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Institute for Computational Cosmology
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Durham University's extragalactic astronomy group was founded in the late 1970s, and secured in 1984–5 with the appointments of <a href="/facts/Carlos_Frenk/TdLC04K1">Carlos Frenk</a>, <a href="/facts/Richard_Ellis_(astronomer)/8P1jygyW">Richard Ellis</a> and Tom Shanks. A group researching theoretical cosmology grew steadily during the 1980s and 1990s, mainly funded by the UK <a href="/facts/Particle_Physics_and_Astronomy_Research_Council/REbgC1vl">Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council</a> (PPARC). A dedicated building for theoretical cosmology was then funded through private donations, principally from alumnus <a href="/facts/Peter_Ogden_(businessman)/lqpUSbbF">Peter Ogden</a>, and opened in 2002 by the Prime Minister, <a href="/facts/Tony_Blair/3oytaWsP">Tony Blair</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The group has grown in these new facilities, and the ICC now hosts more than 60 researchers, including theoretical and observational cosmologists, as well as astroparticle physicists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Although the ICC is strictly speaking a theoretical institute, theory and observations in cosmology are intimately interwoven. Uniquely amongst Durham University's Research Institutes, the ICC and IPPP are structurally integrated within an academic and teaching department, <a href="/facts/Durham_University_Department_of_Physics/IbsDy5pg">Physics</a>. The physics department as a whole was awarded grade 5A in the 2001 <a href="/facts/Research_Assessment_Exercise/sxHPz7NW">Research Assessment Exercise</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> (RAE) carried out by the UK government, with the international excellence of research in Astronomy and Particle Physics specifically highlighted. The department's research in Space Science and Astrophysics was rated as number one in Europe and fourth in the world by Thomson Reuters from its Essential Science Indicators (1998–2008).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In November 2016, the ICC moved into the brand new <i>Ogden Centre for Fundamental Physics</i> building, designed by <a href="/facts/Daniel_Libeskind/vL42PQPV">Studio Daniel Libeskind</a>. The new building now houses all three astronomy groups in the Department of Physics, including the Centre for Advanced Instrumentation and the <a href="/facts/Centre_for_Extragalactic_Astronomy_(Durham_University)/IbsDy5pg">Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy</a>, as well as the Institute for Computational Cosmology. </p> <h2 id="supercomputer">Supercomputer</h2> <p>The ICC's highest resolution simulations of the evolution of the Universe are performed on the Cosmology Machine (COSMA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> COSMA-5 was installed in October 2012,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> as a hub of the UK national <a href="/facts/DiRAC/IgtGfTxe">Distributed Research utilitising Advanced Computing (DiRAC)</a> consortium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> COSMA-5 includes 6720 2.6 GHz Intel Sandy Bridge <a href="/facts/Central_processing_unit/Jxp1bqMV">Central processing unit</a> (CPU) cores, 53,760 GB of RAM, and 2.4 PB of data storage; it is one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The ICC acts as one of the two main nodes of the international <a href="/facts/Virgo_Consortium/9Xkjx5J9">Virgo Consortium</a> for <a href="/facts/N-body_simulations/xrHwX7j3">cosmological supercomputer simulations</a>. </p> <h2 id="outreach">Outreach</h2> <p>A founding goal of the ICC is to "stimulate young people to aspire to be the scientists of tomorrow".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> A full-time outreach officer is employed to develop teaching materials that draw upon current research and coordinate a <a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/physics/outreach/">programme of activities</a> in schools across the North East of England. The ICC has been involved in a number of outreach events aimed at communicating science to the general public, notably: </p> <ul><li>The ICC's 3D short movie "Cosmic Origins",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> which combines sequences of real astronomical data and supercomputer simulations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> won first prize for best <a href="/facts/3D_film/nuwLrplG">stereoscopic movie</a> at Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The movie, and its sequel "Cosmic Origins 2"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> provided the core <a href="/facts/Edutainment/SXKNW3Dj">entertainment</a> of a touring public exhibition that visited the <a href="/facts/Royal_Society/KI5yXCuV">Royal Society</a>’s Summer Science Exhibitions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> 2009, 2010 and 2013, See Further<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> 2010, the British Science Festival 2013,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and Thailand's National Science and Technology Fair 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>In 2015, the ICC collaborated on The World Machine project, the centrepiece of the 2015 Durham <a href="/facts/Lumiere_(festival)/Lo9G7nrf">Lumiere</a> light festival. This was a celebration of cosmology, projected onto the facade of <a href="/facts/Durham_Cathedral/4dKQp92Y">Durham Cathedral</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>In July 2016, the ICC hosted an exhibition titled <i>Galaxy Makers: How to make a galaxy</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> at the <a href="/facts/Royal_Society/KI5yXCuV">Royal Society</a> 2016 Summer Exhibition.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Durham University Research Institutes". Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013. <a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/research/institutes/" target="_blank">http://www.dur.ac.uk/research/institutes/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Institute for Computational Cosmology - Durham University". www.dur.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 November 2020. <a href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/research/directory/view/?mode=centre&id=686" target="_blank">https://www.dur.ac.uk/research/directory/view/?mode=centre&id=686</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Davis, M.; Efstathiou, G.; Frenk, C. S.; White, S. D. M. (1985). "The evolution of large-scale structure in a universe dominated by cold dark matter". Astrophysical Journal. 292: 371. Bibcode:1985ApJ...292..371D. doi:10.1086/163168. <a href="/wiki/Marc_Davis_(astronomer)" target="_blank">/wiki/Marc_Davis_(astronomer)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Cole, Shaun; Lacey, Cedric G.; Baugh, Carlton M.; Frenk, Carlos S. (2000). "Hierarchical galaxy formation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 319 (1): 168–204. arXiv:astro-ph/0007281. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.319..168C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03879.x. S2CID 17395956. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2000.03879.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2000.03879.x</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Dodelson, Scott (2003), Review of astro-ph topcites, retrieved 6 September 2013 <a href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/topcites/older/topcites/2003/eprints/astro-ph_review.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/topcites/older/topcites/2003/eprints/astro-ph_review.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Listed as 12th overall in the UK, 134th in the world by "Top 500 supercomputer sites". June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013. <a href="http://www.top500.org/list/2012/06/?page=2" target="_blank">http://www.top500.org/list/2012/06/?page=2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Barrat, Peter (18 October 2002). "Prime Minister Tony Blair Opens New Centre for Physics Research". PPARC. Retrieved 6 September 2013. <a href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=9567" target="_blank">http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=9567</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>ICC Personnel, retrieved 6 September 2013 <a href="http://icc.dur.ac.uk/index.php?content=Staff/Staff" target="_blank">http://icc.dur.ac.uk/index.php?content=Staff/Staff</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Research Assessment Exercise 2001". Higher Education Funding Council for England. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. 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"Durham University upgrades supercomputer for cosmology research". Techworld. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013. <a href="http://news.techworld.com/data-centre/3446232/durham-university-upgrades-supercomputer-for-cosmology-research/" target="_blank">http://news.techworld.com/data-centre/3446232/durham-university-upgrades-supercomputer-for-cosmology-research/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"DiRAC | Science & Technology Facilities Council | STFC". Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620074339/http://www.stfc.ac.uk/1263.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130620074339/http://www.stfc.ac.uk/1263.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Listed as 12th overall in the UK, 134th in the world by "Top 500 supercomputer sites". June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013. <a href="http://www.top500.org/list/2012/06/?page=2" target="_blank">http://www.top500.org/list/2012/06/?page=2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"10 years of science outreach", Dialogue, vol. 23, pp. 10–11, May–June 2012, archived from the original on 15 March 2016, retrieved 6 September 2013 <a href="http://issuu.com/communicationsoffice/docs/dialogue_issue_23?e=2156517/2206854" target="_blank">http://issuu.com/communicationsoffice/docs/dialogue_issue_23?e=2156517/2206854</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Edwards, Pete. "From Higgs to Hubble (and some of the stuff in-between)". Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013. <a href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/physics.outreach/" target="_blank">http://www.dur.ac.uk/physics.outreach/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"OurCosmicOrigins". YouTube. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/OurCosmicOrigins" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/user/OurCosmicOrigins</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Holliman, Nick; Baugh, Carlton; Frenk, Carlos; Jenkins, Adrian; Froner, Barbara; Hassaine, Djamel; Helly, John; Metcalfe, Nigel; Okamoto, Takashi (27 January 2006), Woods, Andrew J; Dodgson, Neil A; Merritt, John O; Bolas, Mark T; McDowall, Ian E (eds.), "Cosmic cookery: making a stereoscopic 3D animated movie", Proc. 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Retrieved 29 August 2013. <a href="http://www.pico.com/the-national-science-and-technology-fair/" target="_blank">http://www.pico.com/the-national-science-and-technology-fair/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>British Council (14 August 2013). "'Dark matter' holds key to the origins of the universe". Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174732/http://blog.britishcouncil.org/2013/08/14/dark-matter-holds-key-to-the-origins-of-the-universe/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174732/http://blog.britishcouncil.org/2013/08/14/dark-matter-holds-key-to-the-origins-of-the-universe/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Bower, Prof Richard. "Inside the World Machine". Prof Richard Bower. Retrieved 17 December 2024. <a href="https://rgbower.webspace.durham.ac.uk/inside-the-world-machine/" target="_blank">https://rgbower.webspace.durham.ac.uk/inside-the-world-machine/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"Galaxy Makers | Design your own Universe!". www.galaxymakers.org. Retrieved 26 December 2018. <a href="http://www.galaxymakers.org/about.php" target="_blank">http://www.galaxymakers.org/about.php</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>