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Comparison of programming languages (string functions)
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<h2 id="common-string-functions-multi-language-reference">Common string functions (multi language reference)</h2> <p>String functions common to many languages are listed below, including the different names used. The below list of common functions aims to help programmers find the equivalent function in a language. Note, string <a href="/facts/Concatenation/1npYg6rc">concatenation</a> and <a href="/facts/Regular_expressions/KFL3veHX">regular expressions</a> are handled in separate pages. Statements in <a href="/facts/Guillemets/cfjrC79a">guillemets</a> (« … ») are optional. </p> <h3>CharAt</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>charAt(string,integer) returns character.</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns character at index in the string.</td></tr><tr><th>Equivalent</th><td>See substring of length 1 character.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th><th>Base index</th></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>i</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a>, <a href="/facts/Julia_(programming_language)/AoB0PJ9C">Julia</a>, <a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>), <a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>i</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a>, <a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>{<i>i</i>}</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a> (deprecated in 5.3)</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>(<i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a></td><td>≥1</td></tr><tr><td>Mid(<i>string</i>,i,1)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>MID$(<i>string</i>,i,1)</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Chars(<i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB.NET</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>(<i>i</i>:<i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.charAt(<i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.[<i>i</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.chars().nth(<i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>i</i>,<i>1</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>String.sub (<i>string</i>, <i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> !! <i>i</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>(string-ref <i>string</i> <i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>(char <i>string</i> <i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>(elt <i>string</i> <i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>(get <i>string</i> <i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>, <i>i</i>, 1)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>, <i>i</i>, 1)string.substr(<i>i</i>, 1)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>, <i>i</i>, 1)</td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.at(<i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL) (w/ bounds checking)</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>lists:nth(<i>i</i>, <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> characterAtIndex:<i>i</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>string.sub(<i>string</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>i</i>)(<i>string</i>):sub(<i>i</i>, <i>i</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> at: <i>i</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (w/ bounds checking)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>string index <i>string i</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>StringTake[<i>string</i>, {<i>i</i>}]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a>, <a href="/facts/Wolfram_Language/MDxl50Yq">Wolfram Language</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>@<i>i</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> (<i>i</i>:1)</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>${<i>string_param</i>:<i>i</i>:1}</td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td><i>i</i>⌷<i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>0 or 1</td></tr></tbody></table> { Example in Pascal } var MyStr: string = 'Hello, World'; MyChar: Char; begin MyChar := MyStr[2]; // 'e' # Example in ALGOL 68 # "Hello, World"[2]; // 'e' // Example in C #include <stdio.h> // for printf char MyStr[] = "Hello, World"; printf("%c", *(MyStr+1)); // 'e' printf("%c", *(MyStr+7)); // 'W' printf("%c", MyStr[11]); // 'd' printf("%s", MyStr); // 'Hello, World' printf("%s", "Hello(2), World(2)"); // 'Hello(2), World(2)' // Example in C++ #include <iostream> // for "cout" #include <string.h> // for "string" data type using namespace std; char MyStr1[] = "Hello(1), World(1)"; string MyStr2 = "Hello(2), World(2)"; cout << "Hello(3), World(3)"; // 'Hello(3), World(3)' cout << MyStr2[6]; // '2' cout << MyStr1.substr (5, 3); // '(1)' // Example in C# "Hello, World"[2]; // 'l' # Example in Perl 5 substr("Hello, World", 1, 1); # 'e' # Examples in Python "Hello, World"[2] # 'l' "Hello, World"[-3] # 'r' # Example in Raku "Hello, World".substr(1, 1); # 'e' ' Example in Visual Basic Mid("Hello, World",2,1) ' Example in Visual Basic .NET "Hello, World".Chars(2) ' "l"c " Example in Smalltalk " 'Hello, World' at: 2. "$e" //Example in Rust "Hello, World".chars().nth(2); // Some('l') <h3>Compare (integer result)</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>compare(string1,string2) returns integer.</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Compares two strings to each other. If they are equivalent, a zero is returned. Otherwise, most of these routines will return a positive or negative result corresponding to whether string1 is <a href="/facts/Lexicographical_order/xQANy8Br">lexicographically</a> greater than, or less than, respectively, than string2. The exceptions are the Scheme and Rexx routines which return the index of the first mismatch, and Smalltalk which answer a comparison code telling how the receiver sorts relative to string parameter.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>IF <i>string1</i><<i>string2</i> THEN -1 ELSE ABS (<i>string1</i>><i>string2</i>) FI</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td></tr><tr><td>cmp(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_2/BJsrzTle">Python 2</a></td></tr><tr><td>(<i>string1</i> > <i>string2</i>) - (<i>string1</i> < <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Strcmp/V0AYCYR2">strcmp</a>(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td>std.string.cmp(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>StrComp(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> cmp <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> compare: <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> <=> <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B20/hwpB1Vzp">C++20</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.compare(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL), <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (Foundation)</td></tr><tr><td>compare(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a>, <a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td>CompareStr(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.compareTo(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.CompareTo(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.Net/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td>(compare <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string= <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-compare <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i> <i>p<</i> <i>p=</i> <i>p></i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td>(string= <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td>compare <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.compare (<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>compare <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>[string]::Compare(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string1</i> compare:<i>string2</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td>LLT(<i>string1</i>,<i>string2</i>)LLE(<i>string1</i>,<i>string2</i>)LGT(<i>string1</i>,<i>string2</i>)LGE(<i>string1</i>,<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.localeCompare(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td>bytes.Compare([]byte(<i>string1</i>), []byte(<i>string2</i>))</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td>string compare <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td>compare(<i>string1</i>,<i>string2</i>,<i>count</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.cmp(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> # Example in Perl 5 "hello" cmp "world"; # returns -1 # Example in Python cmp("hello", "world") # returns -1 # Examples in Raku "hello" cmp "world"; # returns Less "world" cmp "hello"; # returns More "hello" cmp "hello"; # returns Same /** Example in Rexx */ compare("hello", "world") /* returns index of mismatch: 1 */ ; Example in Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) ; returns index of mismatch: 0 (string-compare "hello" "world" values values values) <h3>Compare (relational operator-based, Boolean result)</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>string1 OP string2 OR (compare string1 string2) returns Boolean.</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td><a href="/facts/Lexicographical_order/xQANy8Br">Lexicographically</a> compares two strings using a relational operator or function. Boolean result returned.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of =, <>, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>), <a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a>, <a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a>, <a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a>, <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of =, /=, ≠, <, >, <=, ≤ and ≥; Also: EQ, NE, LT, LE, GE and GT</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td></tr><tr><td>(stringOP? <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>), where OP can be any of =, -ci=, <, -ci<, >, -ci>, <=, -ci<=, >= and -ci>= (operators starting with '-ci' are case-insensitive)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><td>(stringOP <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>), where OP can be any of =, -ci=, <>, -ci<>, <, -ci<, >, -ci>, <=, -ci<=, >= and -ci>= (operators starting with '-ci' are case-insensitive)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td>(stringOP <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>), where OP can be any of =, -equal, /=, -not-equal, <, -lessp, >, -greaterp, <=, -not-greaterp, >= and -not-lessp (the verbal operators are case-insensitive)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(stringOP <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>), where OP can be any of =, /=, <, >, <=, and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of =, \=, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of =, ¬=, <, >, <=, >=, ¬< and ¬></td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of =, /=, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of ==, /=, <, >, =< and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of ==, /=, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of <i>eq</i>, <i>ne</i>, <i>lt</i>, <i>gt</i>, <i>le</i> and <i>ge</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of ==, !=, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL), <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of -eq, -ceq, -ne, -cne, -lt, -clt, -gt, -cgt, -le, -cle, -ge, and -cge (operators starting with 'c' are case-sensitive)</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of ==, ~=, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of =, ~=, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i>, where OP can be any of ==, /=, <, >, <= and >=; Also: .EQ., .NE., .LT., .LE., .GT. and .GE.</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i> where OP can be any of =, <>, <, >, <=, >= as well as worded equivalents</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i> where OP can be any of ==, <>, <, >, <= and >=</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> OP <i>string2</i> is available in the syntax, but means comparison of the pointers pointing to the strings, not of the string contents. Use the Compare (integer result) function.</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.METHOD(<i>string2</i>) where METHOD is any of eq, ne, gt, lt, ge, le</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> % Example in Erlang "hello" > "world". % returns false # Example in Raku "art" gt "painting"; # returns False "art" lt "painting"; # returns True # Example in Windows PowerShell "hello" -gt "world" # returns false ;; Example in Common Lisp (string> "art" "painting") ; returns nil (string< "art" "painting") ; returns non nil <h3>Concatenation</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Concatenation/1npYg6rc">Concatenation</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>concatenate(string1,string2) returns string.</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Concatenates (joins) two strings to each other, returning the combined string. Note that some languages like C have mutable strings, so really the second string is being appended to the first string and the mutated string is returned.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> & <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a>, <a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a>, <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a> (between literals only)</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Strcat/V0AYCYR2">strcat</a>(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/Character_(computing)/X2zKLFFB">char</a> <a href="/facts/Pointer_(computer_programming)/fPoNzy9b">*</a> only)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> . <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> + <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL), <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>), <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a>, <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a>, <a href="/facts/Turing_(programming_language)/Dskr312J">Turing</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ~ <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-append <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a>, <a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td>(concatenate 'string <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(str <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> || <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a>, <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>, <a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> // <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ++ <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a>, <a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ^ <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a>, <a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string1</i> stringByAppendingString:<i>string2</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> .. <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> , <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/SNOBOL/cdF7ezMJ">SNOBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> <> <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td>concat <i>string1 string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr></tbody></table> { Example in Pascal } 'abc' + 'def'; // returns "abcdef" // Example in C# "abc" + "def"; // returns "abcdef" ' Example in Visual Basic "abc" & "def" ' returns "abcdef" "abc" + "def" ' returns "abcdef" "abc" & Null ' returns "abc" "abc" + Null ' returns Null // Example in D "abc" ~ "def"; // returns "abcdef" ;; Example in common lisp (concatenate 'string "abc " "def " "ghi") ; returns "abc def ghi" # Example in Perl 5 "abc" . "def"; # returns "abcdef" "Perl " . 5; # returns "Perl 5" # Example in Raku "abc" ~ "def"; # returns "abcdef" "Perl " ~ 6; # returns "Perl 6" <h3>Contains</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>contains(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>) returns boolean</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns whether <i>string</i> contains <i>substring</i> as a substring. This is equivalent to using Find and then detecting that it does not result in the failure condition listed in the third column of the Find section. However, some languages have a simpler way of expressing this test.</td></tr><tr><th>Related</th><td>Find</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td><i>string_in_string</i>(<i>string</i>, loc int, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>ContainsStr</i>(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>strstr(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>) != NULL</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (char * only)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Contains(<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.contains(<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> (1.5+), <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/C%252B%252B23/8sBupF9c">C++23</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.indexOf(<i>substring</i>) >= 0</td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td>strpos(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>) !== false</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td>str_contains(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a> (8+)</td></tr><tr><td>pos(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>) <> 0</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>substring</i> in <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> (2.3+)</td></tr><tr><td>string.find(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>) ~= nil</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.include?(<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><td>Data.List.isInfixOf <i>substring</i> <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (GHC 6.6+)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> includesSubstring: <i>substring</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>, <a href="/facts/Smalltalk%2fX/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk/X</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>String.isSubstring <i>substring</i> <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td>(search <i>substring</i> <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(not (null (string-index <i>substring</i> <i>string</i>)))</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td>(substring? <i>substring</i> <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td>! StringFreeQ[<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>, <i>startpos</i>)>0</td><td>Fortran, PL/I<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>, <i>occurrence</i>)>0</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td>strings.Contains(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.find(<i>substring</i>) != string::npos</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> containsString:<i>substring</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only, iOS 8+/OS X 10.10+)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.rangeOfString(<i>substring</i>) != nil</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (Foundation)</td></tr><tr><td>∨/<i>substring</i>⍷<i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr></tbody></table> ¢ Example in <a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a> ¢ string in string("e", loc int, "Hello mate"); ¢ returns true ¢ string in string("z", loc int, "word"); ¢ returns false ¢ // Example In C# "Hello mate".Contains("e"); // returns true "word".Contains("z"); // returns false # Example in Python "e" in "Hello mate" # returns true "z" in "word" # returns false # Example in Raku "Good morning!".contains('z') # returns False "¡Buenos días!".contains('í'); # returns True " Example in Smalltalk " 'Hello mate' includesSubstring: 'e' " returns true " 'word' includesSubstring: 'z' " returns false " <h3>Equality</h3> <p>Tests if two strings are equal. See also #Compare and #Compare. Note that doing equality checks via a generic Compare with integer result is not only confusing for the programmer but is often a significantly more expensive operation; this is especially true when using "<a href="/facts/String_(computer_science)/4ChJu5WS">C-strings</a>". </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> == <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL), <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> (similarity), <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a> (similarity), <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a>, <a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a>, <a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a>, <a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a>, <a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a>, <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> === <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> == <i>string2</i><i>string1</i> .EQ. <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td></tr><tr><td>strcmp(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>) == 0</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string=? <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string= <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> = <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>), <a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a>, <a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a>, <a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a>, <a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a>, <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a>, <a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a>, <a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td>test <i>string1</i> = <i>string2</i>[ <i>string1</i> = <i>string2</i> ]</td><td><a href="/facts/Bourne_Shell/wUCh3Qkl">Bourne Shell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> eq <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a>, <a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.equals(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.Equals(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> -eq <i>string2</i>[string]::Equals(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string1</i> isEqualToString:<i>string2</i>][<i>string1</i> isEqual:<i>string2</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ≡ <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.eq(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Example in C# "hello" == "world" // returns false ' Example in Visual Basic "hello" = "world" ' returns false # Examples in Perl 5 'hello' eq 'world' # returns 0 'hello' eq 'hello' # returns 1 # Examples in Raku 'hello' eq 'world' # returns False 'hello' eq 'hello' # returns True # Example in Windows PowerShell "hello" -eq "world" # returns false ⍝ Example in APL 'hello' ≡ 'world' ⍝ returns 0 <h3>Find</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>find(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>) returns integer</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of <i>substring</i> in <i>string</i>. If the <i>substring</i> is not found most of these routines return an invalid index value – -1 where indexes are 0-based, 0 where they are 1-based – or some value to be interpreted as Boolean FALSE.</td></tr><tr><th>Related</th><td>instrrev</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th><th>If not found</th></tr><tr><td>string in string(substring, pos, <i>string[startpos:]</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>returns BOOL: TRUE or FALSE, and position in REF INT pos.</td></tr><tr><td>InStr(«<i>startpos</i>,»<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a> (positions start at 1)</td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>INSTR$(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a> (positions start at 1)</td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/AWK/lAQ0leyj">AWK</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5</td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)<i>string</i>.index(<i>substring</i>,«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>returns Nil</td></tr><tr><td>instr(«<i>startpos</i>,»<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>strpos(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td><td>returns FALSE</td></tr><tr><td>locate(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ingres_(database)/Bp9kqJV4">Ingres</a></td><td>returns string length + 1</td></tr><tr><td>strstr(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/Character_(computing)/X2zKLFFB">char</a> <a href="/facts/Pointer_(computer_programming)/fPoNzy9b">*</a> only, returns pointer to first character)</td><td>returns NULL</td></tr><tr><td>std.string.indexOf(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>pos(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>«, <i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>strings.Index(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>pos(<i>substring</i>, <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>pos(<i>substring</i>, <i>string</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.find(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td>returns std::string::npos</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.find(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«,<i>endpos</i>»»)</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.index(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«,<i>endpos</i>»»)</td><td>raises ValueError</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.index(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>returns nil</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.indexOf(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.IndexOf(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>charcount</i>»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>string:str(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>(string-contains <i>string</i> <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td><td>returns #f</td></tr><tr><td>(search <i>substring</i> <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>returns NIL</td></tr><tr><td>(string-index <i>substring</i> <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>returns nil</td></tr><tr><td>List.findIndex (List.isPrefixOf <i>substring</i>) (List.tails <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (returns only <i>index</i>)</td><td>returns Nothing</td></tr><tr><td>Str.search_forward (Str.regexp_string <i>substring</i>) <i>string</i> 0</td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>raises Not_found</td></tr><tr><td>Substring.size (#1 (Substring.position <i>substring</i> (Substring.full <i>string</i>)))</td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>returns string length</td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> rangeOfString:<i>substring</i>].location</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td><td>returns NSNotFound</td></tr><tr><td>string.find(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)(<i>string</i>):find(<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td><td>returns nil</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> indexOfSubCollection: <i>substring</i> startingAt: <i>startpos</i> ifAbsent: <i>aBlock</i><i>string</i> findString: <i>substring</i> startingAt: <i>startpos</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>)</td><td>evaluate aBlock which is a block closure (or any object understanding value)returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>startpos = INDEX(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i> «,<i>back</i>» «, <i>kind</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>returns 0 if substring is not in string; returns LEN(string)+1 if substring is empty</td></tr><tr><td>POSITION(<i>substring</i> IN <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a></td><td>returns 0 (positions start at 1)</td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>, <i>startpos</i> )</td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>returns 0 (positions start at 1)</td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>, <i>occurrence</i> )</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td><td>returns 0 if occurrence of substring is not in string; (positions start at 1)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.indexOf(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>charcount</i>»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>string first <i>substring string startpos</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>(<i>substring</i>⍷<i>string</i>)⍳1</td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>returns 1 + the last position in <i>string</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.find(<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>returns <a href="/facts/Option_type/B0QX5wGB">None</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples </p> <ul><li>Common Lisp (search "e" "Hello mate") ; returns 1 (search "z" "word") ; returns NIL </li> <li>C# "Hello mate".IndexOf("e"); // returns 1 "Hello mate".IndexOf("e", 4); // returns 9 "word".IndexOf("z"); // returns -1 </li> <li>Raku "Hello, there!".index('e') # returns 1 "Hello, there!".index('z') # returns Nil </li> <li>Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) (string-contains "Hello mate" "e") ; returns 1 (string-contains "word" "z") ; returns #f </li> <li>Visual Basic ' Examples in InStr("Hello mate", "e") ' returns 2 InStr(5, "Hello mate", "e") ' returns 10 InStr("word", "z") ' returns 0 </li> <li>Smalltalk 'Hello mate' indexOfSubCollection:'ate' "returns 8" 'Hello mate' indexOfSubCollection:'late' "returns 0" I'Hello mate' indexOfSubCollection:'late' ifAbsent:[ 99 ] "returns 99" 'Hello mate' indexOfSubCollection:'late' ifAbsent:[ self error ] "raises an exception" </li></ul> <h3>Find character</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>find_character(<i>string</i>,<i>char</i>) returns integer</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of the character <i>char</i> in <i>string</i>. If the character is not found most of these routines return an invalid index value – -1 where indexes are 0-based, 0 where they are 1-based – or some value to be interpreted as Boolean FALSE. This can be accomplished as a special case of #Find, with a string of one character; but it may be simpler or more efficient in many languages to locate just one character. Also, in many languages, characters and strings are different types, so it is convenient to have such a function.</td></tr><tr><td>Related</td><td>find</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th><th>If not found</th></tr><tr><td>char in string(char, pos, <i>string[startpos:]</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>returns BOOL: TRUE or FALSE, and position in REF INT pos.</td></tr><tr><td>instr(<i>string</i>, any <i>char</i>«,<i>startpos</i>») (char, can contain more them one char, in which case the position of the first appearance of any of them is returned.)</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>strchr(<i>string</i>,<i>char</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/Character_(computing)/X2zKLFFB">char</a> <a href="/facts/Pointer_(computer_programming)/fPoNzy9b">*</a> only, returns pointer to character)</td><td>returns NULL</td></tr><tr><td>std.string.find(<i>string</i>, <i>dchar</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.find(<i>char</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td>returns std::string::npos</td></tr><tr><td>pos(<i>string</i>, <i>char</i>«, <i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>strings.IndexRune(<i>string</i>,<i>char</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.indexOf(<i>char</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.IndexOf(<i>char</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>charcount</i>»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>(position <i>char</i> <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>returns NIL</td></tr><tr><td>(char-index <i>char</i> <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>returns nil</td></tr><tr><td>List.elemIndex <i>char</i> <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (returns Just <i>index</i>)</td><td>returns Nothing</td></tr><tr><td>String.index <i>string</i> <i>char</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>raises Not_found</td></tr><tr><td>position = SCAN (<i>string</i>, <i>set</i> «, <i>back</i>» «, <i>kind</i>»)position = VERIFY (<i>string</i>, <i>set</i> «, <i>back</i>» «, <i>kind</i>»)[a]</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>returns zero</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> indexOf: <i>char</i> ifAbsent: aBlock<i>string</i> indexOf: <i>char</i><i>string</i> includes: <i>char</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td>evaluate aBlock which is a BlockClosure (or any object understanding value)returns 0returns true or false</td></tr><tr><td>index(<i>string</i>, <i>char</i>, <i>startpos</i> )</td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>returns 0 (positions start at 1)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.index(?<i>char</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>returns nil</td></tr><tr><td>strpos(<i>string</i>,<i>char</i>,<i>startpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td><td>returns false</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.indexOf(<i>char</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>charcount</i>»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>⍳<i>char</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>returns 1 + the last position in <i>string</i></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.find(<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td>returns <a href="/facts/Option_type/B0QX5wGB">None</a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Examples in C# "Hello mate".IndexOf('e'); // returns 1 "word".IndexOf('z') // returns -1 ; Examples in Common Lisp (position #\e "Hello mate") ; returns 1 (position #\z "word") ; returns NIL <p>^a Given a set of characters, SCAN returns the position of the first character found,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> while VERIFY returns the position of the first character that does not belong to the set.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Format</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Printf_format_string/Sc6Czbp2">printf format string</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>) returns string</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the formatted string representation of one or more items.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th><th>Format string syntax</th></tr><tr><td>associate(<i>file</i>, <i>string</i>); putf(<i>file</i>, <i>$formatstring$</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>ALGOL</td></tr><tr><td>Format(<i>item</i>, <i>formatstring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sprintf/m5n82Fqz">sprintf</a>(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>item.fmt(<i>formatstring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>io_lib:format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sprintf/m5n82Fqz">sprintf</a>(<i>outputstring</i>, <i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>std::format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/C%252B%252B20/hwpB1Vzp">C++20</a>)</td><td>Python</td></tr><tr><td>std.string.format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>Format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>fmt.Sprintf(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Printf_(Unix)/uToyvMpD">printf</a> <i>formatstring</i> <i>items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>formatstring</i> % (<i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>formatstring</i>.format(<i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_scripting_language/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td><a href="/facts/.NET/PDMQdfFu">.NET</a></td></tr><tr><td>f<i>formatstring</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Python_3/BJsrzTle">Python 3</a></td></tr><tr><td>Printf.sprintf <i>formatstring</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> <i>items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>Text.Printf.printf <i>formatstring</i> <i>items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (GHC)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>formatstring</i> printf: <i>items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.Format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td><a href="/facts/.NET/PDMQdfFu">.NET</a></td></tr><tr><td>(format <i>formatstring</i> <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 28)</td><td>Lisp</td></tr><tr><td>(<a href="/facts/Format_(Common_Lisp)/VKSeEbhC">format</a> nil <i>formatstring</i> <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>Lisp</td></tr><tr><td>(format <i>formatstring</i> <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td><td>Lisp</td></tr><tr><td><i>formatstring</i> -f <i>items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td><a href="/facts/.NET/PDMQdfFu">.NET</a></td></tr><tr><td>[NSString stringWithFormat:<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>String(format:<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (Foundation)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>string.format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)(<i>formatstring</i>):format(<i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td>WRITE (<i>outputstring</i>, <i>formatstring</i>) <i>items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>Fortran</td></tr><tr><td>put string(<i>string</i>) edit(<i>items</i>)(<i>format</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a></td><td>PL/I (similar to Fortran)</td></tr><tr><td>String.format(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td><td><a href="/facts/.NET/PDMQdfFu">.NET</a></td></tr><tr><td>format <i>formatstring items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>formatnumbers</i> ⍕ <i>items</i><i>formatstring</i> ⎕FMT <i>items</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>APL</td></tr><tr><td>format!(<i>formatstring</i>, <i>items</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>Python</td></tr></tbody></table> // Example in C# String.Format("My {0} costs {1:C2}", "pen", 19.99); // returns "My pen costs $19.99" // Example in Object Pascal (Delphi) Format('My %s costs $%2f', ['pen', 19.99]); // returns "My pen costs $19.99" // Example in Java String.format("My %s costs $%2f", "pen", 19.99); // returns "My pen costs $19.99" # Examples in Raku sprintf "My %s costs \$%.2f", "pen", 19.99; # returns "My pen costs $19.99" 1.fmt("%04d"); # returns "0001" # Example in Python "My %s costs $%.2f" % ("pen", 19.99); # returns "My pen costs $19.99" "My {0} costs ${1:.2f}".format("pen", 19.99); # returns "My pen costs $19.99" #Example in Python 3.6+ pen = "pen" f"My {pen} costs {19.99}" #returns "My pen costs 19.99" ; Example in Scheme (format "My ~a costs $~1,2F" "pen" 19.99) ; returns "My pen costs $19.99" /* example in PL/I */ put string(some_string) edit('My ', 'pen', ' costs', 19.99)(a,a,a,p'$$$V.99') /* returns "My pen costs $19.99" */ <h3>Inequality</h3> <p>Tests if two strings are not equal. See also #Equality. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ne <i>string2</i><i>string1</i> NE <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a> – note: the operator "ne" is literally in bold type-font.</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> /= <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a>, <a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a>, <a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a>, <a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> <> <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>), <a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a>, <a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a>, <a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a>, <a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_2/BJsrzTle">Python 2</a> (deprecated)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> # <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a> (some implementations)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ne <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string<> <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td>(string/= <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string/= <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td>(not= <i>string1</i> <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> != <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL), <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> (not similar), <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a> (not similar), <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a>, <a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a>, <a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> !== <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> \= <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ¬= <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a></td></tr><tr><td>test <i>string1</i> != <i>string2</i>[ <i>string1</i> != <i>string2</i> ]</td><td><a href="/facts/Bourne_Shell/wUCh3Qkl">Bourne Shell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> -ne <i>string2</i>-not [string]::Equals(<i>string1</i>, <i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ~= <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a>, <a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i> ≢ <i>string2</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string1</i>.ne(<i>string2</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Example in C# "hello" != "world" // returns true ' Example in Visual Basic "hello" <> "world" ' returns true ;; Example in Clojure (not= "hello" "world") ; ⇒ true # Example in Perl 5 'hello' ne 'world' # returns 1 # Example in Raku 'hello' ne 'world' # returns True # Example in Windows PowerShell "hello" -ne "world" # returns true <h3>index</h3> <p><i>see</i> #Find </p> <h3>indexof</h3> <p><i>see</i> #Find </p> <h3>instr</h3> <p><i>see</i> #Find </p> <h3>instrrev</h3> <p><i>see</i> #rfind </p> <h3>join</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td> join(<i>separator</i>, <i>list_of_strings</i>) returns a list of strings joined with a separator</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Joins the list of strings into a new string, with the separator string between each of the substrings. Opposite of <i>split</i>.</td></tr><tr><td>Related</td><td>sprintf</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>std.string.join(<i>array_of_strings</i>, <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>string:join(<i>list_of_strings</i>, <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td>join(<i>separator</i>, <i>list_of_strings</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>implode(<i>separator</i>, <i>array_of_strings</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>separator</i>.join(<i>sequence_of_strings</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> 1.x</td></tr><tr><td><i>array_of_strings</i>.join(<i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-join <i>array_of_strings</i> <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td>(<a href="/facts/Format_(Common_Lisp)/VKSeEbhC">format</a> nil "~{~a~^<i>separator</i>~}" <i>array_of_strings</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(clojure.string/join <i>separator</i> <i>list_of_strings</i>)(apply str (interpose <i>separator</i> <i>list_of_strings</i>))</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td>strings.Join(<i>array_of_strings</i>, <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td>join(<i>array_of_strings</i>, <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.concat <i>separator</i> <i>list_of_strings</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.concatWith <i>separator</i> <i>list_of_strings</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td>Data.List.intercalate <i>separator</i> <i>list_of_strings</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (GHC 6.8+)</td></tr><tr><td>Join(<i>array_of_strings</i>, <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.Join(<i>separator</i>, <i>array_of_strings</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.join(<i>separator</i>, <i>array_of_strings</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> 8+</td></tr><tr><td>&{$OFS=<i>$separator</i>; "<i>$array_of_strings</i>"}<i>array_of_strings</i> -join <i>separator</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>array_of_strings</i> componentsJoinedByString:<i>separator</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td>table.concat(<i>table_of_strings</i>, <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td>{|String streamContents: [ :stream | <i>collectionOfAnything</i> asStringOn: stream delimiter: <i>separator</i> ]<i>collectionOfAnything</i> joinUsing: <i>separator</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>array_of_strings</i>.join(<i>separator</i>«, <i>final_separator</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>sequence_of_strings</i>.joinWithSeparator(<i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> 2.x</td></tr><tr><td>1↓∊<i>separator</i>,¨<i>list_of_strings</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Example in C# String.Join("-", {"a", "b", "c"}) // "a-b-c" " Example in Smalltalk " #('a' 'b' 'c') joinUsing: '-' " 'a-b-c' " # Example in Perl 5 join( '-', ('a', 'b', 'c')); # 'a-b-c' # Example in Raku <a b c>.join('-'); # 'a-b-c' # Example in Python "-".join(["a", "b", "c"]) # 'a-b-c' # Example in Ruby ["a", "b", "c"].join("-") # 'a-b-c' ; Example in Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) (string-join '("a" "b" "c") "-") ; "a-b-c" <h3>lastindexof</h3> <p><i>see</i> #rfind </p> <h3>left</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>left(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i>) returns string</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the left <i>n</i> part of a string. If <i>n</i> is greater than the length of the string then most implementations return the whole string (exceptions exist – see code examples). Note that for variable-length encodings such as <a href="/facts/UTF-8/xlaVHSyf">UTF-8</a>, <a href="/facts/UTF-16/ofSmbCem">UTF-16</a> or <a href="/facts/Shift-JIS/9j7nb3fr">Shift-JIS</a>, it can be necessary to remove string positions at the end, in order to avoid invalid strings.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>string (string'First .. string'First + <i>n</i> - 1)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a></td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>, 0, <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/AWK/lAQ0leyj">AWK</a> (changes string), <a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>LEFT$(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td>left(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a>, <a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Ingres_(database)/Bp9kqJV4">Ingres</a>, <a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td>strncpy(<i>string2</i>, <i>string</i>, <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C standard library</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.substr(0,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL), <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> substringToIndex:<i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td>(apply str (take <i>n</i> <i>string</i>))</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[0 .. <i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>string:substr(<i>string</i>, <i>start</i>, <i>length</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td>(subseq <i>string</i> 0 <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[:<i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td>left(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i> «,<i>padchar</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a>, <a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[0, <i>n</i>]<i>string</i>[0..<i>n</i> - 1]</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[1, <i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[ .. <i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Substring(0,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td>leftstr(<i>string</i>, <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>copy</i> (<i>string</i>,1,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Turbo_Pascal/2aWFEk9z">Turbo Pascal</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.substring(0,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-take <i>string</i> <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td>take <i>n</i> <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.extract (<i>string</i>, <i>n</i>, NONE)</td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.sub <i>string</i> 0 <i>n</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.[..<i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td>string.sub(<i>string</i>, 1, <i>n</i>)(<i>string</i>):sub(1, <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> first: <i>n</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>(:<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td></tr><tr><td>StringTake[<i>string</i>, <i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> («FUNCTION» LENGTH(<i>string</i>) - <i>n</i>:<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.substring(0, <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>n</i>↑<i>string</i>.</td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[0..n]<i>string</i>[..n]<i>string</i>.get(0..n)<i>string</i>.get(..n)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> # Example in Raku "Hello, there!".substr(0, 6); # returns "Hello," /* Examples in Rexx */ left("abcde", 3) /* returns "abc" */ left("abcde", 8) /* returns "abcde " */ left("abcde", 8, "*") /* returns "abcde***" */ ; Examples in Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) (string-take "abcde", 3) ; returns "abc" (string-take "abcde", 8) ; error ' Examples in Visual Basic Left("sandroguidi", 3) ' returns "san" Left("sandroguidi", 100) ' returns "sandroguidi" <h3>len</h3> <p><i>see</i> #length </p> <h3>length</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>length(<i>string</i>) returns an integer number</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the length of a string (not counting the <a href="/facts/Null_character/IMYNHNxR">null terminator</a> or any other of the string's internal structural information). An empty string returns a length of 0.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Returns</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>string'Length</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a></td></tr><tr><td>UPB string</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td></tr><tr><td>echo "${#<i>string_param</i>}"</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td></tr><tr><td>length(<i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ingres_(database)/Bp9kqJV4">Ingres</a>, <a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5, <a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>, <a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>), <a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a>, <a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a>, <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>, <a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a></td></tr><tr><td>len(<i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a>, <a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td>length(<i>string</i>), string:len(<i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td>Len(<i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a>, <a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Length</td><td>Number of <a href="/facts/UTF-16/ofSmbCem">UTF-16</a> <a href="/facts/Code_unit/ShJHIMoA">code units</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td>chars(<i>string</i>)<i>string</i>.chars</td><td>Number of graphemes (NFG)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>codes(<i>string</i>)<i>string</i>.codes</td><td>Number of Unicode code points</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.size OR <i>string</i>.length</td><td>Number of bytes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Strlen/V0AYCYR2">strlen</a>(<i>string</i>)</td><td>Number of bytes</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.length()</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.length</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.length()</td><td>Number of <a href="/facts/UTF-16/ofSmbCem">UTF-16</a> <a href="/facts/Code_unit/ShJHIMoA">code units</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-length <i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><td>(length <i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td>(count <i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.length <i>string</i></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>size <i>string</i></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td>length <i>string</i></td><td>Number of Unicode code points</td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.length</td><td>Number of <a href="/facts/UTF-16/ofSmbCem">UTF-16</a> code units</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.characters.count</td><td>Number of characters</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (2.x)</td></tr><tr><td>count(<i>string</i>)</td><td>Number of characters</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>countElements(<i>string</i>)</td><td>Number of characters</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (1.0–1.1)</td></tr><tr><td>string.len(<i>string</i>)(<i>string</i>):len()#<i>string</i></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> size</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td>LEN(<i>string</i>)LEN_TRIM(<i>string</i>)</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td></tr><tr><td>StringLength[<i>string</i>]</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td>«FUNCTION» LENGTH(<i>string</i>) or<p>«FUNCTION» BYTE-LENGTH(<i>string</i>)</p></td><td>number of characters and number of bytes, respectively</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td>string length <i>string</i></td><td>a decimal string giving the number of characters</td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td>≢ <i>string</i></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.len()</td><td>Number of bytes</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.chars().count()</td><td>Number of Unicode code points</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Examples in C# "hello".Length; // returns 5 "".Length; // returns 0 # Examples in Erlang string:len("hello"). % returns 5 string:len(""). % returns 0 # Examples in Perl 5 length("hello"); # returns 5 length(""); # returns 0 # Examples in Raku "🏳️🌈".chars; chars "🏳️🌈"; # both return 1 "🏳️🌈".codes; codes "🏳️🌈"; # both return 4 "".chars; chars ""; # both return 0 "".codes; codes ""; # both return 0 ' Examples in Visual Basic Len("hello") ' returns 5 Len("") ' returns 0 //Examples in Objective-C [@"hello" Length] //returns 5 [@"" Length] //returns 0 -- Examples in Lua ("hello"):len() -- returns 5 #"" -- returns 0 <h3>locate</h3> <p><i>see</i> #Find </p> <h3>Lowercase</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>lowercase(<i>string</i>) returns string</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the string in lower case.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>LCase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td>lcase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a></td></tr><tr><td>lc(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.lc</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>tolower(<i>char</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>std.string.toLower(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>transform(<i>string</i>.begin(), <i>string</i>.end(), <i>result</i>.begin(), ::tolower)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>lowercase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>strtolower(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td>lower(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td>${<i>string_param</i>,,}</td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Echo_(command)/ue5jH01X">echo</a> "string" | <a href="/facts/Tr_(program)/Ev2SREmK">tr</a> 'A-Z' 'a-z'</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.lower()</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td>downcase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.downcase</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>strings.ToLower(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-downcase <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (R6RS), <a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(lower-case <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.lowercase <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.map Char.toLower <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td>map Char.toLower <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.toLowerCase()</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td>to_lower(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.ToLower()</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.lowercaseString</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only), <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (Foundation)</td></tr><tr><td>string.lower(<i>string</i>)(<i>string</i>):lower()</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> asLowercase</td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td>LOWER(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a></td></tr><tr><td>lowercase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>ToLowerCase[<i>string</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td>«FUNCTION» LOWER-CASE(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.toLower</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td></tr><tr><td>string tolower <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.to_lowercase()</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Example in C# "Wiki means fast?".ToLower(); // "wiki means fast?" ; Example in Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) (string-downcase "Wiki means fast?") ; "wiki means fast?" /* Example in C */ #include <ctype.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { char string[] = "Wiki means fast?"; int i; for (i = 0; i < sizeof(string) - 1; ++i) { /* transform characters in place, one by one */ string[i] = tolower(string[i]); } puts(string); /* "wiki means fast?" */ return 0; } # Example in Raku "Wiki means fast?".lc; # "wiki means fast?" <h3>mid</h3> <p><i>see</i> #substring </p> <h3>partition</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td><string>.partition(<i>separator</i>) returns the sub-string before the separator; the separator; then the sub-string after the separator.</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Splits the given string by the separator and returns the three substrings that together make the original.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th><th>Comments</th></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.partition(<i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>(1.9+)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lists:partition(<i>pred</i>, <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>split /(<i>separator</i>)/, <i>string</i>, 2</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>split <i>separator</i>, <i>string</i>, 2<i>string</i>.split( <i>separator</i>, 2 )</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>Separator does not have to be a regular expression</td></tr></tbody></table> # Examples in Python "Spam eggs spam spam and ham".partition('spam') # ('Spam eggs ', 'spam', ' spam and ham') "Spam eggs spam spam and ham".partition('X') # ('Spam eggs spam spam and ham', "", "") # Examples in Perl 5 / Raku split /(spam)/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham' ,2; # ('Spam eggs ', 'spam', ' spam and ham'); split /(X)/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham' ,2; # ('Spam eggs spam spam and ham'); <h3>replace</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>replace(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>) returns string</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns a string with <i>find</i> occurrences changed to <i>replace</i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>changestr(<i>find</i>, <i>string</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a></td></tr><tr><td>std.string.replace(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>Replace(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td>replace(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td>change(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Replace(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a></td></tr><tr><td>str_replace(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>, <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td>re:replace(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>, «{return, list}»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.replace(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> (1.5+), <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.replaceAll(<i>find_regex</i>, <i>replace</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.gsub(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> =~ s/<i>find_regex</i>/<i>replace</i>/g<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.subst(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>, :g)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.replace(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>, "g") <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><i>string</i>.replace(/<i>find_regex</i>/g, <i>replace</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Echo_(command)/ue5jH01X">echo</a> "<i>string</i>" | <a href="/facts/Sed/5pXUwRdD">sed</a> 's/<i>find_regex</i>/<i>replace</i>/g'<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a></td></tr><tr><td>${<i>string_param</i>//<i>find_pattern</i>/<i>replace</i>}</td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.replace(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)<i>string</i> -replace <i>find_regex</i>, <i>replace</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td>Str.global_replace (Str.regexp_string <i>find</i>) <i>replace</i> <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:<i>find</i> withString:<i>replace</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString(<i>find</i>, withString:<i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (Foundation)</td></tr><tr><td>string.gsub(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)(<i>string</i>):gsub(<i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> copyReplaceAll: <i>find</i> with: <i>replace</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>string map {<i>find</i> <i>replace</i>} <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl_(programming_language)/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td>StringReplace[<i>string</i>, <i>find</i> -> <i>replace</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td>strings.Replace(<i>string</i>, <i>find</i>, <i>replace</i>, -1)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td>INSPECT <i>string</i> REPLACING ALL/LEADING/FIRST <i>find</i> BY <i>replace</i></td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>find_regex</i> ⎕R <i>replace_regex</i> ⊢ <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Examples in C# "effffff".Replace("f", "jump"); // returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump" "blah".Replace("z", "y"); // returns "blah" // Examples in Java "effffff".replace("f", "jump"); // returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump" "effffff".replaceAll("f*", "jump"); // returns "ejump" // Examples in Raku "effffff".subst("f", "jump", :g); # returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump" "blah".subst("z", "y", :g); # returns "blah" ' Examples in Visual Basic Replace("effffff", "f", "jump") ' returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump" Replace("blah", "z", "y") ' returns "blah" # Examples in Windows PowerShell "effffff" -replace "f", "jump" # returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump" "effffff" -replace "f*", "jump" # returns "ejump" <h3>reverse</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>reverse(<i>string</i>)</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Reverses the order of the characters in the string.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>reverse <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5, <a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td>flip <i>string</i><i>string</i>.flip</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>lists:reverse(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td>strrev(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[::-1]</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-reverse <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td>(reverse <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.reverse</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a>, <a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a> (modifies string)</td></tr><tr><td>new StringBuilder(<i>string</i>).reverse().toString()</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td>std::reverse(<i>string</i>.begin(), <i>string</i>.end());</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/Std%3a%3astring/IRJYPM2q">std::string</a> only, modifies string)</td></tr><tr><td>StrReverse(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Reverse()</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td></tr><tr><td>implode (rev (explode <i>string</i>))</td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.split("").reverse().join("")</td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td>string.reverse(<i>string</i>)(<i>string</i>):reverse()</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> reverse</td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td>StringReverse[<i>string</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td>reverse(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PL%2fI/469mVYgd">PL/I</a></td></tr><tr><td>«FUNCTION» REVERSE(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.toCharArray.toList.reversed.join()</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td></tr><tr><td>String(<i>string</i>.characters.reverse())</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (2.x)</td></tr><tr><td>String(reverse(<i>string</i>))</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (1.2)</td></tr><tr><td>string reverse <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td>⌽<i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.chars().rev().collect::<String>()</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>echo <i>string</i> | rev</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a></td></tr></tbody></table> " Example in Smalltalk " 'hello' reversed " returns 'olleh' " # Example in Perl 5 reverse "hello" # returns "olleh" # Example in Raku "hello".flip # returns "olleh" # Example in Python "hello"[::-1] # returns "olleh" ; Example in Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) (string-reverse "hello") ; returns "olleh" <h3>rfind</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>rfind(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>) returns integer</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the position of the start of the last occurrence of <i>substring</i> in <i>string</i>. If the <i>substring</i> is not found most of these routines return an invalid index value – -1 where indexes are 0-based, 0 where they are 1-based – or some value to be interpreted as Boolean FALSE.</td></tr><tr><td>Related</td><td>instr</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th><th>If not found</th></tr><tr><td>InStrRev(«<i>startpos</i>,» <i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>instrrev(«<i>startpos</i>,» <i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>rindex(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5</td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>rindex(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)<i>string</i>.rindex(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>returns Nil</td></tr><tr><td>strrpos(<i>string</i>,<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td><td>returns FALSE</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.rfind(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td>returns std::string::npos</td></tr><tr><td>std.string.rfind(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.rfind(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>endpos</i>»»)</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.rindex(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>endpos</i>»»)</td><td>raises ValueError</td></tr><tr><td>rpos(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.rindex(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>returns nil</td></tr><tr><td>strings.LastIndex(<i>string</i>, <i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.lastIndexOf(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.LastIndexOf(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>charcount</i>»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>(search <i>substring</i> <i>string</i> :from-end t)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>returns NIL</td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> rangeOfString:<i>substring</i> options:NSBackwardsSearch].location</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td><td>returns NSNotFound</td></tr><tr><td>Str.search_backward (Str.regexp_string <i>substring</i>) <i>string</i> (Str.length <i>string</i> - 1)</td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>raises Not_found</td></tr><tr><td>string.match(<i>string</i>, '.*()'..<i>substring</i>)<i>string</i>:match('.*()'..<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td><td>returns nil</td></tr><tr><td>Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Index(Source => <i>string</i>, Pattern => <i>substring</i>, Going => Ada.Strings.Backward)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.lastIndexOf(<i>substring</i>«,<i>startpos</i>«, <i>charcount</i>»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> lastIndexOfString:<i>substring</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td>returns 0</td></tr><tr><td>string last <i>substring string startpos</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td>(⌽<\⌽<i>substring</i>⍷'string')⍳1</td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>returns −1</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.rfind(<i>substring</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td><td>returns <a href="/facts/Option_type/B0QX5wGB">None</a></td></tr></tbody></table> ; Examples in Common Lisp (search "e" "Hello mate" :from-end t) ; returns 9 (search "z" "word" :from-end t) ; returns NIL // Examples in C# "Hello mate".LastIndexOf("e"); // returns 9 "Hello mate".LastIndexOf("e", 4); // returns 1 "word".LastIndexOf("z"); // returns -1 # Examples in Perl 5 rindex("Hello mate", "e"); # returns 9 rindex("Hello mate", "e", 4); # returns 1 rindex("word", "z"); # returns -1 # Examples in Raku "Hello mate".rindex("e"); # returns 9 "Hello mate".rindex("e", 4); # returns 1 "word".rindex('z'); # returns Nil ' Examples in Visual Basic InStrRev("Hello mate", "e") ' returns 10 InStrRev(5, "Hello mate", "e") ' returns 2 InStrRev("word", "z") ' returns 0 <h3>right</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>right(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i>) returns string</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the right <i>n</i> part of a string. If <i>n</i> is greater than the length of the string then most implementations return the whole string (exceptions exist – see code examples).</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>string (string'Last - <i>n</i> + 1 .. string'Last)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a></td></tr><tr><td>Right(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td>RIGHT$(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a></td></tr><tr><td>right(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a>, <a href="/facts/Ingres_(database)/Bp9kqJV4">Ingres</a>, <a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td>strcpy(<i>string2</i>, <i>string</i>+<i>n</i>) (n must not be greater than the length of <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Substring(<i>string</i>.Length()-<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[len(<i>string</i>)-<i>n</i>:]</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.substring(<i>string</i>.length()-<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.slice(-<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>right(<i>string</i>,<i>n</i> «,<i>padchar</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a>, <a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>,-<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5, <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>,*-<i>n</i>)<i>string</i>.substr(*-<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[-<i>n</i>:]</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td>${<i>string_param</i>: -<i>n</i>} (note the space after the colon)</td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-take-right <i>string</i> <i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[-<i>n</i>..-1]</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[$-<i>n</i> .. $]</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>String.sub <i>string</i> (String.length <i>string</i> - <i>n</i>) <i>n</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>string.sub(<i>string</i>, -<i>n</i>)(<i>string</i>):sub(-<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> last: <i>n</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>StringTake[<i>string</i>, -<i>n</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> (1:<i>n</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>¯n</i>↑<i>string</i>.</td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[n..]<i>string</i>.get(n..)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Examples in Java; extract rightmost 4 characters String str = "CarDoor"; str.substring(str.length()-4); // returns 'Door' # Examples in Raku "abcde".substr(*-3); # returns "cde" "abcde".substr(*-8); # 'out of range' error /* Examples in Rexx */ right("abcde", 3) /* returns "cde" */ right("abcde", 8) /* returns " abcde" */ right("abcde", 8, "*") /* returns "***abcde" */ ; Examples in Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) (string-take-right "abcde", 3) ; returns "cde" (string-take-right "abcde", 8) ; error ' Examples in Visual Basic Right("sandroguidi", 3) ' returns "idi" Right("sandroguidi", 100) ' returns "sandroguidi" <h3>rpartition</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td><string>.rpartition(<i>separator</i>) Searches for the separator from right-to-left within the string then returns the sub-string before the separator; the separator; then the sub-string after the separator.</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Splits the given string by the right-most separator and returns the three substrings that together make the original.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.rpartition(<i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr></tbody></table> # Examples in Python "Spam eggs spam spam and ham".rpartition('spam') ### ('Spam eggs spam ', 'spam', ' and ham') "Spam eggs spam spam and ham".rpartition('X') ### ("", "", 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham') <h3>slice</h3> <p><i>see</i> #substring </p> <h3>split</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td><string>.split(<i>separator</i>[, <i>limit</i>]) splits a string on separator, optionally only up to a limited number of substrings</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Splits the given string by occurrences of the separator (itself a string) and returns a list (or array) of the substrings. If <i>limit</i> is given, after <i>limit</i> – 1 separators have been read, the rest of the string is made into the last substring, regardless of whether it has any separators in it. The Scheme and Erlang implementations are similar but differ in several ways. JavaScript differs also in that it cuts, it does not put the rest of the string into the last element. <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/jsref/jsref_split.asp">See the example here</a>. The Cobra implementation will default to whitespace. Opposite of <i>join</i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>split(/<i>separator</i>/, <i>string</i>«, <i>limit</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5</td></tr><tr><td>split(<i>separator</i>, <i>string</i>«, <i>limit</i>»)<i>string</i>.split(<i>separator</i>, «<i>limit</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>explode(<i>separator</i>, <i>string</i>«, <i>limit</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.split(<i>separator</i>«, <i>limit</i>-1»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.split(<i>separator</i>«, <i>limit</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><td>string:tokens(<i>string</i>, <i>sepchars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td>strings.Split(<i>string</i>, <i>separator</i>)strings.SplitN(<i>string</i>, <i>separator</i>, <i>limit</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-tokenize <i>string</i>« <i>charset</i>« <i>start</i>« <i>end</i>»»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (SRFI 13)</td></tr><tr><td>Split(<i>string</i>, <i>sepchars</i>«, <i>limit</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Split(<i>sepchars</i>«, <i>limit</i>«, <i>options</i>»»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> -split <i>separator</i>«, <i>limit</i>«, <i>options</i>»»</td><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td>Str.split (Str.regexp_string <i>separator</i>) <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>std.string.split(<i>string</i>, <i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> componentsSeparatedByString:<i>separator</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.componentsSeparatedByString(<i>separator</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (Foundation)</td></tr><tr><td>TStringList.Delimiter, TStringList.DelimitedText</td><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a></td></tr><tr><td>StringSplit[<i>string</i>, <i>separator</i>«, <i>limit</i>»]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.split«(<i>sepchars</i>«, <i>limit</i>«, <i>options</i>»»)»</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td></tr><tr><td>split <i>string separator</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td>(<i>separator</i>≠<i>string</i>)⊂<i>string</i> in APL2<i>separator</i>(≠⊆⊢)<i>string</i> in Dyalog APL 16.0</td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.split(<i>separator</i>)<p><i>string</i>.split(<i>limit</i>, <i>separator</i>)</p></td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Example in C# "abc,defgh,ijk".Split(','); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"} "abc,defgh;ijk".Split(',', ';'); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"} % Example in Erlang string:tokens("abc;defgh;ijk", ";"). % ["abc", "defgh", "ijk"] // Examples in Java "abc,defgh,ijk".split(","); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"} "abc,defgh;ijk".split(",|;"); // {"abc", "defgh", "ijk"} { Example in Pascal } var lStrings: TStringList; lStr: string; begin lStrings := TStringList.Create; lStrings.Delimiter := ','; lStrings.DelimitedText := 'abc,defgh,ijk'; lStr := lStrings.Strings[0]; // 'abc' lStr := lStrings.Strings[1]; // 'defgh' lStr := lStrings.Strings[2]; // 'ijk' end; # Examples in Perl 5 split(/spam/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'); # ('Spam eggs ', ' ', ' and ham') split(/X/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'); # ('Spam eggs spam spam and ham') # Examples in Raku 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'.split(/spam/); # (Spam eggs and ham) split(/X/, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'); # (Spam eggs spam spam and ham) <h3>sprintf</h3> <p><i>see</i> #Format </p> <h3>strip</h3> <p><i>see</i> #trim </p> <h3>strcmp</h3> <p><i>see</i> #Compare (integer result) </p> <h3>substring</h3> <p class="note">See CharAt for base of startpos/endpos.</p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>substring(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>endpos</i>) returns stringsubstr(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>) returns string</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns a substring of <i>string</i> between starting at <i>startpos</i> and <i>endpos</i>, or starting at <i>startpos</i> of length <i>numChars</i>. The resulting string is truncated if there are fewer than <i>numChars</i> characters beyond the starting point. <i>endpos</i> represents the index after the last character in the substring. Note that for variable-length encodings such as <a href="/facts/UTF-8/xlaVHSyf">UTF-8</a>, <a href="/facts/UTF-16/ofSmbCem">UTF-16</a> or <a href="/facts/Shift-JIS/9j7nb3fr">Shift-JIS</a>, it can be necessary to remove string positions at the end, in order to avoid invalid strings.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>string[<i>startpos</i>:<i>endpos</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a> (changes base index)</td></tr><tr><td>string (<i>startpos</i> .. <i>endpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a> (changes base index)</td></tr><tr><td>Mid(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td>mid(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i>+(⍳<i>numChars</i>)-~⎕IO]</td><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td></tr><tr><td>MID$(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a></td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/AWK/lAQ0leyj">AWK</a> (changes string), <a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> <a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)<i>string</i>.substr(<i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>substr(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i> «,<i>numChars</i>, <i>padChar</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i>:<i>endpos</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a>, <a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>]<i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i> .. <i>endpos</i>-1]<i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i> ... <i>endpos</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i> .. <i>endpos</i>]<i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i> len <i>numChars</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.slice(<i>startpos</i>«, <i>endpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.substr(<i>startpos</i>«, <i>numChars</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL), <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.Substring(<i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.substring(<i>startpos</i>«, <i>endpos</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td>copy(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>(substring <i>string</i> <i>startpos</i> <i>endpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><td>(subseq <i>string</i> <i>startpos</i> <i>endpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(subseq <i>string</i> <i>startpos</i> <i>endpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.sub <i>string</i> <i>startpos</i> <i>numChars</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>substring (<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td>string:sub_string(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>endpos</i>)string:substr(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td>strncpy(<i>result</i>, <i>string</i> + <i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>);</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i> .. <i>endpos</i>+1]</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>take <i>numChars</i> $ drop <i>startpos</i> <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(<i>startpos</i>, <i>numChars</i>)]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only)</td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.[<i>startpos</i>..<i>endpos</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td>string.sub(<i>string</i>, <i>startpos</i>, <i>endpos</i>)(<i>string</i>):sub(<i>startpos</i>, <i>endpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> copyFrom: <i>startpos</i> to: <i>endpos</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>(<i>startpos</i>:<i>endpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td></tr><tr><td>SUBSTRING(<i>string</i> FROM <i>startpos</i> «FOR <i>numChars</i>»)</td><td><a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a></td></tr><tr><td>StringTake[<i>string</i>, {<i>startpos</i>, <i>endpos</i>}]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> (<i>startpos</i>:<i>numChars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td>${<i>string_param</i>:<i>startpos</i>:<i>numChars</i>}</td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td></tr><tr><td>string range <i>string startpos endpos</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>[<i>startpos</i>..<i>endpos</i>]<i>string</i>.get(<i>startpos</i>..<i>endpos</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Examples in C# "abc".Substring(1, 1): // returns "b" "abc".Substring(1, 2); // returns "bc" "abc".Substring(1, 6); // error ;; Examples in Common Lisp (subseq "abc" 1 2) ; returns "b" (subseq "abc" 2) ; returns "c" % Examples in Erlang string:substr("abc", 2, 1). % returns "b" string:substr("abc", 2). % returns "bc" # Examples in Perl 5 substr("abc", 1, 1); # returns "b" substr("abc", 1); # returns "bc" # Examples in Raku "abc".substr(1, 1); # returns "b" "abc".substr(1); # returns "bc" # Examples in Python "abc"[1:2] # returns "b" "abc"[1:3] # returns "bc" /* Examples in Rexx */ substr("abc", 2, 1) /* returns "b" */ substr("abc", 2) /* returns "bc" */ substr("abc", 2, 6) /* returns "bc " */ substr("abc", 2, 6, "*") /* returns "bc****" */ <h3>Uppercase</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th>Definition</th><td>uppercase(<i>string</i>) returns string</td></tr><tr><th>Description</th><td>Returns the string in upper case.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th>Format</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td>UCase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">VB</a></td></tr><tr><td>ucase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/FreeBASIC/zLmEybbq">FreeBASIC</a></td></tr><tr><td>toupper(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/AWK/lAQ0leyj">AWK</a> (changes string)</td></tr><tr><td>uc(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.uc</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>toupper(<i>char</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (operates on one character)</td></tr><tr><td>for(size_t i = 0, len = strlen(<i>string</i>); i< len; i++) <i>string</i>[i] = toupper(<i>string</i>[i]);for (char *c = <i>string</i>; *c != '\0'; c++) *c = toupper(*c);</td><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (string / char array)</td></tr><tr><td>std.string.toUpper(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>transform(<i>string</i>.begin(), <i>string</i>.end(), <i>result</i>.begin(), toupper)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>uppercase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>upcase(<i>char</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a>) (operates on one character)</td></tr><tr><td>strtoupper(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td>upper(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td></tr><tr><td>${<i>string_param</i>^^} (mnemonic: ^ is pointing up)</td><td><a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">Bash</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Echo_(command)/ue5jH01X">echo</a> "string" | <a href="/facts/Tr_(program)/Ev2SREmK">tr</a> 'a-z' 'A-Z'</td><td><a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a></td></tr><tr><td>translate(<i>string</i>)UPPER variablesPARSE UPPER VAR SrcVar DstVar</td><td><a href="/facts/Rexx/hAzh6FeR">Rexx</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.upper()</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td>upcase(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Pick_Basic/LSXLknzu">Pick Basic</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.upcase</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>strings.ToUpper(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-upcase <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a>, <a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.uppercase <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.map Char.toUpper <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td></tr><tr><td>map Char.toUpper <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.toUpperCase()</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.uppercase()</td><td><a href="/facts/Kotlin_(programming_language)/CrAqIFLn">Kotlin</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>to_upper(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.ToUpper()</td><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">VB .NET</a>, <a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.uppercaseString</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (NSString * only), <a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a> (Foundation)</td></tr><tr><td>string.upper(<i>string</i>)(<i>string</i>):upper()</td><td><a href="/facts/Lua_(programming_language)/xkBCgta0">Lua</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> asUppercase</td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td>UPPER(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a></td></tr><tr><td>ToUpperCase[<i>string</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td></tr><tr><td>«FUNCTION» UPPER-CASE(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.toUpper</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobra_(programming_language)/KoaKnA5c">Cobra</a></td></tr><tr><td>string toupper <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.to_uppercase()</td><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> // Example in C# "Wiki means fast?".ToUpper(); // "WIKI MEANS FAST?" # Example in Perl 5 uc("Wiki means fast?"); # "WIKI MEANS FAST?" # Example in Raku uc("Wiki means fast?"); # "WIKI MEANS FAST?" "Wiki means fast?".uc; # "WIKI MEANS FAST?" /* Example in Rexx */ translate("Wiki means fast?") /* "WIKI MEANS FAST?" */ /* Example #2 */ A='This is an example.' UPPER A /* "THIS IS AN EXAMPLE." */ /* Example #3 */ A='upper using Translate Function.' Translate UPPER VAR A Z /* Z="UPPER USING TRANSLATE FUNCTION." */ ; Example in Scheme (use-modules (srfi srfi-13)) (string-upcase "Wiki means fast?") ; "WIKI MEANS FAST?" ' Example in Visual Basic UCase("Wiki means fast?") ' "WIKI MEANS FAST?" <h3>trim</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Trim_(programming)/NNR5JSaC">Trim (programming)</a></p> <p>trim or strip is used to remove whitespace from the beginning, end, or both beginning and end, of a string. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Example usage</th><th>Languages</th></tr><tr><td><i>String</i>.Trim([<i>chars</i>])</td><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a>, <a href="/facts/VB.NET/09mPEo4q">VB.NET</a>, <a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.strip();</td><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td>(.trim <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Clojure/3JRNxKXx">Clojure</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>sequence</i> [ predicate? ] trim</td><td><a href="/facts/Factor_(programming_language)/oSKmJ26c">Factor</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-trim '(#\Space #\Tab #\Newline) <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td></tr><tr><td>(string-trim <i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.trim()</td><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a>, <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> (1.8.1+, Firefox 3.5+), <a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Trim(<i>String</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> <a href="/facts/QBasic/yxMVNxCs">QBasic</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a>, <a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/mAqCJnqm">Delphi</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.strip()</td><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td></tr><tr><td>strings.Trim(<i>string</i>, <i>chars</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td></tr><tr><td>LTRIM(RTRIM(<i>String</i>))</td><td><a href="/facts/Oracle_Corporation/0z14FygH">Oracle</a> <a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a>, <a href="/facts/T-SQL/J1ArBRyF">T-SQL</a></td></tr><tr><td>strip(<i>string</i> [,<i>option</i>, <i>char</i>])</td><td><a href="/facts/REXX_(programming_language)/hAzh6FeR">REXX</a></td></tr><tr><td>string:strip(<i>string</i> [,<i>option</i>, <i>char</i>])</td><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.strip<i>string</i>.lstrip<i>string</i>.rstrip</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i>.trim</td><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>trim(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/PHP/02Lfe6RM">PHP</a>, <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td></tr><tr><td>[<i>string</i> stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet]]</td><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> using <a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a></td></tr><tr><td><i>string</i> withBlanksTrimmed<i>string</i> withoutSpaces<i>string</i> withoutSeparators</td><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> (<a href="/facts/Squeak/eCP11lRC">Squeak</a>, <a href="/facts/Pharo/E6BA3bwE">Pharo</a>)<a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><td>strip(string)</td><td><a href="/facts/SAS_(software)/7y2ulIMX">SAS</a></td></tr><tr><td>string trim <i>$string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a></td></tr><tr><td>TRIM(<i>string</i>)TRIM(ADJUSTL(<i>string</i>))</td><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td></tr><tr><td>TRIM(<i>string</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/SQL/UjQLJcYm">SQL</a></td></tr><tr><td>TRIM(<i>string</i>)LTrim(<i>string</i>)RTrim(<i>String</i>)</td><td><a href="/facts/ColdFusion/4WB5vcA2">ColdFusion</a></td></tr><tr><td>String.trim <i>string</i></td><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a> 4+</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other languages </p><p>In languages without a built-in trim function, it is usually simple to create a custom function which accomplishes the same task. </p> <h4>APL</h4> <p><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a> can use regular expressions directly: </p> Trim←'^ +| +$'⎕R'' <p>Alternatively, a functional approach combining Boolean masks that filter away leading and trailing spaces: </p> Trim←{⍵/⍨(∨\∧∘⌽∨\∘⌽)' '≠⍵} <p>Or reverse and remove leading spaces, twice: </p> Trim←{(∨\' '≠⍵)/⍵}∘⌽⍣2 <h4>AWK</h4> <p>In <a href="/facts/AWK/lAQ0leyj">AWK</a>, one can use regular expressions to trim: </p> ltrim(v) = gsub(/^[ \t]+/, "", v) rtrim(v) = gsub(/[ \t]+$/, "", v) trim(v) = ltrim(v); rtrim(v) <p>or: </p> function ltrim(s) { sub(/^[ \t]+/, "", s); return s } function rtrim(s) { sub(/[ \t]+$/, "", s); return s } function trim(s) { return rtrim(ltrim(s)); } <h4>C/C++</h4> <p>There is no standard trim function in C or C++. Most of the available string libraries<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> for C contain code which implements trimming, or functions that significantly ease an efficient implementation. The function has also often been called EatWhitespace in some non-standard C libraries. </p><p>In C, programmers often combine a ltrim and rtrim to implement trim: </p> #include <string.h> #include <ctype.h> void rtrim(char *str) { char *s; s = str + strlen(str); while (--s >= str) { if (!isspace(*s)) break; *s = 0; } } void ltrim(char *str) { size_t n; n = 0; while (str[n] != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) str[n])) { n++; } memmove(str, str + n, strlen(str) - n + 1); } void trim(char *str) { rtrim(str); ltrim(str); } <p>The <a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">open source</a> C++ library <a href="/facts/Boost_library/vGLGG51A">Boost</a> has several trim variants, including a standard one:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p> #include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp> trimmed = boost::algorithm::trim_copy("string"); <p>With boost's function named simply trim the input sequence is modified in-place, and returns no result. </p><p>Another <a href="/facts/Open-source_software/HzTaB8E9">open source</a> C++ library <a href="/facts/Qt_(software)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a>, has several trim variants, including a standard one:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> </p> #include <QString> trimmed = s.trimmed(); <p>The <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a> also includes a strip function, strstrip(), since 2.6.18-rc1, which trims the string "in place". Since 2.6.33-rc1, the kernel uses strim() instead of strstrip() to avoid false warnings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> </p> <h4>Haskell</h4> <p>A trim algorithm in <a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a>: </p> import Data.Char (isSpace) trim :: String -> String trim = f . f where f = reverse . dropWhile isSpace <p>may be interpreted as follows: <i>f</i> drops the preceding whitespace, and reverses the string. <i>f</i> is then again applied to its own output. Note that the type signature (the second line) is optional. </p> <h4>J</h4> <p>The trim algorithm in <a href="/facts/J_(programming_language)/EdIVMBj7">J</a> is a <a href="/facts/Functional_programming/cdxqPEIM">functional</a> description: </p> trim =. #~ [: (+./\ *. +./\.) ' '&~: <p>That is: filter (#~) for non-space characters (' '&~:) between leading (+./\) and (*.) trailing (+./\.) spaces. </p> <h4>JavaScript</h4> <p>There is a built-in trim function in JavaScript 1.8.1 (Firefox 3.5 and later), and the ECMAScript 5 standard. In earlier versions it can be added to the String object's prototype as follows: </p> String.prototype.trim = function() { return this.replace(/^\s+/g, "").replace(/\s+$/g, ""); }; <h4>Perl</h4> <p>Perl 5 has no built-in trim function. However, the functionality is commonly achieved using <a href="/facts/Regular_expression/KFL3veHX">regular expressions</a>. </p><p>Example: </p> $string =~ s/^\s+//; # remove leading whitespace $string =~ s/\s+$//; # remove trailing whitespace <p>or: </p> $string =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g ; # remove both leading and trailing whitespace <p>These examples modify the value of the original variable $string. </p><p>Also available for Perl is StripLTSpace in String::Strip from <a href="/facts/CPAN/MB7Iv662">CPAN</a>. </p><p>There are, however, two functions that are commonly used to strip whitespace from the end of strings, chomp and chop: </p> <ul><li><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/chop.html">chop</a> removes the last character from a string and returns it.</li> <li><a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/chomp.html">chomp</a> removes the trailing newline character(s) from a string if present. (What constitutes a newline is <a href="http://perldoc.perl.org/perlvar.html">$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</a> dependent).</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a>, the upcoming sister language of Perl, strings have a trim method. </p><p>Example: </p> $string = $string.trim; # remove leading and trailing whitespace $string .= trim; # same thing <h4>Tcl</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Tcl/s7fbKYtR">Tcl</a> string command has three relevant subcommands: trim, trimright and trimleft. For each of those commands, an additional argument may be specified: a string that represents a set of characters to remove—the default is whitespace (space, tab, newline, carriage return). </p><p>Example of trimming vowels: </p> set string onomatopoeia set trimmed [string trim $string aeiou] ;# result is nomatop set r_trimmed [string trimright $string aeiou] ;# result is onomatop set l_trimmed [string trimleft $string aeiou] ;# result is nomatopoeia <h4>XSLT</h4> <p><a href="/facts/XSL_Transformations/0gw4WVyJ">XSLT</a> includes the function normalize-space(<i>string</i>) which strips leading and trailing whitespace, in addition to replacing any whitespace sequence (including line breaks) with a single space. </p><p>Example: </p> <xsl:variable name='trimmed'> <xsl:value-of select='normalize-space(string)'/> </xsl:variable> <p>XSLT 2.0 includes regular expressions, providing another mechanism to perform string trimming. </p><p>Another XSLT technique for trimming is to utilize the XPath 2.0 substring() function. </p> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>the index can be negative, which then indicates the number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>the index can be negative, which then indicates the number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>In Rust, the str::chars method iterates over code points and the std::iter::Iterator::nth method on iterators returns the zero-indexed nth value from the iterator, or None. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.chars" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.chars</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>the index can be negative, which then indicates the number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>the index can not be negative, use *-N where N indicate the number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>the index can be negative, which then indicates the number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>the index can be negative, which then indicates the number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>In C++, the overloaded operator<=> method on a string returns a std::strong_ordering object (otherwise std::weak_ordering): less, equal (same as equivalent), or greater. <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_comparison#Three-way%20comparison" target="_blank">https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_comparison#Three-way%20comparison</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>returns LESS, EQUAL, or GREATER <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>returns LT, EQ, or GT <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>returns .TRUE. or .FALSE.. These functions are based on the ASCII collating sequence. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>IBM extension. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>In Rust, the Ord::cmp method on a string returns an Ordering: Less, Equal, or Greater. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.Ord.html#tymethod.cmp" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/trait.Ord.html#tymethod.cmp</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>In Rust, the operators == and != and the methods eq, ne are implemented by the PartialEq trait, and the operators <, >, <=, >= and the methods lt, gt, le, ge are implemented by the PartialOrd trait. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>The operators use the compiler's default collating sequence. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>In Rust, the operators == and != and the methods eq, ne are implemented by the PartialEq trait, and the operators <, >, <=, >= and the methods lt, gt, le, ge are implemented by the PartialOrd trait. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>modifies string1, which must have enough space to store the result <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>In Rust, the + operator is implemented by the Add trait. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct.String.html#impl-Add%3C%26%27_%20str%3E" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct.String.html#impl-Add%3C%26%27_%20str%3E</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>See the str::contains method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.contains" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.contains</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>See the std::basic_string::contains method. <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/contains" target="_blank">https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string/contains</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>startpos is IBM extension. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>In Rust, the operators == and != and the methods eq, ne are implemented by the PartialEq trait, and the operators <, >, <=, >= and the methods lt, gt, le, ge are implemented by the PartialOrd trait. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>In Rust, the operators == and != and the methods eq, ne are implemented by the PartialEq trait, and the operators <, >, <=, >= and the methods lt, gt, le, ge are implemented by the PartialOrd trait. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>startpos is IBM extension. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>See the str::find method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.find" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.find</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>startpos is IBM extension. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>See the str::find method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.find" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.find</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"scan in Fortran Wiki". Fortranwiki.org. 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2013-08-18. <a href="http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/scan" target="_blank">http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/scan</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"verify in Fortran Wiki". Fortranwiki.org. 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-08-18. <a href="http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/verify" target="_blank">http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/verify</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>formatstring must be a fixed literal at compile time for it to have the correct type. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>See std::format, which is imported by the Rust prelude so that it can be used under the name format. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/macro.format.html" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/macro.format.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>In Rust, the operators == and != and the methods eq, ne are implemented by the PartialEq trait, and the operators <, >, <=, >= and the methods lt, gt, le, ge are implemented by the PartialOrd trait. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>In Rust, the operators == and != and the methods eq, ne are implemented by the PartialEq trait, and the operators <, >, <=, >= and the methods lt, gt, le, ge are implemented by the PartialOrd trait. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#impl-PartialEq%3Cstr%3E</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>See the slice::join method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.slice.html#method.join" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.slice.html#method.join</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>if n is larger than the length of the string, then in Debug mode ArrayRangeException is thrown, in Release mode, the behaviour is unspecified. <a href="/wiki/Unspecified_behavior" target="_blank">/wiki/Unspecified_behavior</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>if n is larger than the length of the string, Java will throw an IndexOutOfBoundsException <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>if n is larger than length of string, raises Invalid_argument <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>if n is larger than length of string, throw the message "StringTake::take:" <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>In Rust, strings are indexed in terms of byte offsets and there is a runtime panic if the index is out of bounds or if it would result in invalid UTF-8. A &str (string reference) can be indexed by various types of ranges, including Range (0..n), RangeFrom (n..), and RangeTo (..n) because they all implement the SliceIndex trait with str being the type being indexed. The str::get method is the non-panicking way to index. It returns None in the cases in which indexing would panic. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" target="_blank">/wiki/UTF-8</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Ruby lacks Unicode support <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>See the str::len method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.len" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.len</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>In Rust, the str::chars method iterates over code points and the std::iter::Iterator::count method on iterators consumes the iterator and returns the total number of elements in the iterator. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.chars" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.chars</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>operates on one character <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>The transform function exists in the std:: namespace. You must include the <algorithm> header file to use it. The tolower and toupper functions are in the global namespace, obtained by the <ctype.h> header file. The std::tolower and std::toupper names are overloaded and cannot be passed to std::transform without a cast to resolve a function overloading ambiguity, e.g. std::transform(string.begin(), string.end(), result.begin(), (int (*)(int))std::tolower); <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>std::string only, result is stored in string result which is at least as long as string, and may or may not be string itself <a href="/wiki/Std::string" target="_blank">/wiki/Std::string</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>only ASCII characters as Ruby lacks Unicode support <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>IBM extension. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>See the str::to_lowercase method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_lowercase" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_lowercase</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>See the str::replace method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.replace" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.replace</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>The "find" string in this construct is interpreted as a regular expression. Certain characters have special meaning in regular expressions. If you want to find a string literally, you need to quote the special characters. <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" target="_blank">/wiki/Regular_expression</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>The "find" string in this construct is interpreted as a regular expression. Certain characters have special meaning in regular expressions. If you want to find a string literally, you need to quote the special characters. <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" target="_blank">/wiki/Regular_expression</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>third parameter is non-standard <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>The "find" string in this construct is interpreted as a regular expression. Certain characters have special meaning in regular expressions. If you want to find a string literally, you need to quote the special characters. <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" target="_blank">/wiki/Regular_expression</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>The "find" string in this construct is interpreted as a regular expression. Certain characters have special meaning in regular expressions. If you want to find a string literally, you need to quote the special characters. <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" target="_blank">/wiki/Regular_expression</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>The "find" string in this construct is interpreted as a regular expression. Certain characters have special meaning in regular expressions. If you want to find a string literally, you need to quote the special characters. <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" target="_blank">/wiki/Regular_expression</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>In Rust, the str::chars method iterates over code points, the std::iter::Iterator::rev method on reversible iterators (std::iter::DoubleEndedIterator) creates a reversed iterator, and the std::iter::Iterator::collect method consumes the iterator and creates a collection (which here is specified as a String with the turbofish syntax) from the iterator's elements. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.chars" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.chars</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>See the str::rfind method. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.rfind" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.rfind</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"Annotated ES5". Es5.github.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2013-08-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128185825/https://es5.github.com/#x15.5.4.13" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130128185825/https://es5.github.com/#x15.5.4.13</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>if n is larger than length of string, then in Debug mode ArrayRangeException is thrown, and unspecified behaviour in Release mode <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>if n is larger than length of string, raises Invalid_argument <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>if n is larger than length of string, throw the message "StringTake::take:" <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>In Rust, strings are indexed in terms of byte offsets and there is a runtime panic if the index is out of bounds or if it would result in invalid UTF-8. A &str (string reference) can be indexed by various types of ranges, including Range (0..n), RangeFrom (n..), and RangeTo (..n) because they all implement the SliceIndex trait with str being the type being indexed. The str::get method is the non-panicking way to index. It returns None in the cases in which indexing would panic. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" target="_blank">/wiki/UTF-8</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>See the str::split and str::rsplit methods. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.split" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.split</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>startpos can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>numChars can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>startpos can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>numChars can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>startpos can not be negative, use * - startpos to indicate to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>numChars can not be negative, use * - numChars to indicate to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>startpos can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>endpos can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>startpos can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>endpos can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>startpos can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>endpos can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>startpos can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>endpos can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>startpos can be negative, which indicates to start that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>endpos can be negative, which indicates to end that number of places before the end of the string. <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>In Rust, strings are indexed in terms of byte offsets and there is a runtime panic if the index is out of bounds or if it would result in invalid UTF-8. A &str (string reference) can be indexed by various types of ranges, including Range (0..n), RangeFrom (n..), and RangeTo (..n) because they all implement the SliceIndex trait with str being the type being indexed. The str::get method is the non-panicking way to index. It returns None in the cases in which indexing would panic. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" target="_blank">/wiki/UTF-8</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>The transform function exists in the std:: namespace. You must include the <algorithm> header file to use it. The tolower and toupper functions are in the global namespace, obtained by the <ctype.h> header file. The std::tolower and std::toupper names are overloaded and cannot be passed to std::transform without a cast to resolve a function overloading ambiguity, e.g. std::transform(string.begin(), string.end(), result.begin(), (int (*)(int))std::tolower); <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>std::string only, result is stored in string result which is at least as long as string, and may or may not be string itself <a href="/wiki/Std::string" target="_blank">/wiki/Std::string</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>only ASCII characters as Ruby lacks Unicode support <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>"uppercase - Kotlin Programming Language". Kotlin. Retrieved 9 November 2024. <a href="https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin.text/uppercase.html" target="_blank">https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin.text/uppercase.html</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>In Rust, the str::to_uppercase method returns a newly allocated String with any lowercase characters changed to uppercase ones following the Unicode rules. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_uppercase" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.to_uppercase</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>In Rust, the str::trim method returns a reference to the original &str. <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.trim" target="_blank">https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.trim</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>"Trim – GNU Pascal priručnik". Gnu-pascal.de. Retrieved 2013-08-24. <a href="http://gnu-pascal.de/gpc-hr/Trim.html" target="_blank">http://gnu-pascal.de/gpc-hr/Trim.html</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>"String library comparison". And.org. Retrieved 2013-08-24. <a href="http://www.and.org/vstr/comparison" target="_blank">http://www.and.org/vstr/comparison</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>"Usage – 1.54.0". Boost.org. 2013-05-22. Retrieved 2013-08-24. <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/html/string_algo/usage.html#id2742817" target="_blank">http://www.boost.org/doc/html/string_algo/usage.html#id2742817</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>[1] Archived August 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://doc.trolltech.com/4.5/qstring.html#trimmed" target="_blank">http://doc.trolltech.com/4.5/qstring.html#trimmed</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>dankamongmen. "sprezzos-kernel-packaging/changelog at master · dankamongmen/sprezzos-kernel-packaging · GitHub". Github.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29. <a href="https://github.com/dankamongmen/sprezzos-kernel-packaging/blob/master/changelog" target="_blank">https://github.com/dankamongmen/sprezzos-kernel-packaging/blob/master/changelog</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>