NOTAM

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
The acronym NOTAM came into common use following the ratification of the CICA, which went into effect on 4 April 1947,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> although early recorded use of the "Notice to Airmen" heading can be found in <a href="/facts/Flight_International/puw0u5sf">Flight International</a> magazine in the <a href="/facts/UK/kuPAILt2">UK</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Notices to airmen were normally published in a regular publication by each country's air authorities, as in the UK.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Several developments and amendments to the CICA have resulted in the more automated system available today. At some point in the past, the NOTAM system became web-aware.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
In July 2017, <a href="/facts/Air_Canada_Flight_759/oHNLsAwc">Air Canada Flight 759</a> nearly crashed into four other airliners as it attempted to land on a <a href="/facts/San_Francisco/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco</a> taxiway misidentified as a runway: the adjacent runway was closed, but the information was buried in the NOTAM. In September 2018, as a consequence of the findings of its investigation, the <a href="/facts/National_Transportation_Safety_Board/02dgBoCz">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) stated NOTAMs were unintelligible and ignored. The NTSB recommended more effective presentation of relevant information. NTSB chairman <a href="/facts/Robert_L._Sumwalt_(U.S._government_official)/CVLaz9EH">Robert Sumwalt</a> described NOTAMs as "a bunch of garbage that nobody pays any attention to". This led to an initiative of the <a href="/facts/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization/TzrL1mLr">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) to reform the NOTAM system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
In early 2014, <a href="/facts/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation/8r8zGRyf">Russia occupied Crimea</a> and as part of the takeover, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> issued a new code, URFV to cover the Crimean airspace. The Ukrainian air controller has since been forced to issue NOTAMs under the UKFV code, basically a verbatim repeater.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> As a result, all the UKFV NOTAMs advising about this area affix this note:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>

DUE ACTIVITY PUBLISHED BY RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
THE PUBLICATION BY RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF INFORMATION 
RELATED TO AIRSPACE UNDER RESPONSIBILITY OF UKRAINE 
DOES NOT COMPLY WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE ICAO 
AIR NAVIGATION PLAN - EUROPEAN REGION (DOC 7754) 
AND THE ICAO ANNEXES 11 AND 15.

In the run-up to the <a href="/facts/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/TTeQCgSl">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Russian authorities closed large parts of the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>, the <a href="/facts/Kerch_Strait/MBExgefF">Kerch Strait</a>, and almost the entire <a href="/facts/Sea_of_Azov/ScLQDNuX">Sea of Azov</a> "for missile and artillery live fire exercises." A spokesman for the <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_Foreign_Ministry/8pJNg7zw">Ukrainian Foreign Ministry</a> protested the Russian NOTAMs over this unprecedentedly large exercise area, which essentially obstructed international shipping and had economic consequences for Ukrainian ports such as <a href="/facts/Mariupol/Dd8xyJI9">Mariupol</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2>
NOTAMs are issued (and reported) for several reasons, such as:

<ul><li>hazards, including air shows, parachute jumps, kite flying, lasers, rocket launches, etc.</li>
<li>flights by important people such as heads of state (which sometimes involve <a href="/facts/Temporary_flight_restriction/GjfHWDyh">temporary flight restrictions</a>, TFRs)</li>
<li>closed runways</li>
<li>inoperable radio navigational aids</li>
<li>military exercises with resulting airspace restrictions</li>
<li>inoperable lights on tall obstructions</li>
<li>temporary erection of obstacles near airfields (e.g., cranes)</li>
<li>passage of flocks of birds through airspace (a NOTAM in this category is known as a BIRDTAM)</li>
<li>notifications of runway/taxiway/apron status concerning snow, ice, and standing water (a SNOWTAM)</li>
<li>notification of an operationally significant change in <a href="/facts/Volcanic_ash/c3cqgBfV">volcanic ash</a> or other dust contamination (an ASHTAM)</li>
<li>software code risk announcements with associated patches to reduce specific vulnerabilities</li></ul>
Aviation authorities typically exchange NOTAMs over <a href="/facts/Aeronautical_Fixed_Telecommunication_Network/ocjI2THw">Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network</a> (AFTN) circuits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
Software allows pilots to identify NOTAMs near their intended route or at the intended destination. Some complain that the volume and increasing triviality of NOTAMs has reduced their usefulness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
In the <a href="/facts/U.S._Air_Force/7MxWBYlc">U.S. Air Force</a> information technology enterprise, C4 NOTAMs (command, control, communications, and computer notices to airmen) are notices of new or updated Air Force Network Operating Instructions (AFNOIs). Often, these notices serve to direct Air Force computer administrators to install security updates or change the configuration of computer systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
<a href="/facts/Flight_planning/HJzdzpt9">Flight planning</a> applications for <a href="/facts/Electronic_flight_bag/FRy0uzjD">electronic flight bag</a> can help decipher and better organize NOTAMs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>

<h2 id="format">Format</h2>
The following describes ICAO NOTAMs. NOTAMs are published using all upper case letters. Some countries, such as the United States, may diverge from the following ICAO standards.

<ul><li>The first line contains NOTAM identification (series, sequence number, and year of issue), the type of operation (NEW, REPLACE, or CANCEL), as well as a reference to a previously issued NOTAM (for NOTAMR and NOTAMC only).</li>
<li>The "Q" line holds information about whom the NOTAM affects, along with a basic NOTAM description. This line can be encoded/decoded from tables defined by <a href="/facts/ICAO/TzrL1mLr">ICAO</a>. This allows NOTAMs to be displayed electronically.</li>
<li>The "A" line is the ICAO code of the affected aerodrome or <a href="/facts/Flight_information_region/R0cY8Qrk">FIR</a> for the NOTAM. The area of influence of the NOTAM can be several hundred kilometers from the originating aerodrome.</li>
<li>The "B" line contains the start date and time, and the "C" line contains the finish date and time of the NOTAM. Fields "B" and "C" are in the format YYMMDDhhmm, with times given in <a href="/facts/UTC/2EnjfSyu">Universal Co-ordinated Time</a>, also known as <a href="/facts/UTC/2EnjfSyu">UTC</a> or Zulu time.</li>
<li>Sometimes a "D" line may be present. This gives a miscellaneous <a href="/facts/Day/MTAtWLDj">diurnal</a> time for the NOTAM if the hours of effect are less than 24 hours a day, e.g., <a href="/facts/Parachute/598qrAdg">parachute</a> dropping exercises tend to occur for short periods of a few hours during the day, but may be repeated over many days.</li>
<li>The "E" line is the full NOTAM description. It is in English but can be heavily abbreviated. These abbreviations can be encoded/decoded by tables defined by <a href="/facts/ICAO/TzrL1mLr">ICAO</a>.</li>
<li>When present, "F" and "G" lines detail the height/altitude restrictions of the NOTAM. Typically SFC means surface height or ground level, and UNL is unlimited height. Other heights are given in feet, <a href="/facts/Flight_level/m9yfLlD2">flight level</a>, or a combination of the two.</li></ul>
<h2 id="example">Example</h2>
This is a typical NOTAM for <a href="/facts/Heathrow_Airport/ehLEfIKS">London Heathrow airport</a>:

A1234/06 NOTAMR A1212/06
Q)EGTT/QMXLC/IV/NBO/A/000/999/5129N00028W005
A)EGLL
B)0609050500
C)0704300500
E)DUE WIP TWY B SOUTH CLSD BTN 'F' AND 'R'. TWY 'R' CLSD BTN 'A' AND 'B' AND DIVERTED VIA NEW GREEN CL AND BLUE EDGE LGT. CTN ADZ

This decodes into the following:

Series and number: A1234 issued in 2006 (06)
Nature of the NOTAM: Replacing (R) NOTAM A1212 issued in 2006 (06)
<a href="/facts/Flight_information_region/R0cY8Qrk">FIR</a>: London FIR (EGTT)
Subject: Taxiway (MX)
Condition: Closed (LC)
Traffic: NOTAM issued for <a href="/facts/Instrument_flight_rules/RPfLUgbe">IFR</a> (I) flights and <a href="/facts/Visual_flight_rules/aKWINP27">VFR</a> flights (V)
Purpose: NOTAM selected for immediate attention of flight crew members (N), for PIB (Pre-flight Information Bulletin) entry (B), concerning flight operations (O)
Scope: Aerodrome (A)
Limits: <a href="/facts/Flight_level/m9yfLlD2">FL</a> 000 to FL 999 (000/999)
Geographical location: 51°29' N 000° 28' W (5129N00028W)
Operation radius of the NOTAM: 5 NM (005)
Aerodrome: London Heathrow (EGLL)
From: 05:00 UTC 5 September 2006 (060905 0500)
Until: 05:00 UTC 30 April 2007 (070430 0500)
Category: Aerodromes, air routes, and ground aids
Description: Due to work in progress (DUE WIP), taxiway "B South" is closed between "F" and "R" (TWY B SOUTH CLSD BTN 'F' AND 'R'). Taxiway "R" is closed between "A" and "B" (TWY 'R' CLSD BTN 'A' AND 'B') and is diverted via a new green centre line and blue edge lighting (AND DIVERTED VIA NEW GREEN CL AND BLUE EDGE LGT). Caution advised (CTN ADZ).
<h2 id="us-domestic-notams">U.S. domestic NOTAMs</h2>
In the United States, NOTAMs are classified by the <a href="/facts/Federal_Aviation_Administration/PYsXt3YT">FAA</a> into five categories:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

NOTAM (D) or distant NOTAMs
A NOTAM (D) information is disseminated for all navigational facilities that are part of the <a href="/facts/National_Airspace_System/PzS6tfkD">National Airspace System</a> (NAS), all public use airports, seaplane bases, and <a href="/facts/Heliport/MJG4cfMJ">heliports</a> listed in the <a href="/facts/Airport%2fFacility_Directory/ob8DJuwa">Airport/Facility Directory</a> (A/FD) (e.g., such information as whether or not an airport or a certain facility is usable). NOTAM (D) information includes, among other topics, such data as taxiway closures, personnel and equipment near or crossing runways, and airport lighting aids that do not affect <a href="/facts/Instrument_approach/UDS9QFWr">instrument approach</a> criteria, such as <a href="/facts/VASI/kIXMvgc3">VASI</a>.
Flight Data Center (FDC) NOTAMs
The National Flight Data Center will issue these NOTAMs when it becomes necessary to disseminate information that is regulatory in nature, and they contain such things as amendments to published <a href="/facts/Instrument_approach_procedure/UDS9QFWr">IAPs</a> and other current <a href="/facts/Aeronautical_chart/nATCEf86">aeronautical charts</a>. They are also used to advertise <a href="/facts/Temporary_flight_restriction/GjfHWDyh">temporary flight restrictions</a> caused by such things as natural disasters or large-scale public events that may generate congestion of air traffic over a site.
Pointer NOTAMs
NOTAMs issued by a flight service station to highlight or point out another NOTAM, such as an FDC or NOTAM (D) NOTAM. This type of NOTAM will assist users in cross-referencing important information that may not be found under an airport or <a href="/facts/NAVAID/AHdWcNxK">NAVAID</a> identifier.
Special activity airspace (SAA) NOTAMs
SAA NOTAMs are issued when SAA (the term "SAA" includes <a href="/facts/Special_use_airspace/rAyqdE7s">SUA</a>, as well as instrument and visual military training routes, aerial refueling tracks and anchors<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>) will be active outside the published schedule times and when required by the published schedule.
Military NOTAMs
NOTAMs pertaining to U.S. Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy <a href="/facts/Navigational_aid/AHdWcNxK">navigational aids</a>/airports that are part of the NAS.
<h3>Format</h3>
From left to right, U.S. NOTAMs contain the following elements:

<ul><li>An exclamation point</li>
<li>Accountability Location (using the <a href="/facts/Location_identifier/fj2bnvhY">FAA identifier</a>)</li>
<li>Affected Location (using the <a href="/facts/Location_identifier/fj2bnvhY">FAA identifier</a>)</li>
<li>One of the following keywords</li></ul>
<table><tbody><tr><th>Keyword</th><th>Meaning</th></tr><tr><td>RWY</td><td>Runway</td></tr><tr><td>TWY</td><td>Taxiway</td></tr><tr><td>RAMP</td><td>Terminal ramp</td></tr><tr><td>APRON</td><td><a href="/facts/Airport_apron/fD21Mtrz">Airport apron</a></td></tr><tr><td>AD</td><td>Aerodrome/Airport</td></tr><tr><td>OBST</td><td>Obstruction</td></tr><tr><td>NAV</td><td>Anything relating to navigational equipment, e.g. <a href="/facts/VHF_omnidirectional_range/XV2txX9M">VOR</a> or <a href="/facts/Non-directional_beacon/Jnx4rAKX">NDB</a> being out of service.</td></tr><tr><td>COM</td><td>Any other communications, e.g. <a href="/facts/Automatic_terminal_information_service/6a4WGvt0">ATIS</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>SVC</td><td>When tower, fuel, customs service hours are available.</td></tr><tr><td>AIRSPACE</td><td>The <a href="/facts/Airspace/6FbRBRSu">airspace</a> surrounding the affect location.</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>Other aeronautical information, but unverified.</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>Other aeronautical information.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li>Surface Identification (i.e., the runway or taxiway number)</li>
<li>Condition</li>
<li>Time</li></ul>
These NOTAMS are likely to use <a href="https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/CNT.pdf">FAA-specific abbreviations</a>.

<h4>Examples</h4>
!ORT 6K8 (U) RWY ABANDONED VEHICLE
Tok Junction Airport has an unverified vehicle that is abandoned on its runway.

!LAX LAX NAV VOR OTS
Los Angeles International's VOR is out of service.

!OSH OSH AIRSPACE AIRSHOW ACFT 5000/BLW 5 NMR AIRPORT AVOIDANCE ADZD WEF 0707152000-0707152200
There is an airshow being held at Oshkosh airport with aircraft flying 5,000 feet and below within a 5 nautical mile radius. Avoidance is advised from 2000 UTC on July 15, 2007, until 2200 on July 15, 2007.

<h3>Incidents</h3>
On 11 January 2023, the <a href="/facts/2023_FAA_system_outage/ldXsmAfy">US NOTAM system failed</a>, which grounded all domestic flights until 9:00 AM EST (UTC-5) the same day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/NOTAM_code/1It4vEQq">NOTAM code</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Notice_to_mariners/g5msgF5x">Notice to mariners</a> — marine equivalent</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Area_control_center/aJ2cpL6Y">Area control center</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Air_corridor/aQgk7LDK">Air corridor</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Air_defense_identification_zone/uDd2ubUR">Air defense identification zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Airspace/6FbRBRSu">Airspace</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Air_traffic_control/G2cQebVb">Air traffic control</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Airway_(aviation)/aQgk7LDK">Airway (aviation)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Control_area_(aviation)/8fvKWuKN">Control area (aviation)</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Control_zone/kWVAxVeR">Control zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Flight_information_region/R0cY8Qrk">Flight information region</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_area_control_centers/lBYs533Q">List of area control centers</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Terminal_control_area/8FCUv3Ea">Terminal control area</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://notams.aim.faa.gov/notamSearch/">NOTAM Search</a> (retrieval of Letters to Airmen) FAA</li>
<li><a href="https://www.notams.faa.gov/dinsQueryWeb/">NOTAM dinsQueryWeb</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ops.group/blog/the-annual-greece-v-turkey-notam-battle/">The Annual Greece v Turkey NOTAM Battle</a> - OPSGROUP</li>
<li><a href="http://www.drorpilot.com/English/notam.htm">NOTAM decoder</a> - drorpilot</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108090626/http://simaviotool.altervista.org/notam-tutorial.php">NOTAM tutorial</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.casa.gov.au/about-us/standard-page/aviation-abbreviations-and-acronyms-full-list">Aviation abbreviations</a> - <a href="/facts/Civil_Aviation_Safety_Authority/htdoHpMg">Civil Aviation Safety Authority</a>, Australia</li>
<li><a href="https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/aim.pdf">"Aeronautical Information Manual"</a> (PDF). <a href="/facts/Federal_Aviation_Administration/PYsXt3YT">Federal Aviation Administration</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 203. ISBN 9780850451634. <a href="9780850451634" target="_blank">9780850451634</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Notices to Airmen". www.icao.int. Archived from the original on 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2021-12-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201194917/https://www.icao.int/safety/istars/pages/notams.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211201194917/https://www.icao.int/safety/istars/pages/notams.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"FAA Order 7930.2S, Change 2, "Notices to Air Men (NOTAM)" (PDF). www.faa.gov. <a href="https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/7930.2S_Chg_2_dtd_12-2-21.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/7930.2S_Chg_2_dtd_12-2-21.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"What is a NOTAM? Notice to Airman (NOTAMs)". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/notam/what_is_a_notam" target="_blank">https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/notam/what_is_a_notam</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Notifying airspace users of drone and remotely piloted events or activity | Civil Aviation Authority". www.caa.co.uk. Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 11 February 2025. <a href="https://www.caa.co.uk/drones/airspace-and-restrictions/notifying-airspace-users-of-drone-and-remotely-piloted-events-or-activity/" target="_blank">https://www.caa.co.uk/drones/airspace-and-restrictions/notifying-airspace-users-of-drone-and-remotely-piloted-events-or-activity/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Airspace notification of air displays and flypasts | Civil Aviation Authority". www.caa.co.uk. Civil Aviation Authority. <a href="https://www.caa.co.uk/general-aviation/flying-displays-and-special-events/airspace-notification-of-air-displays-and-flypasts/" target="_blank">https://www.caa.co.uk/general-aviation/flying-displays-and-special-events/airspace-notification-of-air-displays-and-flypasts/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Gilbert, Gordon (2021-12-07). "Notam Gets Gender-neutral Name in FAA Procedures Update". Aviation International News. Retrieved 2025-02-19. <a href="https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2021-12-07/notam-gets-gender-neutral-name-faa-procedures-update" target="_blank">https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2021-12-07/notam-gets-gender-neutral-name-faa-procedures-update</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"NOTAM Term Change from Notice to Air Missions to Notice to Airmen". Federal Aviation Administration. 2025-02-10. Retrieved 2025-02-19. <a href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1043524" target="_blank">https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1043524</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Chambers, Dan (February 10, 2010). "Flight School 101: What is a NOTAM?". College of Aeronautical Science & Technology. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050309/http://www.aviator.edu/129/section.aspx/72/post/flight-school-101-what-is-a-notam" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050309/http://www.aviator.edu/129/section.aspx/72/post/flight-school-101-what-is-a-notam</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Air Force Instruction Interservice Publication 11-208" (PDF). <a href="https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a3/publication/afi11-208/afi11-208.pdf" target="_blank">https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a3/publication/afi11-208/afi11-208.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"NOTAMs and TFRs". St. Louis Downtown Airport. St. Louis, Missouri. Retrieved 5 March 2025. <a href="https://www.stlouisdowntownairport.com/pilot-information/notams-and-tfrs/" target="_blank">https://www.stlouisdowntownairport.com/pilot-information/notams-and-tfrs/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Notices To Airmen", a 1921 NOTAM in Flight magazine <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018071630/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200059.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171018071630/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200059.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"NOTAMs and TFRs". St. Louis Downtown Airport. St. Louis, Missouri. Retrieved 5 March 2025. <a href="https://www.stlouisdowntownairport.com/pilot-information/notams-and-tfrs/" target="_blank">https://www.stlouisdowntownairport.com/pilot-information/notams-and-tfrs/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Global repository of actual NOTAMS". International Civil Aviation Organization. Retrieved 16 April 2023. <a href="https://www.icao.int/safety/istars/pages/notams.aspx" target="_blank">https://www.icao.int/safety/istars/pages/notams.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Freed, Jamie (28 April 2021). "'Bunch of garbage': Campaign to ease pilot overload from antiquated safety warnings". Reuters. Retrieved 15 June 2022. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/bunch-garbage-campaign-ease-pilot-overload-antiquated-safety-warnings-2021-04-28/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/bunch-garbage-campaign-ease-pilot-overload-antiquated-safety-warnings-2021-04-28/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Russia Restricts Flights Over Crimea And Black Sea". OPSGROUP. 21 April 2021. <a href="https://ops.group/blog/russia-restricts-flights-over-crimea-and-black-sea/" target="_blank">https://ops.group/blog/russia-restricts-flights-over-crimea-and-black-sea/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Russia issues warning, restricts flight zone over Black Sea". TASS. 20 April 2021. <a href="https://tass.com/politics/1280469" target="_blank">https://tass.com/politics/1280469</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Russia Restricts Flights Over Crimea And Black Sea". OPSGROUP. 21 April 2021. <a href="https://ops.group/blog/russia-restricts-flights-over-crimea-and-black-sea/" target="_blank">https://ops.group/blog/russia-restricts-flights-over-crimea-and-black-sea/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"[ANALYSIS] What is Russia's actual intent in promulgating NOTAMS in the Black Sea?". Turkish Minute. 11 February 2022. <a href="https://www.turkishminute.com/2022/02/11/sis-what-is-russias-actual-intent-in-promulgating-notams-in-the-black-sea/" target="_blank">https://www.turkishminute.com/2022/02/11/sis-what-is-russias-actual-intent-in-promulgating-notams-in-the-black-sea/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"Get NOTAM Data". www.icao.int. Retrieved 2024-11-03. <a href="https://www.icao.int/safety/iStars/Pages/Get-NOTAM-Data.aspx" target="_blank">https://www.icao.int/safety/iStars/Pages/Get-NOTAM-Data.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Multiple sources:
Zee, Mark (March 15, 2017). "The problem of Bullshit Notams". Flight Service Bureau. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
"The problem of Bullshit Notams". The Opsgroup. March 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316030425/http://flightservicebureau.org/the-problem-of-bullshit-notams/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170316030425/http://flightservicebureau.org/the-problem-of-bullshit-notams/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Air Force Instruction 33-115, Volume 3: Air Force Network Operating Instructions" (PDF). Air Force Departmental Publishing Office. 15 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020095438/https://www.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFI33-115V3.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121020095438/https://www.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFI33-115V3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Stuart “Kipp” Lau (October 26, 2018). "AINsight: Notams Are Wall of Text and Bunch of Garbage". AIN online. <a href="https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/blogs/ainsight-notams-are-wall-text-and-bunch-garbage" target="_blank">https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/blogs/ainsight-notams-are-wall-text-and-bunch-garbage</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">AIM, 5–1–3 "Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) System" (August 22, 2013 revision) <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"FAA Order JO 7930.2N, Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)". 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2014-02-26. <a href="http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1021828" target="_blank">http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1021828</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"FAA NOTAMS Statement". Federal Aviation Administration. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023. <a href="https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/faa-notams-statement" target="_blank">https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/faa-notams-statement</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Freed, Jamie; Singh, Rajesh Kumar; Shepardson, David (2023-01-11). "U.S. flights beginning to resume after FAA system outage". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-01-11. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-faa-says-flight-personnel-alert-system-not-processing-updates-after-outage-2023-01-11/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-faa-says-flight-personnel-alert-system-not-processing-updates-after-outage-2023-01-11/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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NOTAM