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Rafe
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<h2 id="yiddish">Yiddish</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Yiddish_orthography/x1CIbANg">Yiddish orthography</a>, the rafe distinguishes פ /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a>/ from פֿ /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a>/ and in words of Semitic origin also ב /<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a>/ from בֿ (/<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>/. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="1">Name</th><th colspan="1">Symbol</th><th colspan="1">IPA</th><th colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Transliteration/1eemsW6o">Transliteration</a></th><th colspan="1">Example</th></tr><tr><td>Pey</td><td>פ</td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a>/</td><td>p</td><td>pan</td></tr><tr><td>Fey</td><td>פֿ</td><td>/<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a>/</td><td>f</td><td>fan</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="ladino">Ladino</h2> <p>In Ladino the rafe, called a <i>varrica</i> (“little crossbar”), looks more like a breve-shaped diacritic (ﬞ ) on top of the letter (◌ﬞ). When written in the <a href="/facts/Square_hebrew/qQStmr5u">square form</a>, or when unable to apply the varrica rafe diacritic to a letter, it is replaced by a <a href="/facts/Geresh/Krlv1G2F">geresh</a> (׳) immediately after the letter as a substitute to effect the same change in pronunciation. For example, גﬞ is equivalent to ג׳ in altering the sound from the <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_stop/f6udTvfQ">voiced velar stop</a> [g] to the <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">voiced postalveolar affricate</a> [d͡ʒ], known in English as "<a href="/facts/Soft_g/DcAIdDP9">soft g</a>". </p><p>In Ladino, as in <a href="/facts/Tiberian_Hebrew/SMEWHn23">Tiberian Hebrew</a>, the rafe changes ב [b] into בﬞ [v], ד [d] into דﬞ [ð], and פ [p] into פﬞ [f]. Unlike in Hebrew, the rafe also changes ג [g] into גﬞ ([d͡ʒ] or [t͡ʃ]), ז [z] into זﬞ [ʒ], and in words of Semitic origin also ש ([s] or [ʃ]) into שﬞ [ʃ]. In words of Romance origin, [s] is spelled as ס, freeing up ש for the <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> [ʃ] without the need for a rafe to disambiguate. </p><p>Note Ladino orthography is far less standardized than Yiddish; original Ladino works may be written in <a href="/facts/Rashi_script/zw8JdWzr">Rashi script</a> (using rafe), Hebrew block print (using geresh), or in the <a href="/facts/Latin_alphabet/pqWVHpBz">Latin alphabet</a> (e.g. the 1553 <a href="/facts/Ferrara_Bible/0GMfqDsK">Ferrara Bible</a>). </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="10"><a href="/facts/Judaeo-Spanish/agC0XUvz">Ladino</a> letters formed using a 'varrica' <i>rafe</i> <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="4">Without <i>Rafe</i></th><th colspan="4">With <i>Rafe</i> (equivalent with <a href="/facts/Geresh/Krlv1G2F">geresh</a>)</th></tr><tr><th>Symbol</th><th><a href="/facts/Transliteration_of_Hebrew/lqWNLwgA">Translit.</a></th><th>IPA</th><th>Example</th><th>Symbol</th><th><a href="/facts/Transliteration_of_Hebrew/lqWNLwgA">Translit.</a></th><th>IPA</th><th>Example</th></tr><tr><td>ב</td><td>b</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a>]</td><td>boy</td><td>(ב׳) בﬞ</td><td>v</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a>]~[<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_approximant/2ljHM92m">β̞</a>]</td><td>voyage</td></tr><tr><td>ג</td><td>g</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a>]</td><td>gap</td><td>(ג׳) גﬞ</td><td>dj, ǧ, or ch, č</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a>]~[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a>]</td><td>Jupiter, George, chip</td></tr><tr><td>ד</td><td>d</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d̪</a>]</td><td>day</td><td>(ד׳) דﬞ</td><td>dh, th, ḏ, đ</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_approximant/MTJup6oV">ð̞</a>]</td><td>they</td></tr><tr><td>ז</td><td>z</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a>]</td><td>zoo</td><td>(ז׳) זﬞ</td><td>j, g, zh, ž</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a>]</td><td>Jacques, beige, vision</td></tr><tr><td>ט</td><td>t</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t̪</a>]</td><td>toy</td><td>(ט׳) טﬞ</td><td>th</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_fricative/hmQpb6pI">θ</a>]</td><td>thirty</td></tr><tr><td>כ</td><td>c, k</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a>]</td><td>care, king</td><td>(כ׳) כﬞ</td><td>ch, kh, k</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a>]~[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a>]</td><td>loch, Bach</td></tr><tr><td>פ</td><td>p</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a>]</td><td>past</td><td>(פ׳) פﬞ</td><td>f</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a>]</td><td>fast</td></tr><tr><td>ש</td><td>s, ç</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a>]</td><td>sin, cent</td><td>(ש׳) שﬞ</td><td>sh, š</td><td>[<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a>]</td><td>shin</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="unicode">Unicode</h2> <p>"Hebrew Point Rafe" is encoded in the Unicode standard as U+05BF. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dagesh/pWDjK9M0">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hebrew_alphabet/qQStmr5u">Hebrew alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hebrew_phonology_(disambiguation)/KgIEJBUY">Hebrew phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Macron_(diacritic)/41AF4mKp">Macron</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mappiq/xvYdq1MJ">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yiddish_orthography/x1CIbANg">Yiddish orthography</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §14 <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/14" target="_blank">https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/14</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Rabbi Nosson Scherman, Rabbi Meir Zlotowitz, Siddur Kol Yaakov/The Complete ArtScroll Siddur—Nusach Ashkenaz, 3rd Edition, Eighteenth Impression, Mesorah Publications Ltd., July 2003. ISBN 0-89906-650-X. Preface, p. IX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Sefarađizo: Ladino: Alefbet: Tabla". 2021-09-16. Archived from the original on 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2021-09-16. <a href="http://www.sefaradizo.org/ladino/alefbet/alefbet_ladino-tabla-es.html" target="_blank">http://www.sefaradizo.org/ladino/alefbet/alefbet_ladino-tabla-es.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>