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1828 in science
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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/F%25C3%25A9lix_Savary/dbXjxfFa">Félix Savary</a> computes the first <a href="/facts/Orbit/nD2TPySG">orbit</a> of a visual <a href="/facts/Double_star/FLXY1tD1">double star</a> when he calculates the orbit of the double star <a href="/facts/Xi_Ursae_Majoris/gfh8YmoG">Xi Ursae Majoris</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="biology">Biology</h2> <ul><li>April 18 – Ornithologist <a href="/facts/Carl_Julian_(von)_Graba/XSg9GWlj">Carl Julian (von) Graba</a> lands in the little-studied <a href="/facts/Faroe_Islands/HMJ3bfmN">Faroe Islands</a> for a 3-month visit to research the bird life.</li> <li>April 27 – <a href="/facts/London_Zoo/jKC1goyh">London Zoo</a> opens in <a href="/facts/Regent%2527s_Park/DXQvTPG5">Regent's Park</a> for members of the <a href="/facts/Zoological_Society_of_London/9JhAvLCp">Zoological Society of London</a>, the first scientific zoo in the United Kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>October 26 – English <a href="/facts/Naturalist/pSlAvbTX">naturalist</a> and explorer <a href="/facts/William_John_Burchell/ycjfWCK2">William John Burchell</a> collects the only known specimen of <i><a href="/facts/Parabouchetia/2KymAH1P">Parabouchetia</a> brasiliensis</i>, an exceptionally rare member of the nightshade family <a href="/facts/Solanaceae/HQPdeAVC">Solanaceae</a>, in central Brazil.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer/bBBNwlkd">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> lays the foundations of the science of comparative <a href="/facts/Embryology/4mvpSkhC">embryology</a> with his book <i>Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere</i>. He publishes <a href="/facts/Von_Baer%2527s_laws_(embryology)/FM8DfXL1">von Baer's laws</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Martin_Lichtenstein/xFfcoVXb">Martin Lichtenstein</a> publishes a monograph on the <i><a href="/facts/Dipodidae/AjDqUayt">Dipodidae</a></i>, <i>Über die Springmäuse</i>, in <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Belfast_Botanic_Gardens/849tCUdV">Belfast Botanic Gardens</a> open.</li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>Swedish chemist <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius/HakSv3sP">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> produces a table of atomic weights and discovers <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Urea/6j84AoCG">Urea</a> becomes the first organic compound to be artificially synthesised, by <a href="/facts/Friedrich_W%25C3%25B6hler/D7uh7ySD">Friedrich Wöhler</a>, establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials and potentially disproving a cornerstone of <a href="/facts/Vitalism/wYrVvfUf">vitalism</a>, the belief that life is not subject to the laws of science in the way inanimate objects are.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>The van Houten family of the Netherlands invent a press to remove about 50% of the <a href="/facts/Cocoa_butter/QYplogvG">cocoa butter</a> from <a href="/facts/Chocolate/4drs8ryf">chocolate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="medicine">Medicine</h2> <ul><li>February 19 – The <a href="/facts/Boston_Society_for_Medical_Improvement/pu0uwywu">Boston Society for Medical Improvement</a> is established in the United States.</li> <li>April 17 – <a href="/facts/Royal_Free_Hospital/F4rqsFYh">Royal Free Hospital</a>, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon <a href="/facts/William_Marsden_(surgeon)/lAEaMDPu">William Marsden</a>, opens.</li> <li>December 20 – The U.S. State of <a href="/facts/Georgia_(U.S._state)/KKnTDY6F">Georgia</a> legislature charters the Medical Academy of Georgia, which becomes the <a href="/facts/Medical_College_of_Georgia/DTu0XxE6">Medical College of Georgia</a>, and authorizes it to award a Bachelor of Medicine degree, making it the 13th oldest U.S. medical school and the 6th public medical school to be established.</li> <li>December 24 – <a href="/facts/Burke_and_Hare_murders/V1Cn14az">Burke and Hare murders</a>: William Burke is sentenced to <a href="/facts/Hanging/U4n77YAI">hang</a> for his part in the murder of 17 victims to provide bodies for <a href="/facts/Dissection/7Tbbx3rr">dissection</a> by <a href="/facts/Edinburgh/PcsoaK9h">Edinburgh</a> <a href="/facts/Anatomist/p8TCWJuV">anatomist</a> <a href="/facts/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)/QnRa5wll">Robert Knox</a>.</li> <li>F. Maury publishes <i>Traité Complet de l'Art du Dentiste</i>, the first handbook of <a href="/facts/Dentistry/p8b1zmts">dentistry</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="paleontology">Paleontology</h2> <ul><li>January 7 – Rev. <a href="/facts/Henry_Duncan_(minister)/BXf3YPng">Henry Duncan</a> describes his discovery of the fossil footmarks of quadrupeds (<i><a href="/facts/Chelichnus/a56AUQcB">Chelichnus duncani</a></i>) in <a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Permian</a> red sandstone in south west <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a>, the first scientific report of a fossil track.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>December – <a href="/facts/Mary_Anning/FptgkPFB">Mary Anning</a> discovers Britain's first <a href="/facts/Pterosaur/YNQwa1ru">pterosaur</a> fossil at <a href="/facts/Lyme_Regis/5REzKfbs">Lyme Regis</a> on the <a href="/facts/Jurassic_Coast/2aYe34DM">Jurassic Coast</a> of England.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Adolphe_Theodore_Brongniart/UMjJUdeT">Adolphe Theodore Brongniart</a> publishes <i>Prodrome d'une histoire des Végétaux Fossils</i>, a study of <a href="/facts/Fossil/by7NzIA1">fossil</a> plants.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>Self-taught <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a> <a href="/facts/George_Green_(mathematician)/89DMr6wz">George Green</a> publishes <i><a href="/facts/An_Essay_on_the_Application_of_Mathematical_Analysis_to_the_Theories_of_Electricity_and_Magnetism/h7wH5DdA">An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> in <a href="/facts/Nottingham/7NmKsSUg">Nottingham</a>, the first mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, introducing a form of <a href="/facts/Divergence_theorem/pUGKF1N2">divergence theorem</a> (a version of <a href="/facts/Green%2527s_theorem/WBDk654A">Green's theorem</a>), the idea of <a href="/facts/Potential_theory/3sXGIcDA">potential theory</a>, and the concept of what will come to be called <a href="/facts/Green%2527s_function/rKxKKPcp">Green's functions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Irish_people/6Ykz2Dxl">Irish</a> <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a> <a href="/facts/William_Rowan_Hamilton/U86CqUlt">William Rowan Hamilton</a> publishes <i>Theory of Systems of Rays</i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>October 1 – <a href="/facts/James_Beaumont_Neilson/EXL4PLBS">James Beaumont Neilson</a> of <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patents</a> the <a href="/facts/Hot_blast/fCP4RelL">hot blast</a> process for <a href="/facts/Iron/DkICCKIC">ironmaking</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/%25C3%2581nyos_Jedlik/7SRK5b2P">Ányos Jedlik</a> creates the world's first <a href="/facts/Electric_motor/ArD7BGDa">electric motor</a>.</li> <li>The brothers <a href="/facts/John_Deane_(inventor)/08avNbCQ">John</a> and <a href="/facts/Charles_Anthony_Deane/8aqBeUpx">Charles Deane</a> produce the first <a href="/facts/Diving_helmet/bcuTY8rx">diving helmet</a> by adaptation of a smoke helmet produced for them by <a href="/facts/Augustus_Siebe/z8HtETQC">Augustus Siebe</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Scottish_people/0rp2bd12">Scottish</a> architect <a href="/facts/Peter_Nicholson_(architect)/fy6IecKM">Peter Nicholson</a> sets out a method of preparing stones for construction of a <a href="/facts/Helicoid/ekrSN1Pm">helicoidal</a> <a href="/facts/Skew_arch/JyrYFhd4">skew arch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Deats/aP3t3GPJ">John Deats</a> obtains his first United States patent for an improved <a href="/facts/Plow/LBIosnV6">plow</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="institutions">Institutions</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Saint_Petersburg_State_Institute_of_Technology/tEVSmJN0">Imperial Petersburg Institute of Technology</a> established in the <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Russian Empire</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Copley_Medal/bBwd6QzN">Copley Medal</a>: not awarded<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>April 17 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sampson_Gamgee/V0T3cBq4">Sampson Gamgee</a> (died <a href="/facts/1886_in_science/7LC7G3JF">1886</a>), <a href="/facts/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany/4IbKfzCY">Tuscan</a>-born <a href="/facts/English_people/IeI9c7BK">English</a> <a href="/facts/Surgeon/Hm0R9t6n">surgeon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Johanna_Mestorf/vs7XQY84">Johanna Mestorf</a> (died <a href="/facts/1909_in_science/9XtDzVts">1909</a>), <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">German</a> <a href="/facts/Prehistory/52D6oKM4">prehistoric</a> <a href="/facts/Archaeologist/K3Q5P38R">archaeologist</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>March 24 – <a href="/facts/Jules_Verne/lLA0B0EF">Jules Verne</a> (died <a href="/facts/1905_in_science/L89WrSLG">1905</a>), <a href="/facts/French_people/984axQ8y">French</a> <a href="/facts/Science_fiction/d9hE2Lwt">science fiction</a> author.</li> <li>April 29 – <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589tienne_St%25C3%25A9phane_Tarnier/2mR0XfdQ">Étienne Stéphane Tarnier</a> (died <a href="/facts/1897_in_science/1IcNGmU5">1897</a>), French <a href="/facts/Obstetrician/JbYHxtCd">obstetrician</a>.</li> <li>May 8 – <a href="/facts/Jean_Henri_Dunant/6uDnEGyt">Jean Henri Dunant</a> (died <a href="/facts/1910_in_science/Auegqwd7">1910</a>), <a href="/facts/Swiss_people/3ecWX2K6">Swiss</a> founder of the <a href="/facts/Red_Cross/KcT9EGnA">Red Cross</a>.</li> <li>June 21 – <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Andr%25C3%25A9_Fouqu%25C3%25A9/HkqrX8ND">Ferdinand André Fouqué</a> (died <a href="/facts/1904_in_science/qfWv7vt5">1904</a>), French <a href="/facts/Geologist/vGc0tBHB">geologist</a> and <a href="/facts/Petrologist/RXq9gCdo">petrologist</a>.</li> <li>July 23 – <a href="/facts/Jonathan_Hutchinson/V1yQzzb8">Jonathan Hutchinson</a> (died <a href="/facts/1913_in_science/6nl9Anqy">1913</a>), English <a href="/facts/Physician/qJ3woFvG">physician</a>.</li> <li>August 6 – <a href="/facts/Andrew_Taylor_Still/HUvuecLa">Andrew Taylor Still</a> (died <a href="/facts/1917_in_science/2F9GvY8e">1917</a>), <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">American</a> "father of <a href="/facts/Osteopathy/BrS9UGbh">osteopathy</a>".</li> <li>August 28 – <a href="/facts/William_A._Hammond/d7lU9KpD">William A. Hammond</a> (died <a href="/facts/1900_in_science/tY9grWXa">1900</a>), American military physician and neurologist.</li> <li>September 15 – <a href="/facts/Aleksandr_Butlerov/9UJap9H0">Aleksandr Butlerov</a> (died <a href="/facts/1886_in_science/7LC7G3JF">1886</a>), <a href="/facts/Russians/RBG9H1Rj">Russian</a> <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>.</li> <li>October 31 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Swan/31u13aFB">Joseph Swan</a> (died <a href="/facts/1914_in_science/syUzlX5D">1914</a>), English surgeon.</li> <li>November 22 – <a href="/facts/Lydia_Shackleton/P0NSyS1A">Lydia Shackleton</a> (died 1914), <a href="/facts/Irish_people/6Ykz2Dxl">Irish</a> botanical artist.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>March 17 – <a href="/facts/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist)/TUPBvjop">James Edward Smith</a> (born <a href="/facts/1759_in_science/jokdkunq">1759</a>), English <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li> <li>March 23 – <a href="/facts/David_Friesenhausen/gyjSIz6A">David Friesenhausen</a> (born <a href="/facts/1756_in_science/dhvtnXvs">1756</a>), German-Hungarian-Jewish rabbi, mathematician and astronomer.</li> <li>July 5 – <a href="/facts/Andrew_Duncan_(doctor)/L9eB25T3">Andrew Duncan</a> (born <a href="/facts/1744_in_science/Fw2AsVHB">1744</a>), <a href="/facts/Scottish_people/0rp2bd12">Scottish</a> <a href="/facts/Physician/qJ3woFvG">physician</a>.</li> <li>August 8 – <a href="/facts/Carl_Peter_Thunberg/TaUEJhvF">Carl Peter Thunberg</a> (born <a href="/facts/1743_in_science/pFWz1UQF">1743</a>), <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Swedish</a> botanist.</li> <li>August 22 – <a href="/facts/Franz_Joseph_Gall/y5yTwXxV">Franz Joseph Gall</a> (born <a href="/facts/1758_in_science/ojHFTnnm">1758</a>), <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">German</a>-born <a href="/facts/Neuroanatomist/VJxVXoWm">neuroanatomist</a>.</li> <li>September 3 - <a href="/facts/Jean_Boniface_Textoris/lsAet7ha">Jean Boniface Textoris</a> (born <a href="/facts/1773_in_science/xaDVo9u4">1773</a>), French military surgeon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>December 22 – <a href="/facts/William_Hyde_Wollaston/U0MXYKA3">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (born <a href="/facts/1766_in_science/uGvnd6T6">1766</a>), English chemist.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"April 27". Today in Science History. Retrieved December 20, 2011. <a href="http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_27.htm" target="_blank">http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_27.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Science History Institute. <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler" target="_blank">https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/justus-von-liebig-and-friedrich-w%C3%B6hler</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical achievers: the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 83-87. ISBN 9780941901123. <a href="9780941901123" target="_blank">9780941901123</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Spadaccini, Jim. "The Sweet Lure of Chocolate". Exploratorium. Retrieved March 3, 2014. <a href="http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/" target="_blank">http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Puschmann, Theodor. Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin. Vol. 3. Jena. p. 384. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Duncan, Henry (January 1828). "An Account of the Tracks and Footmarks of Animals found impressed on Sandstone in the Quarry of Cornockle Muir in Dumfriesshire". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 11 (1): 194–209. doi:10.1017/S0080456800021906. Retrieved April 17, 2016. Published 1831. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKNbAAAAcAAJ&q=Transactions+%22Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh%22+1828+duncan+tracks&pg=PA194" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kKNbAAAAcAAJ&q=Transactions+%22Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh%22+1828+duncan+tracks&pg=PA194</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Green, George (1828). An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism. Nottingham: T. Wheelhouse. Retrieved November 12, 2013. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwYXAAAAYAAJ&q=An+Essay+on+the+Application+of+Mathematical+Analysis+to+the+Theories" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=GwYXAAAAYAAJ&q=An+Essay+on+the+Application+of+Mathematical+Analysis+to+the+Theories</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Ferrers, N. M. (ed.). Mathematical papers of the late George Green. <a href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AAN8197.0001.001" target="_blank">http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AAN8197.0001.001</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cannell, D. M. (1999). "George Green: An Enigmatic Mathematician". American Mathematical Monthly. 106 (2): 136–151. doi:10.2307/2589050. JSTOR 2589050. <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly" target="_blank">/wiki/American_Mathematical_Monthly</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gale, W.K.V. (1981). Ironmaking. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. p. 22. ISBN 0-85263-546-X. <a href="0-85263-546-X" target="_blank">0-85263-546-X</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bevan, John (1996). The Infernal Diver: the lives of John and Charles Deane, their invention of the diving helmet and its first application... London: Submex. pp. 28–33. ISBN 0-9508242-1-6. <a href="0-9508242-1-6" target="_blank">0-9508242-1-6</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Nicholson, Peter (1828). A Popular and Practical Treatise on Masonry and Stone-cutting. London: Thomas Hurst, Edward Chance & Company. pp. 39–60. <a href="https://archive.org/details/apopularandprac00nichgoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/apopularandprac00nichgoog</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Welch, Henry (1837). Loudon, John Claudius (ed.). "On the Construction of Oblique Arches". Architectural Magazine. IV. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman: 90. The stones were cut, or dressed, previously to the erection of the centre <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4IAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=t4IAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Schofield, Reginald B. (2000). Benjamin Outram, 1764–1805: An Engineering Biography. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press. pp. 149–154. ISBN 1-898937-42-7. <a href="1-898937-42-7" target="_blank">1-898937-42-7</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 22, 2020. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Notice no. LH//2582/41". Base Léonore (in French). <a href="https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/355243" target="_blank">https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/355243</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>