690/what-are-social-norms-you-follow-them-every-day-without-even-noticing" target="_blank">https://www.lifehack.org/587690/what-are-social-norms-you-follow-them-every-day-without-even-noticing</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Social Norm Examples". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html" target="_blank">https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"Social Norm Examples". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html" target="_blank">https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Social Norm Examples". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html" target="_blank">https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"Social Norm Examples". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html" target="_blank">https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"The Social Psychology Perspectives On Helping Others". www.psychologynoteshq.com. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/helping-others/" target="_blank">https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/helping-others/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"US social customs | American cultural Norms". www.estavisaus.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.estavisaus.org/news/us-social-customs" target="_blank">https://www.estavisaus.org/news/us-social-customs</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Muscato, Christopher. "History of the Driving Age". Study.com. Retrieved 5 March 2025. <a href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-the-driving-age.html" target="_blank">https://study.com/academy/lesson/history-of-the-driving-age.html</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Schaeffer, Katherine (2024-07-24). "Key facts about Americans and guns". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2025-03-05. <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/24/key-facts-about-americans-and-guns/" target="_blank">https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/24/key-facts-about-americans-and-guns/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"Social Norm Examples". examples.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html" target="_blank">https://examples.yourdictionary.com/social-norm-examples.html</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"25 Etiquette Rules You Should Never Forget". www.powerofpositivity.com. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2021. <a href="https://www.powerofpositivity.com/25-rules-good-manners-etiquette-everyone-know-follow/" target="_blank">https://www.powerofpositivity.com/25-rules-good-manners-etiquette-everyone-know-follow/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>