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Distributed database
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<h2 id="architecture">Architecture</h2> <p>There are 3 main architecture types for distributed databases: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Shared-memory_architecture/Dum5K0BC">Shared-memory</a>: very rarely used<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shared-disk_architecture/bAv6nVEm">Shared-disk</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shared-nothing_architecture/EXvXTQ6E">Shared-nothing</a></li></ul> <p>In the shared-memory and shared-disk architectures, the data is not <a href="/facts/Partition_(database)/2cKcwmXW">partitioned</a>, but it has to be in a shared-nothing architecture. </p><p>Shared-disk architecture is more common for <a href="/facts/Cloud_database/mp7QWz5y">cloud databases</a> than for on-premise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Historically, shared-nothing was the first architecture to be implemented on the cloud, before the advent of shared cloud storage made shared-disk possible. </p><p>In practice, different layers of the database can have different architectures. It is now common to have a compute layer with a shared nothing architecture, and a storage layer with a shared disk architecture. This is for instance the case of <a href="/facts/Snowflake_Inc./t8zG3Xld">Snowflake</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Amazon_Aurora/9Y5Gs369">AWS Aurora</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>List of shared-nothing databases</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/IBM_Db2/2cYITuuY">IBM Db2</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Greenplum/CNIAxda2">Greenplum</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Netezza/jVU2WM4f">Netezza</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Teradata/sarnALYT">Teradata</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/TiDB/lesmbgpA">TiDB</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vertica/SGJBWtrr">Vertica</a></li></ul> <h3>List of shared-disk databases</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Amazon_Aurora/9Y5Gs369">AWS Aurora</a></li> <li>Neon</li> <li><a href="/facts/Snowflake_Inc./t8zG3Xld">Snowflake</a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Centralized_database/I2rg9zYo">Centralized database</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Data_grid/h51V24Ek">Data grid</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_cache/ry6do0bs">Distributed cache</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_data_store/Raz2puRl">Distributed data store</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_hash_table/3eDfAaoh">Distributed hash table</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Routing_protocol/LH5U2Qh5">Routing protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Distributed_SQL/ed2cmpzk">Distributed SQL</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>M. T. Özsu and P. Valduriez, <i>Principles of Distributed Databases</i> (3rd edition) (2011), Springer, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4419-8833-1</li> <li>Elmasri and Navathe, <i>Fundamentals of database systems</i> (3rd edition), Addison-Wesley Longman, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-201-54263-3</li> <li><i>Oracle Database Administrator's Guide 10g</i> (Release 1), <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10739/ds_concepts.htm">http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10739/ds_concepts.htm</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Definition: distributed database". www.its.bldrdoc.gov. <a href="http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-012/_1750.htm" target="_blank">http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-012/_1750.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>O'Brien, J. & Marakas, G.M.(2008) Management Information Systems (pp. 185-189). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ozsu, M.T.; Valduriez, P. (1991). "Distributed database systems: where are we now?". Computer. 24 (8): 68–78. doi:10.1109/2.84879. ISSN 1558-0814. S2CID 5898169. <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/84879" target="_blank">https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/84879</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>O'Brien, J. & Marakas, G.M.(2008) Management Information Systems (pp. 185-189). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"TechNet Glossary". Microsoft. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-16. distributed query[:] Any SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement that references tables and rowsets from one or more external OLE DB data sources. <a href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc966484.aspx" target="_blank">https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc966484.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ashdown, Lance; Kyte, Tom (September 2011). "Oracle Database Concepts, 11g Release 2 (11.2)". Oracle Corporation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2013-07-17. Distributed SQL synchronously accesses and updates data distributed among multiple databases. [...] Distributed SQL includes distributed queries and distributed transactions. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715001716/http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e25789/toc.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130715001716/http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e25789/toc.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Garrod, Charlie (2023). "Lecture #21: Introduction to Distributed Databases" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University - School of Computer Science. Retrieved 2023-03-12. <a href="https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/spring2023/notes/21-distributed.pdf" target="_blank">https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/spring2023/notes/21-distributed.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Garrod, Charlie (2023). "Lecture #21: Introduction to Distributed Databases" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University - School of Computer Science. Retrieved 2023-03-12. <a href="https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/spring2023/notes/21-distributed.pdf" target="_blank">https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/spring2023/notes/21-distributed.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Kaushik, Arun (2020-02-14). "What Makes Snowflake So Powerful — It's the Hybrid of Shared Disk and Shared Nothing Architecture". Medium. Retrieved 2024-03-12. <a href="https://medium.com/@a.kaushik5587/what-makes-snowflake-so-powerful-its-the-hybrid-of-shared-disk-and-shared-nothing-architecture-5b4fa8f039fa" target="_blank">https://medium.com/@a.kaushik5587/what-makes-snowflake-so-powerful-its-the-hybrid-of-shared-disk-and-shared-nothing-architecture-5b4fa8f039fa</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Brahmadesam, Murali; Ternstrom, Tobias (2019). "Amazon Aurora storage demystified: How it all works" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-03-12. <a href="https://d1.awsstatic.com/events/reinvent/2019/REPEAT_Amazon_Aurora_storage_demystified_How_it_all_works_DAT309-R.pdf" target="_blank">https://d1.awsstatic.com/events/reinvent/2019/REPEAT_Amazon_Aurora_storage_demystified_How_it_all_works_DAT309-R.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>