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Ferruginous duck
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The breeding male is a rich, dark chestnut on the head, breast and flanks with contrasting pure white undertail coverts. In flight the white belly and underwing patch are visible. The females are duller and browner than the males. The male has a yellow eye and the females have a dark eye.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="habitat">Habitat</h2> <p>The ferruginous duck prefers quite shallow fresh waterbodies with rich submerged and floating vegetation with dense stands of emergent vegetation on the margins. In some areas it will use saline or brackish pools or wetlands. On passage and wintering will also frequent coastal waters, inland seas and large, open lagoons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The breeding range of the ferruginous duck is from <a href="/facts/Iberia/ATwJEkfg">Iberia</a> and the <a href="/facts/Maghreb/oIcU24Mz">Maghreb</a> east to western Mongolia, south to Arabia, although in the west is now scarce and localised and locally extirpated in some countries. The duck winters throughout the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Basin/azjFD5mW">Mediterranean Basin</a> and the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a>, smaller number migrate into sub-Saharan Africa via the <a href="/facts/Nile_Valley/vGoXVUFH">Nile Valley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Eastern birds winter in south and south-east Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="habits">Habits</h2> <p>These are gregarious birds, but less social than other <i>Aythya</i> species but where common it can form large flocks in winter, often mixed with other diving ducks, such as <a href="/facts/Tufted_duck/IVcEt7ov">tufted ducks</a> and <a href="/facts/Common_pochard/k4WNbupI">common pochards</a>. Form pairs from January onwards and during courtship the male often curls his tail so that it dips into the water forming a triangular white patch of the undertail coverts. In areas where it is common it will form colonies at protected sites such as islands, often in association with gulls. Where scarce it nests singly, in dispersed and concealed sites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>Eggs are laid from the end of April or early May in a nest which is sited on the ground close to water, or sometimes a floating nest is built among emergent vegetation. The eggs are incubated for 25–27 days and the fledging period is 55–60 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>These birds feed mainly by diving or dabbling. They eat <a href="/facts/Aquatic_plants/Tr1rlK49">aquatic plants</a> with some <a href="/facts/Molluscs/1elgknsQ">molluscs</a>, <a href="/facts/Aquatic_insects/Ct24eD7B">aquatic insects</a> and small fish. They often feed at night, and will upend (dabble) for food as well as the more characteristic diving.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2> <p>The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of <a href="/facts/Grass_carp/cl6UrhQE">grass carp</a> <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. Western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which the <i>Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds</i> (<a href="/facts/AEWA/j1Yp5hHb">AEWA</a>) applies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Among recent local initiatives it should be mentioned inclusion of the breeding habitats of the species in Armenia into network of Emerald Sites protected by the Bern Convention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Showler, D.A.; Davidson, P. (1999). <a href="http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Showler-Jerdons.pdf">"Observations of Jerdon's Babbler <i>Chrysomma altirostre</i> and Rufous-vented Prinia <i>Prinia burnesii</i> in Punjab and North-West Frontier Provinces, Pakistan"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Forktail_(journal)/0nukCHb7">Forktail</a></i>. 15: 66–76.</li> <li>Singh, A.P. (2002). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808140655/http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Singh-DehraDun.pdf">"New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley, lower Garhwal Himalayas, India"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/Forktail_(journal)/0nukCHb7">Forktail</a></i>. 18: 151–153. Archived from <a href="http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Singh-DehraDun.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Keith_Vinicombe/GmJcGMS1">Vinicombe, K.E.</a> (2000). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194820/http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V93/V93_N01/V93_N01_P004_021_A002.pdf">"Identification of Ferruginous Duck and its status in Britain and Ireland"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/British_Birds_(magazine)/AHVqAttj">British Birds</a></i>. 93 (1): 4–21. Archived from <a href="http://www.britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V93/V93_N01/V93_N01_P004_021_A002.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Keith_Vinicombe/GmJcGMS1">Vinicombe, K.E.</a> (2007). "ID in depth – Ferruginous Duck". <i><a href="/facts/Birdwatch_(magazine)/NFLqE9a0">Birdwatch</a></i>. 176: 24–26.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aythya nyroca. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Aythya nyroca</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22680373">BirdLife species factsheet for <i>Aythya nyroca</i></a></li> <li><a href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=7CF91527F5832F30">"Aythya nyroca"</a>. <i>Avibase</i>. </li> <li><a href="https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/ferruginous-duck-aythya-nyroca">"Ferruginous duck media"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Internet_Bird_Collection/qA302GT3">Internet Bird Collection</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="https://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=Ferruginous+pochard&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24">Ferruginous pochard photo gallery</a> at VIREO (Drexel University)</li> <li><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680373/166204665">Interactive range map of <i>Aythya nyroca</i></a> at <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Aythya-nyroca">Audio recordings of Ferruginous duck</a> on <a href="/facts/Xeno-canto/7kwnRzjl">Xeno-canto</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 64, 277. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. <a href="978-1-4081-2501-4" target="_blank">978-1-4081-2501-4</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm. pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1. <a href="0-7470-2201-1" target="_blank">0-7470-2201-1</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 0-19-850187-0. <a href="0-19-850187-0" target="_blank">0-19-850187-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 0-19-850187-0. <a href="0-19-850187-0" target="_blank">0-19-850187-0</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca". Birdlife International. Retrieved 15 October 2016. <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=476" target="_blank">http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=476</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 0-19-850187-0. <a href="0-19-850187-0" target="_blank">0-19-850187-0</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 0-19-850187-0. <a href="0-19-850187-0" target="_blank">0-19-850187-0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition Volume 1 Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 0-19-850187-0. <a href="0-19-850187-0" target="_blank">0-19-850187-0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca". Birdlife International. Retrieved 15 October 2016. <a href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=476" target="_blank">http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=476</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ferruginous Pochard (Aythya nyroca) in Armenia.[usurped] In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved 27 May 2017 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011233148/http://www.abcc-am.org/ferruginous-pochard.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20171011233148/http://www.abcc-am.org/ferruginous-pochard.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>