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Fumarole mineral
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<h2 id="origin-and-appearance">Origin and appearance</h2> <p> In <a href="/facts/Fumarole/BX3XEkj5">fumaroles</a>, minerals either form through <a href="/facts/Desublimation/JweT4Eqs">desublimation</a> from fumarole gases or through interactions of fumarole gases with <a href="/facts/Country_rock_(geology)/e1kxFDsH">country rock</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The former are known as sublimates and the latter as incrustations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Some such deposits may also form through the interaction between liquid fumarole condensates and country rock<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and are not always formed by desublimation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Repeated cycles of primary deposition and secondary alteration may occur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Volcanic gases such as <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_chloride/7Wzkhomd">hydrogen chloride</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_fluoride/XfQxlqR6">hydrogen fluoride</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulfur_dioxide/jDK1fIDs">sulfur dioxide</a> and water<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> can transport large amounts of elements, thus contributing to <a href="/facts/Geochemical_cycle/EHCf454T">geochemical cycles</a> on the surface and the formation of <a href="/facts/Ore_deposit/kgc9DssX">ore deposits</a> at depth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> When these exhalations reach the atmosphere and cool, the minerals contained in them tend to precipitate out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Volcanic fumarole minerals (as volcanic sublimate or fumarolic sublimate) form following <a href="/facts/Deposition_(phase_transition)/JweT4Eqs">deposition</a> from <a href="/facts/Volcanic_gas/uu7qYRHS">volcanic gas</a> during an eruption or discharge from a <a href="/facts/Volcanic_vent/c2M5upml">volcanic vent</a> or <a href="/facts/Fumarole/BX3XEkj5">fumarole</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Burning <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a> produces enough heat to partially melt rocks and to generate exhalations of the mineral components embedded in coal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Coal_seam_fire/qT0zJzYt">Coal seam fires</a> often deposit fumarolic minerals over areas of a few square metres which can be detected by airborne <a href="/facts/Hyperspectral/3NsxsAeL">hyperspectral</a> imagery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Coal fires can mobilize toxic <a href="/facts/Trace_element/fcIekKdo">trace elements</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Fumarole minerals have also been found in <a href="/facts/Gusev_crater/mXm7rTJ9">Gusev crater</a> on <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and possibly in a sample returned from the <a href="/facts/Moon/zKHqEMPb">Moon</a> by the probe Chang'e-5.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Fumarole deposits have been used to identify <a href="/facts/Heat_flow/1IV3WbFL">heat flow</a> anomalies and to reconstruct <a href="/facts/Ore_genesis/a3s4mNJT">ore genesis</a> processes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Fumarole exhalations are often black or multicoloured, and tend to develop typical zonations. Common components are <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> compounds and elemental sulfur.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> In the <a href="/facts/Valley_of_Ten_Thousand_Smokes/HfWjNwRe">Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes</a> in Alaska the fumarole minerals form both thin crusts in the vents, mixtures with tephra deposits<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> and coloured outcrops and mounds at the sites of former fumaroles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Deposits at Tolbachik volcano have shapes likef crusts, small plates<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> and globules.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Typical components of fumarole minerals are <a href="/facts/Halide/ujYu8kGD">halides</a>, <a href="/facts/Oxide/DXtoVe1C">oxides</a>, <a href="/facts/Sulfate/yuWVxsUf">sulfates</a> and <a href="/facts/Sulfide/d8YMjLeu">sulfides</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> with the exact composition different between volcanoes, individual vents at volcanoes and different temperatures of the same vent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Fumarolic minerals are often unstable and are eroded or decompose,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> in the <a href="/facts/Valley_of_Ten_Thousand_Smokes/HfWjNwRe">Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes</a> in Alaska it took less than a century for almost all fumarole mineral deposits to disappear<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> although others remained and were later used to identify former fumarole vents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Thus, many fumarole minerals are rare and many rare minerals are fumarole minerals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Some fumarolic minerals have been found in extinct <a href="/facts/Cenozoic/yFslcz6n">Cenozoic</a> volcanoes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and could exist in <a href="/facts/Archean/PHt8Sm8n">Archean</a> rocks as well, however.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Unique textures occur such as bubble-like structures, which may form when the liquid that deposits the minerals evaporates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="volcanoes">Volcanoes</h2> <p>Research on the mineralogy of fumarole minerals has been conducted in Central America, Russia and Europe,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> with detailed publications on <a href="/facts/Izalco/2y03DNnR">Izalco</a> in <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Eldfell/4l9Fz5Ey">Eldfell</a> in <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Vesuvius/QdvyWY0a">Vesuvius</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> where research goes back to the early 19th century<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Vulcano/QYgRaTEv">Vulcano</a> in Italy, <a href="/facts/Mount_Usu/fQYVcWER">Mount Usu</a> in Japan, <a href="/facts/Kudryavy/KtTfDGdz">Kudryavy</a> and <a href="/facts/Tolbachik/nyWL8Hmo">Tolbachik</a> in Russia, <a href="/facts/Kilauea/EjMbfcUW">Kilauea</a> and <a href="/facts/Mount_St._Helens/4r855t03">Mount St. Helens</a> in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">Sulfur</a> deposits containing fumarolic desublimates are found at <a href="/facts/Guallatiri/v6B80LA9">Guallatiri</a> and <a href="/facts/Lastarria/kdEsDzGn">Lastarria</a> volcanoes in the <a href="/facts/Central_Volcanic_Zone/uMYlYgYQ">Central Volcanic Zone</a> of the Andes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Kudryavy/KtTfDGdz">Kudryavy</a> volcano in the <a href="/facts/Kurils/HBRsFdgN">Kurils</a> is particularly known for the numerous mineralizations its fumaroles have produced<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> and for the presence of <a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">rhenium</a>-rich precipitates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Among the elements found there are <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a>-<a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">gold</a>-<a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">silver</a> alloys.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Various <a href="/facts/Sulfate/yuWVxsUf">sulfate</a>-based minerals have been identified at the <a href="/facts/Salton_Buttes/BQA1poWe">Salton Buttes</a> in <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Fumarolic minerals have also been reported from the Western Andes in Bolivia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>The most fumarolic minerals have been found at <a href="/facts/Tolbachik/nyWL8Hmo">Tolbachik</a> volcano in <a href="/facts/Kamchatka/w9DK3jE6">Kamchatka</a>, Russia; Tolbachik also has one of the most diverse mineral assemblages in the world,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> with a number of "<a href="/facts/Endemic/xt4IpIsl">endemic</a>" minerals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> The high temperature and oxidizing regime of exhalations which transport the elements at Tolbachik facilitates mineral deposition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> A large assemblage of <a href="/facts/Silicate/7NdthSRM">silicates</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> and a number of <a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a>-<a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">zinc</a> <a href="/facts/Selenite_(ion)/wJvsRY2r">selenite</a> <a href="/facts/Chloride/m9NUaUDR">chlorides</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> and copper-based fumarolic minerals were discovered at <a href="/facts/Tolbachik/nyWL8Hmo">Tolbachik</a> volcano, <a href="/facts/Kamchatka/w9DK3jE6">Kamchatka</a>, <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>. Many of these include polymeric CuO4 units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> About 240 minerals have been identified at Tolbachik,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> close to a record,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> 40 of them only incompletely studied.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Elemental gold linked to chlorides at Tolbachik has been interpreted as gold transported by chlorine-rich oxidizing environments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> Specimens of fumarole minerals from Tolbachik and Kudryavy are hosted by the <a href="/facts/Fersman_Mineralogical_Museum/d0x1Nw2G">Fersman Mineralogical Museum</a> in <a href="/facts/Moscow/AcFYpQUR">Moscow</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>Historical <a href="/facts/Lava_flow/q2an5SVN">lava flows</a> of <a href="/facts/Vesuvius/QdvyWY0a">Vesuvius</a> volcano contain fumarolic minerals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Various fumarole minerals have been discovered at <a href="/facts/Vulcano/QYgRaTEv">Vulcano</a> volcano in Italy, where the mineralogy has changed since 1987 and 1990 due to hotter fumarole exhalations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> yielding increased <a href="/facts/Sulfate/yuWVxsUf">sulfate</a> and sulfur salt concentrations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> Fumarolic minerals have also been encountered in multiple <a href="/facts/Mud_volcano/ToXSAB5o">mud volcanoes</a> in <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="minerals-discovered-in-fumarole-areas">Minerals discovered in fumarole areas</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Mineral</th><th>Formula</th><th>Location</th><th>Date described</th><th>Ref</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Abramovite/AwYMIgKx">Abramovite</a></td><td>Pb2SnInBiS7</td><td>Kudryavy, Russia</td><td>2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Allochalcoselite</td><td>Cu+Cu2+5PbO2(SeO3)2Cl5</td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Aluminocoquimbite</td><td>AlFe(SO4)*3H2O</td><td>Grotta del' Alume, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2010</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Aluminopyracmonite</td><td>(NH4)3Al(SO4)3</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Arsmirandite</td><td>Na18Cu2+12Fe3+O8(AsO4)8Cl5</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Axelite</td><td>Na14Cu7(AsO4)8F2Cl2</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Baliczunicite</td><td>Bi2O(SO4)2</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2013</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Belomarinaite</td><td>KNaSO4</td><td>Toludskoe lava field, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2019</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Belousovite</td><td>KZn(SO4)Cl</td><td>Yadovitaya fumarole, Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Blossite</td><td>α‑Cu2+2V5+2O7</td><td>Izalco, El Salvador</td><td>1987</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bubnovaite</td><td>K2Na8Ca(SO4)6</td><td>Naboko cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Burnsite</td><td>KCdCu7O2(SeO3)2Cl9</td><td>Tolbachik</td><td>2002?</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cadmoindite/kWnC4ApA">Cadmoindite</a></td><td>CdIn2S4</td><td>Kudryavy, Russia</td><td>2004</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Calciolangbeinite</td><td>K2Ca2(SO4)3</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Campostriniite</td><td>(Bi3+,Na)3(NH,4K)2Na2(SO4)·6H2O</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2015</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cannizzarite</td><td>Pb46Bi54(S,Se)127</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cesiodymite</td><td>CsKCu5O(SO4)5</td><td>Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Chubarovite</td><td>KZn2(BO3)Cl2</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2015</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cryptocalcite</td><td>K2Cu5O(SO4)5</td><td>Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cuprodobrovolskyite</td><td>Na4Cu(SO4)3</td><td>Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik</td><td>2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Cupromolybdite</td><td>Cu3O(MoO4)2</td><td>New Tolbachik scoria cones, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2012</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>D'ansite</td><td>Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl</td><td>Vesuvius and Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2012</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Demartinite</td><td>K2SiF6</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2007</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Demicheleite</td><td>BiSI and BiSBr</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2010 and 2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Dobrovolskyite</td><td>Na4Ca(SO4)3</td><td>Great Tolbachik fissure eruption, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Elasmochloite</td><td>Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)</td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Eldfellite</td><td>NaFe(SO4)2</td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ermakovite</td><td>(NH4)(As2O3)2Br</td><td>Fan-Yagnob coal deposit, <a href="/facts/Tajikistan/xLLXqHEJ">Tajikistan</a></td><td>2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Grigorievite</td><td>Cu3Fe3+2Al2(VO4)</td><td>Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2015</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hermannjahnite/98QLfeDN">Hermannjahnite</a></td><td>CuZn(SO4)2</td><td>Naboko scoria cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Karpovite</td><td>Tl2VO(SO4)2(H2O)</td><td>First Cinder Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Knasibfite</td><td>K3Na4[SiF6]3[BF4]</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2008</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Koksharovite</td><td>CaMg2Fe3+4(VO4)6</td><td><a href="/facts/Bezymyanny/soBWBqPa">Bezymyanny</a>, Russia</td><td>2015</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Kristjánite</td><td>KNa2H(SO4)2</td><td>Fimmvörðuháls, Iceland</td><td>2010</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Kudriavite</td><td>(Cd,Pb)Bi2S4</td><td>Kudryavy, Russia</td><td>2004</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lehmannite</td><td>Na18Cu2+12TiO8(AsO4)8FCl5</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik</td><td>2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Leonardsenite</td><td>MgAlF5(H2O)2</td><td>Eldfell, <a href="/facts/Heimaey/vl95xMef">Heimaey</a>, Iceland</td><td>2015</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lesyukite</td><td>Al2(OH)5Cl20−*H2O</td><td>First Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2007 or earlier</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lucabindiite/WVWphMTS">Lucabindiite</a></td><td>(K,NH4)As4O6(Cl,Br)</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2010–2011</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Majzlanite</td><td>K2Na(ZnNa)Ca(SO4)4</td><td>Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2019</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Manuelarossiite</td><td>CaPbAlF7</td><td>Vesuvius volcano, Italy</td><td>2024?</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Medvedevite</td><td>KMnV2O6Cl*(H2O)2</td><td>Toludskoe lava field, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Napoliite</td><td>Pb2OFCl</td><td>Vesuvius, 1994 rocks</td><td>2010-2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Nishanbaevite</td><td>KAl2O(AsO4)(SO4)</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Oskarssonite</td><td>AlF3</td><td><a href="/facts/Eldfell/4l9Fz5Ey">Eldfell</a>, Iceland</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ozerovaite</td><td>Na2KAl3(AsO4)4</td><td>Second Cinder Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2019</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Paradimorphite</td><td>As4S3</td><td>Solfatara, Campi Flegrei, Italy</td><td>2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Parageorgbokiite</td><td>b-Cu5O2(SeO3)2Cl2</td><td>Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2007</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Parascandolaite</td><td>KMgF3</td><td>Vesuvius, Italy</td><td>2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Parawulffite</td><td>K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Petrovite/4FRzsSxj">Petrovite</a></td><td>Na10CaCu2(SO4)8</td><td>Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pliniusite</td><td>Ca5(VO4)3F</td><td>Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2022</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Prewittite</td><td>KPb1.5Cu6Zn(SeO3)2O2Cl10</td><td>Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2013</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Pseudolyonsite</td><td>Cu3(VO4)2</td><td>New Tolbachik scoria cones, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2011</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Puninite</td><td>Na2Cu3O(SO4)3</td><td>Second scoria cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2017</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Rhabdoborite</td><td>Mg12(V,Mo,W)4/3O6[(BO3)6–x(PO4)xF2–x]</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Russoite</td><td>NH4ClAs3+2O3(H2O)0.5</td><td><a href="/facts/Solfatara/BX3XEkj5">Solfatara</a>, <a href="/facts/Phlegrean_Fields/TTMFCf4Y">Phlegrean Fields</a>, Italy</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ryabchikovite</td><td>CuMg(Si2O6)</td><td>Arsenatnaya, Tolbachik</td><td>2023</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Sbacchiite</td><td>Ca2AlF7</td><td>Vesuvius, Italy</td><td>2019</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Shcherbinaite</td><td>V2O5</td><td><a href="/facts/Izalco/2y03DNnR">Izalco</a>, <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a></td><td>1983</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Stoiberite</td><td>Cu5V2O10</td><td>"Y fumarole", Izalco, El Salvador</td><td>1979</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Therasiaite</td><td>(NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Thermessaite</td><td>(NH4)2AlF3(SO4)</td><td>La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Topsøeite</td><td>FeF3(H2O)3</td><td><a href="/facts/Hekla/amLYLYEE">Hekla</a>, Iceland</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wulffite/JF6WAzS0">Wulffite</a></td><td>K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2014</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Vasilseverginite</td><td>Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2</td><td>Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2021</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Wrightite</td><td>K2Al2O(AsO4)2</td><td>Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>1983</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Yavapaiite</td><td>KFe(SO4)2</td><td></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ziminaite</td><td>Fe3+VO4</td><td>Bezymyanny, Russia</td><td>2018</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Zincobradaczekite</td><td>NaCuCuZn2(AsO4)3</td><td>Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia</td><td>2020</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li>Borisov, Artem S.; Siidra, Oleg I.; Vlasenko, Natalia S.; Platonova, Natalia V.; Schuldt, Thies; Neuman, Mason; Strauss, Harald; Holzheid, Astrid (September 2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemer.2024.126179">"The Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano: A comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical study and driving factors for mineral diversity"</a>. <i>Geochemistry</i>. 84 (3): 126179. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ChEG...84l6179B">2024ChEG...84l6179B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemer.2024.126179">10.1016/j.chemer.2024.126179</a>.</li> <li>Britvin, S. N.; Pekov, I. V.; Yapaskurt, V. O.; Koshlyakova, N. N.; Göttlicher, J.; Krivovichev, S. V.; Turchkova, A. G.; Sidorov, E. G. (14 April 2020). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156706">"Polyoxometalate chemistry at volcanoes: discovery of a novel class of polyoxocuprate nanoclusters in fumarolic minerals"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. 10 (1): 6345. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.6345B">2020NatSR..10.6345B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-63109-1">10.1038/s41598-020-63109-1</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156706">7156706</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32286401">32286401</a>.</li> <li>Cámara, Fernando; Gagne, Olivier C.; Uvarova, Yulia (1 February 2015). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703111205/https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/201912/files/fulltext.pdf">"New Mineral Names"</a> (PDF). <i>American Mineralogist</i>. 100 (2–3): 658–663. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AmMin.100..658C">2015AmMin.100..658C</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2138%2Fam-2015-NMN10024">10.2138/am-2015-NMN10024</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-004X">0003-004X</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199470275">199470275</a>. Archived from <a href="https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/201912/files/fulltext.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 3, 2024.</li> <li>Ganino, Clément; Libourel, Guy; Bernard, Alain (1 May 2019). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2019.03.020">"Fumarolic incrustations at Kudryavy volcano (Kamchatka) as a guideline for high-temperature (>850 °C) extinct hydrothermal systems"</a>. <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. 376: 75–85. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JVGR..376...75G">2019JVGR..376...75G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2019.03.020">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.03.020</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273">0377-0273</a>.</li> <li>Guy, Bernard; Thiéry, Vincent; Garcia, Daniel; Bascou, Jérôme; Broekmans, Maarten A.T.M. (1 December 2020). <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-020-00719-7">"Columnar structures in pyrometamorphic rocks associated with coal-bearing spoil-heaps burned by self-ignition, La Ricamarie, Loire, France"</a>. <i>Mineralogy and Petrology</i>. 114 (6): 465–487. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MinPe.114..465G">2020MinPe.114..465G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00710-020-00719-7">10.1007/s00710-020-00719-7</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1438-1168">1438-1168</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221146105">221146105</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621215126/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-020-00719-7">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. 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