Energy in Scotland

<h2 id="energy-consumption">Energy consumption</h2>
The total final energy consumption in Scotland was just over 64.5 TWh, split approximately two-thirds gas to one-third electricity. Both gas and electricity consumption has continued to decline, down 70% and 74% from 2005 levels respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> 

Final electricity and gas consumption in Scotland in 2023 (GWh), and percentage change from 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Domestic</th><th>Non-domestic</th><th>Total</th></tr><tr><th>Gas</th><td>25,133 (+1.1%)</td><td>17,608 (-1.9%)</td><td>42,741 (-2.0%)</td></tr><tr><th>Electricity</th><td> 8,694 (+2%)</td><td>13,068 (-7%)</td><td>21,763 (-0.7%)</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><td>33,827</td><td>30,676</td><td>64,504</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="production-of-electricity">Production of electricity</h2>
In 2020, 98.6% of all electricity used in Scotland was from renewable sources. This is minus net exports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Between October 2021 and September 2022 63.1% of all electricity generated in Scotland was from renewable sources, 83.6% was classed as low carbon and 14.5% was from fossil fuels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> The Scottish Government has a target to have the equivalent of 50% of the energy for Scotland's heat, transport and electricity consumption to be supplied from renewable sources by 2030.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> They have stated that, in 2022, the equivalent of 113% of the country's overall electrical consumption was produced by renewable energy, making it the highest recorded figure of renewable energy generated to date.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Over the past two decades, the annual electricity generation in Scotland has been around 50 TWh. Prior to 2010, around half of this was from fossil fuels. There has been significant growth in wind power, which now comprises more than half of all electricity generation in Scotland. <a href="/facts/Bioenergy/BvDWWFGP">Bioenergy</a> contributes around 5% and grid-scale <a href="/facts/Solar_power/NpgmEbU2">solar power</a> almost 1%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> In 2023, Scotland exported 13.85 TWh to <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a> and 2.03 TWh to <a href="/facts/Northern_Ireland/Jmr0NRyl">Northern Ireland</a>, approximately 35% of the total generated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

 
<h2 id="sources-of-energy">Sources of energy</h2>
<h3>Nuclear energy</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_Scotland/MazJL5HP">Nuclear power in Scotland</a>
Scotland has a long history of nuclear research and electricity generation. Nuclear energy consistently accounts for 20-80% of the electric supply in Scotland depending on weather conditions for wind power generation and electricity demand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> As of 2022, there is only one remaining operating nuclear power station in Scotland (Torness).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
The <a href="/facts/Scottish_National_Party/szB9zEcs">Scottish National Party</a> (SNP) government elected in 2007 had a 'no new nuclear power strategy'. This position is at odds with <a href="/facts/UK_government/3zLlUWbx">UK government</a> policy which in January 2008 announced the go-ahead for new nuclear power stations to be built across the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>. In response, Scotland's then First Minister Alex Salmond commented there was 'no chance' of new nuclear power stations being built in Scotland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The <a href="/facts/Scottish_Parliament/IpB09xer">Parliament</a> voted 63–58 to support the policy of opposing new nuclear power stations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> taking advantage of a loophole which permits a veto on planning, despite lacking authority over the UK energy policy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Others support nuclear as part of a sustainable, clean energy policy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> 

<h3>Renewable energy</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland/9nbfK1cX">Renewable energy in Scotland</a>
The production of <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy/6Bu6IrpF">renewable energy</a> in <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> is a topic that came to the fore in technical, economic, and political terms during the opening years of the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> The natural resource base for renewable energy is high by <a href="/facts/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union/jI0RDdfP">European</a>, and even global standards, with the most important potential sources being <a href="/facts/Wind_power/vlNN3u16">wind</a>, <a href="/facts/Wave_power/TnVoX1eS">wave</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tidal_power/ET3PvlzR">tide</a>. Renewables generate almost all of <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland's</a> electricity, mostly from <a href="/facts/Wind_power_in_Scotland/XmtwQSM2">the country's wind power</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>
In 2020, Scotland had 12 <a href="/facts/Gigawatt/VK8oqRrm">gigawatts</a> (GW) of renewable electricity capacity, which produced about a quarter of total <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">UK</a> renewable generation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> In decreasing order of capacity, Scotland's renewable generation comes from onshore wind, <a href="/facts/Hydropower/Adx1E5ha">hydropower</a>, <a href="/facts/Offshore_wind_power/wqVKcFSw">offshore wind</a>, <a href="/facts/Photovoltaic_system/rD4rcJB8">solar PV</a> and <a href="/facts/Biomass/4VHjaya3">biomass</a>. <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> exports much of this electricity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> On 26 January 2024, the Scottish Government confirmed that 113% of Scotland's overall electricity consumption in 2022 was from renewable energy sources, making it the highest percentage figure ever recorded for renewable energy consumption in Scotland. It was hailed as "a significant milestone in Scotland's journey to net zero" by the <a href="/facts/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Wellbeing_Economy%2c_Fair_Work_and_Energy/lW9z6emA">Cabinet Secretary for Wellbeing Economy, Fair Work and Energy</a>, <a href="/facts/Neil_Gray/pbCP1CTs">Neil Gray</a>. It becomes the first time that Scotland produced more renewable energy than it actually consumed, and demonstrates the "enormous potential of Scotland's green economy" as claimed by Gray.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
Continuing improvements in <a href="/facts/Engineering/RFVg8H3I">engineering</a> and <a href="/facts/Economics/HYctA2Dn">economics</a> are enabling more of the <a href="/facts/Renewable_resource/mLvvNF6A">renewable resources</a> to be used. Fears regarding <a href="/facts/Fuel_poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom/Y5mc5ECp">fuel poverty</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> and <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a> have driven the subject high up the political agenda. In 2020 a quarter of total energy consumption, including heat and transportation, was met from renewables, and the Scottish government target is half by 2030.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> Although the finances of some projects remain speculative or dependent on market incentives, there has been a significant—and, in all likelihood, long-term—change in the underpinning economics.

<h3>Oil and gas</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Oil_industry_in_Scotland/0ky81HJn">Oil industry in Scotland</a>, <a href="/facts/North_Sea_oil/krJHnd7j">North Sea oil</a>, and <a href="/facts/It%2527s_Scotland%2527s_oil/IUkoyCBa">It's Scotland's oil</a> 
98% of oil and gas production in the United Kingdom as a whole comes from offshore fields<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> and the services industry in <a href="/facts/Aberdeen/yoH7QeAK">Aberdeen</a> has been a leader in developing technology for hydrocarbon extraction offshore. 
Oil comes mainly from the North Sea Central Graben close to the median line with Norway in two main clusters – around the <a href="/facts/Forties_oilfield/rsMFojJE">Forties oilfield</a> east of Aberdeen and the <a href="/facts/Brent_oilfield/Fcv7fQYq">Brent oilfield</a> east of <a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a>. There have been recent discoveries in challenging conditions west of Shetland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>
Most of the largest oil fields in the UK sector of the North Sea were found in the waters to the north and east of the Scottish mainland, with the most northerly fields found to the east of the <a href="/facts/Orkney/CDuLIPfu">Orkney</a> and the <a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a> Islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> <a href="/facts/Aberdeen/yoH7QeAK">Aberdeen</a> became the centre of Britain's North Sea oil industry, with many oil terminals such as that of <a href="/facts/Sullom_Voe/VMuDVgYP">Sullom Voe</a> in Shetland and <a href="/facts/Flotta/jX43YEoc">Flotta</a> in Orkney and at <a href="/facts/Cruden_Bay/FBwExLJk">Cruden Bay</a> and <a href="/facts/St_Fergus/1bLxD1pX">St Fergus</a> on the north-eastern coast of Scotland being built to support the North Sea oil industry. In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of economic turbulence with the <a href="/facts/1973_oil_crisis/fpuVQF2T">1973 oil price shock</a>, which was caused by the <a href="/facts/Yom_Kippur_War/tTNe7UlK">Yom Kippur War</a>. That resulted in rising <a href="/facts/Inflation/YvKtKrVI">inflation</a>, high <a href="/facts/Unemployment/qGzDQbWt">unemployment</a> and a <a href="/facts/Recession/ncYpUqmr">recession</a>, a situation known as <a href="/facts/Stagflation/a0CLc2l3">stagflation</a>, in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom/nvsoeArQ">Nuclear power in the United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom/65vJ6W6H">Renewable energy in</a> <a href="/facts/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom/nvsoeArQ">the United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom/2uugU0df">Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Quarterly energy statistics bulletins". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2022-03-03. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/publications/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Whitelee wind farm in Scotland". iberdrola.com. Iberdrola. Retrieved 3 January 2024. <a href="https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/what-we-do/onshore-wind-energy/-whitelee-onshore-wind-farm#:~:text=Whitelee%2C%20with%20215%20turbines%20in,period%20the%20largest%20in%20Europe." target="_blank">https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/what-we-do/onshore-wind-energy/-whitelee-onshore-wind-farm#:~:text=Whitelee%2C%20with%20215%20turbines%20in,period%20the%20largest%20in%20Europe.</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Scotland unveils world's largest tidal stream power project". ft.com. Financial Times. Retrieved 3 January 2024. <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/d197308a-7826-11e6-97ae-647294649b28" target="_blank">https://www.ft.com/content/d197308a-7826-11e6-97ae-647294649b28</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"Total Final Energy Consumption". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2025-01-01. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/energy-statistics-for-scotland-q3-2024/pages/total-final-energy-consumption/" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/publications/energy-statistics-for-scotland-q3-2024/pages/total-final-energy-consumption/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Total Final Energy Consumption". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2025-01-01. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/energy-statistics-for-scotland-q3-2024/pages/total-final-energy-consumption/" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/publications/energy-statistics-for-scotland-q3-2024/pages/total-final-energy-consumption/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"Quarterly energy statistics bulletins". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2022-03-03. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/publications/quarterly-energy-statistics-bulletins</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Scottish Energy Statistics Hub: Proportion of electricity consumption by fuel". scotland.shinyapps.io. Retrieved 7 October 2022. <a href="https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=ElecConsumptionFuel" target="_blank">https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=ElecConsumptionFuel</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"The future of energy in Scotland: Scottish energy strategy". Gov.scot. Retrieved 3 January 2019. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-energy-strategy-future-energy-scotland-9781788515276/pages/5" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-energy-strategy-future-energy-scotland-9781788515276/pages/5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Record renewable energy output". www.gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 26 January 2024. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/news/record-renewable-energy-output/" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/news/record-renewable-energy-output/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"Energy Trends: December 2024, special feature article - Electricity generation and supply in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England, 2019 to 2023 - data tables". GOV.UK. 19 December 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-31. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-december-2024-special-feature-article-electricity-generation-and-supply-in-scotland-wales-northern-ireland-and-england-2019-to-20" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-december-2024-special-feature-article-electricity-generation-and-supply-in-scotland-wales-northern-ireland-and-england-2019-to-20</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"Energy Trends: December 2024, special feature article - Electricity generation and supply in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England, 2019 to 2023". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-12-31. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-december-2024-special-feature-article-electricity-generation-and-supply-in-scotland-wales-northern-ireland-and-england-2019-to-20" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-december-2024-special-feature-article-electricity-generation-and-supply-in-scotland-wales-northern-ireland-and-england-2019-to-20</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"Scotland". <a href="https://electricityproduction.uk/in/scotland/" target="_blank">https://electricityproduction.uk/in/scotland/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Paul Matthews; Iain Scherr (15 May 2019). "Annual Compendium of Scottish Energy Statistics - May 2019 Update" (PDF). Scottish Government. p. 19,73. Retrieved 30 June 2020. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2019/05/annual-compendium-of-scottish-energy-statistics/documents/annual-compendium-may-2019/annual-compendium-may-2019/govscot%3Adocument/Annual%2BCompendium%2Bof%2BScottish%2BEnergy%2BStatistics.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/statistics/2019/05/annual-compendium-of-scottish-energy-statistics/documents/annual-compendium-may-2019/annual-compendium-may-2019/govscot%3Adocument/Annual%2BCompendium%2Bof%2BScottish%2BEnergy%2BStatistics.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">New nuclear power stations get go-ahead <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7179579.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7179579.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"MSPs vote No to new nuclear stations". www.scotsman.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623220207/http://news.scotsman.com/nuclearenergy/MSPs-vote-No-to-new.3686900.jp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080623220207/http://news.scotsman.com/nuclearenergy/MSPs-vote-No-to-new.3686900.jp</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"MSPs vote No to new nuclear stations". www.scotsman.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623220207/http://news.scotsman.com/nuclearenergy/MSPs-vote-No-to-new.3686900.jp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20080623220207/http://news.scotsman.com/nuclearenergy/MSPs-vote-No-to-new.3686900.jp</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Tony Trewavas: Nuclear power opposition based on slogans and fear". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2017-01-22. <a href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/tony-trewavas-nuclear-power-opposition-based-on-slogans-and-fear-1-4172188" target="_blank">http://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/tony-trewavas-nuclear-power-opposition-based-on-slogans-and-fear-1-4172188</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">See, for example, Scottish Executive (2005) Choosing Our Future: Scotland's Sustainable Development Strategy. Edinburgh. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Renewables met 97% of Scotland's electricity demand in 2020". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-56530424" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-56530424</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"BEIS Energy Trends – Renewables". UK Government. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"Proportion of electricity generation by fuel". Scottish Government: Scottish Energy Statistics Hub. Retrieved 15 April 2020. <a href="https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=ElecGen" target="_blank">https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=ElecGen</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">"Share of renewable electricity in gross final consumption". Scottish Government: Scottish Energy Statistics Hub. Retrieved 15 April 2020. <a href="https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=RenElecTarget" target="_blank">https://scotland.shinyapps.io/Energy/?Section=RenLowCarbon&Subsection=RenElec&Chart=RenElecTarget</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Record renewable energy output". www.gov.scot. Scottish Government. Retrieved 26 January 2024. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/news/record-renewable-energy-output/" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/news/record-renewable-energy-output/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Wray, Ben (5 June 2022). "April Fuel's Day: Explaining Scotland's energy price rises". The National. Retrieved 11 July 2022. <a href="https://www.thenational.scot/news/20187638.must-ask-energy-prices-rising-renewables-rich-scotland/" target="_blank">https://www.thenational.scot/news/20187638.must-ask-energy-prices-rising-renewables-rich-scotland/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"Energy statistics". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 11 July 2022. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/collections/energy-statistics/" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/collections/energy-statistics/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">"Oil Production sorted by Field". www.og.decc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727083534/https://www.og.decc.gov.uk/pprs/full_production.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140727083534/https://www.og.decc.gov.uk/pprs/full_production.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Shepherd, Mike (2015). Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil. Luath Press. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">School Science from The Energy Institute Map of North Sea oil fields Archived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/petroleum/knowl/images/fields.gif" target="_blank">http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/petroleum/knowl/images/fields.gif</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Scotland on Sunday, January 1, 2006 How North Sea oil calmed the UK's crisis ridden waters <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228021446/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=392006" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060228021446/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=392006</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Energy in Scotland open-in-new

Energy in Scotland