Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Isotopes of rubidium
open-in-new
<h2 id="list-of-isotopes">List of isotopes</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Nuclide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S"><i>Z</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">Isotopic mass</a> (<a href="/facts/Dalton_(unit)/IMATU3vf">Da</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">Half-life</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_mode/Ya6FVjt4">Decaymode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_product/hT0obfLv">Daughterisotope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spin_(particle_physics)/4Jvp7e8P">Spin</a> and<a href="/facts/Parity_(physics)/emSbJ4hD">parity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Natural_abundance/dGjaAwc9">Natural abundance</a> (mole fraction)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Excitation energy<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></th><th>Normal proportion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></th><th>Range of variation</th></tr><tr><td>72Rb</td><td>37</td><td>35</td><td>71.95885(54)#</td><td>103(22) ns</td><td><a href="/facts/Proton_emission/9zxVkBkp">p</a></td><td>71Kr</td><td>1+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>73Rb</td><td>37</td><td>36</td><td>72.950605(44)</td><td><81 ns</td><td>p</td><td>72Kr</td><td>3/2−#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>74Rb</td><td>37</td><td>37</td><td>73.9442659(32)</td><td>64.78(3) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a></td><td>74Kr</td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75Rb</td><td>37</td><td>38</td><td>74.9385732(13)</td><td>19.0(12) s</td><td>β+</td><td>75Kr</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">76Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">39</td><td rowspan="2">75.9350730(10)</td><td rowspan="2">36.5(6) s</td><td>β+</td><td>76Kr</td><td rowspan="2">1−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, <a href="/facts/Alpha_decay/rCsHNIUE">α</a> (3.8×10−7%)</td><td>72Se</td></tr><tr><td>76mRb</td><td colspan="3">316.93(8) keV</td><td>3.050(7) μs</td><td><a href="/facts/Isomeric_transition/L8DHcqnk">IT</a></td><td>76Rb</td><td>(4+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>77Rb</td><td>37</td><td>40</td><td>76.9304016(14)</td><td>3.78(4) min</td><td>β+</td><td>77Kr</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>78Rb</td><td>37</td><td>41</td><td>77.9281419(35)</td><td>17.66(3) min</td><td>β+</td><td><i>78Kr</i></td><td>0+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>78m1Rb</td><td colspan="3">46.84(14) keV</td><td>910(40) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>78Rb</td><td>(1−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">78m2Rb</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">111.19(22) keV</td><td rowspan="2">5.74(3) min</td><td>β+ (91%)</td><td><i>78Kr</i></td><td rowspan="2">4−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (9%)</td><td>78Rb</td></tr><tr><td>79Rb</td><td>37</td><td>42</td><td>78.9239901(21)</td><td>22.9(5) min</td><td>β+</td><td>79Kr</td><td>5/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>80Rb</td><td>37</td><td>43</td><td>79.9225164(20)</td><td>33.4(7) s</td><td>β+</td><td>80Kr</td><td>1+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>80mRb</td><td colspan="3">493.9(5) keV</td><td>1.63(4) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>80Rb</td><td>(6+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>81Rb</td><td>37</td><td>44</td><td>80.9189939(53)</td><td>4.572(4) h</td><td>β+</td><td>81Kr</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">81mRb</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">86.31(7) keV</td><td rowspan="2">30.5(3) min</td><td>IT (97.6%)</td><td>81Rb</td><td rowspan="2">9/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (2.4%)</td><td>81Kr</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rubidium-82/cnInn8hX">82</a><a href="/facts/Rubidium-82/cnInn8hX">Rb</a></td><td>37</td><td>45</td><td>81.9182090(32)</td><td>1.2575(2) min</td><td>β+</td><td>82Kr</td><td>1+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">82mRb</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">69.0(15) keV</td><td rowspan="2">6.472(6) h</td><td>β+ (>99.67%)</td><td>82Kr</td><td rowspan="2">5−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (<0.33%)</td><td>82Rb</td></tr><tr><td>83Rb</td><td>37</td><td>46</td><td>82.9151142(25)</td><td>86.2(1) d</td><td><a href="/facts/Electron_capture/EIccoV1u">EC</a></td><td>83Kr</td><td>5/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83mRb</td><td colspan="3">42.0780(20) keV</td><td>7.8(7) ms</td><td>IT</td><td>83Rb</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">84Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">47</td><td rowspan="2">83.9143752(24)</td><td rowspan="2">32.8(07) d</td><td>β+ (96.1%)</td><td>84Kr</td><td rowspan="2">2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (3.9%)</td><td>84Sr</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">84mRb</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">463.59(8) keV</td><td rowspan="2">20.26(4) min</td><td>IT</td><td>84Rb</td><td rowspan="2">6−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+ (<0.0012%)</td><td>84Kr</td></tr><tr><td>85Rb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>37</td><td>48</td><td>84.9117897360(54)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>5/2−</td><td>0.7217(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>85mRb</td><td colspan="3">514.0065(22) keV</td><td>1.015(1) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>85Rb</td><td>9/2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">86Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">49</td><td rowspan="2">85.91116744(21)</td><td rowspan="2">18.645(8) d</td><td>β− (99.99%)</td><td>86Sr</td><td rowspan="2">2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>EC (.0052%)</td><td>86Kr</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">86mRb</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">556.05(18) keV</td><td rowspan="2">1.017(3) min</td><td>IT (>99.7%)</td><td>86Rb</td><td rowspan="2">6−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (<0.3%)</td><td>86Sr</td></tr><tr><td>87Rb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>37</td><td>50</td><td>86.909180529(6)</td><td>4.97(3)×1010 y</td><td>β−</td><td>87Sr</td><td>3/2−</td><td>0.2783(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>88Rb</td><td>37</td><td>51</td><td>87.91131559(17)</td><td>17.78(3) min</td><td>β−</td><td>88Sr</td><td>2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>88mRb</td><td colspan="3">1373.8(3) keV</td><td>123(13) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>88Rb</td><td>(7+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>89Rb</td><td>37</td><td>52</td><td>88.9122781(58)</td><td>15.32(10) min</td><td>β−</td><td>89Sr</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90Rb</td><td>37</td><td>53</td><td>89.9147976(69)</td><td>158(5) s</td><td>β−</td><td>90Sr</td><td>0−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">90mRb</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">106.90(3) keV</td><td rowspan="2">258(4) s</td><td>β− (97.4%)</td><td>90Sr</td><td rowspan="2">3−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (2.6%)</td><td>90 Rb</td></tr><tr><td>91Rb</td><td>37</td><td>54</td><td>90.9165373(84)</td><td>58.2(3) s</td><td>β−</td><td>91Sr</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">92Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">55</td><td rowspan="2">91.9197285(66)</td><td rowspan="2">4.48(3) s</td><td>β− (99.99%)</td><td>92Sr</td><td rowspan="2">0−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, <a href="/facts/Neutron_emission/lXLQRDCQ">n</a> (0.0107%)</td><td>91Sr</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">93Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">56</td><td rowspan="2">92.9220393(84)</td><td rowspan="2">5.84(2) s</td><td>β− (98.61%)</td><td>93Sr</td><td rowspan="2">5/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (1.39%)</td><td>92Sr</td></tr><tr><td>93mRb</td><td colspan="3">4423.1(15) keV</td><td>111(11) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>93Rb</td><td>(27/2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">94Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">57</td><td rowspan="2">93.9263948(22)</td><td rowspan="2">2.702(5) s</td><td>β− (89.7%)</td><td>94Sr</td><td rowspan="2">3−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (10.3%)</td><td>93Sr</td></tr><tr><td>94m1Rb</td><td colspan="3">104.2(2) keV</td><td>130(15) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>94Rb</td><td>(0−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>94m2Rb</td><td colspan="3">2074.9(14) keV</td><td>107(16) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>94Rb</td><td>(10−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">95Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">58</td><td rowspan="2">94.929264(22)</td><td rowspan="2">377.7(8) ms</td><td>β− (91.3%)</td><td>95Sr</td><td rowspan="2">5/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (8.7%)</td><td>94Sr</td></tr><tr><td>95mRb</td><td colspan="3">835.0(6) keV</td><td><500 ns</td><td>IT</td><td>95Rb</td><td>9/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">96Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">59</td><td rowspan="2">95.9341334(36)</td><td rowspan="2">201.5(9) ms</td><td>β− (86.3%)</td><td>96Sr</td><td rowspan="2">2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (13.7%)</td><td>95Sr</td></tr><tr><td>96m1Rb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td colspan="3">0(200)# keV</td><td>200# ms[>1 ms]</td><td></td><td></td><td>1(+#)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96m2Rb</td><td colspan="3">1134.6(11) keV</td><td>1.80(4) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>96Rb</td><td>(10−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">97Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">60</td><td rowspan="2">96.9371771(21)</td><td rowspan="2">169.1(6) ms</td><td>β− (74.5%)</td><td>97Sr</td><td rowspan="2">3/2+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (25.5%)</td><td>96Sr</td></tr><tr><td>97mRb</td><td colspan="3">76.6(2) keV</td><td>5.7(6) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>97Rb</td><td>(1/2,3/2)−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">98Rb</td><td rowspan="3">37</td><td rowspan="3">61</td><td rowspan="3">97.941632(17)</td><td rowspan="3">115(6) ms</td><td>β−(85.65%)</td><td>98Sr</td><td rowspan="3">(0−)</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (14.3%)</td><td>97Sr</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n (0.054%)</td><td>96Sr</td></tr><tr><td>98m1Rb</td><td colspan="3">73(26) keV</td><td>96(3) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>98Sr</td><td>(3+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98m2Rb</td><td colspan="3">178.5(4) keV</td><td>358(7) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>98Rb</td><td>(2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">99Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">62</td><td rowspan="2">98.9451192(43)</td><td rowspan="2">54(4) ms</td><td>β− (82.7%)</td><td>99Sr</td><td rowspan="2">(3/2+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (17.3%)</td><td>98Sr</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">100Rb</td><td rowspan="3">37</td><td rowspan="3">63</td><td rowspan="3">99.950332(14)</td><td rowspan="3">51.3(16) ms</td><td>β− (94.3%)</td><td>100Sr</td><td rowspan="3">4−#</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (5.6%)</td><td>99Sr</td></tr><tr><td>β−, 2n (0.15%)</td><td>98Sr</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">101Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">64</td><td rowspan="2">100.954302(22)</td><td rowspan="2">31.8(33) ms</td><td>β− (72%)</td><td>101Sr</td><td rowspan="2">3/2+#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (28%)</td><td>100Sr</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">102Rb</td><td rowspan="2">37</td><td rowspan="2">65</td><td rowspan="2">101.960008(89)</td><td rowspan="2">37(4) ms</td><td>β−, n (65%)</td><td>101Sr</td><td rowspan="2">(4+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (35%)</td><td>102Sr</td></tr><tr><td>103Rb</td><td>37</td><td>66</td><td>102.96440(43)#</td><td>26(11) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>103Sr</td><td>3/2+#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>104Rb</td><td>37</td><td>67</td><td>103.97053(54)#</td><td>35# ms[>550 ns]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>105Rb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>37</td><td>68</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>106Rb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>37</td><td>69</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="20"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <ul><li>view</li></ul></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="rubidium-87">Rubidium-87</h2> <p>Rubidium-87 was the first and the most popular atom for making <a href="/facts/Bose%25E2%2580%2593Einstein_condensate/76peCwfW">Bose–Einstein condensates</a> in dilute <a href="/facts/Atomic_gas/hVVAoodV">atomic gases</a>. Even though <a href="/facts/Rubidium-85/9jc8FbaB">rubidium-85</a> is more abundant, rubidium-87 has a positive scattering length, which means it is mutually repulsive, at low temperatures. This prevents a collapse of all but the smallest condensates. It is also easy to evaporatively cool, with a consistent strong mutual scattering. There is also a strong supply of cheap uncoated <a href="/facts/Diode_laser/TjHzJteV">diode lasers</a> typically used in <a href="/facts/CD_writer/IM9ugGbU">CD writers</a>, which can operate at the correct wavelength. </p><p>Rubidium-87 has an atomic mass of 86.9091835 u, and a binding energy of 757,853 keV. Its atomic percent abundance is 27.835%, and has a half-life of 4.92×1010 years. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <p>Daughter products other than rubidium </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_strontium/ljDHPVaV">Isotopes of strontium</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_krypton/8hRKYepJ">Isotopes of krypton</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_selenium/vHHSImg2">Isotopes of selenium</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Isotope masses from: <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li></ul></li> <li>Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: <ul><li><a href="/facts/John_Robert_de_Laeter/jYQj55GI">de Laeter, John Robert</a>; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 75 (6): 683–800. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">10.1351/pac200375060683</a>.</li> <li>Wieser, Michael E. (2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 78 (11): 2051–2066. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">10.1351/pac200678112051</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html">"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised"</a>. <i>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. 19 October 2005.</li> <li>Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Nuclear_Data_Center/SgVzvxLk">National Nuclear Data Center</a>. <a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">"NuDat 2.x database"</a>. <a href="/facts/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory/L2JrG0K1">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.</li> <li>Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics/qjxzC2Cu">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (85th ed.). <a href="/facts/Boca_Raton%2c_Florida/9gcNen3S">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-0485-9.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>mRb – Excited nuclear isomer. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" target="_blank">/wiki/Nuclear_isomer</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p># – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe. <a href="/wiki/Age_of_universe" target="_blank">/wiki/Age_of_universe</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" target="_blank">/wiki/Electron_capture</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Fission product <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Fission_product</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Primordial radionuclide <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" target="_blank">/wiki/Primordial_nuclide</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Used in rubidium–strontium dating <a href="/wiki/Rubidium%E2%80%93strontium_dating" target="_blank">/wiki/Rubidium%E2%80%93strontium_dating</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Fission product <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" target="_blank">/wiki/Fission_product</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of 110Zr". Physical Review C. 103 (1): 014614. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.103a4614S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. hdl:10261/260248. S2CID 234019083. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of 110Zr". Physical Review C. 103 (1): 014614. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.103a4614S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. hdl:10261/260248. S2CID 234019083. <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614" target="_blank">https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>