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Spurious languages
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<h2 id="dubious-languages">Dubious languages</h2> <p>Dubious languages are those whose existence is uncertain. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Oropom_language/AwlXS9vH">Oropom</a> (<a href="/facts/Uganda/PabdegRm">Uganda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nemadi_dialect/MhhmNjf5">Nemadi</a> (<a href="/facts/Mauritania/JcP8EJku">Mauritania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rer_Bare/4upjS5NT">Rer Bare</a> (<a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a>) – extinct, if it ever existed</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tapeba/LhNRmbsY">Tapeba</a> (<a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> – a recently created indigenous ethnicity, not a language</li> <li>Ladakhi Sign Language – no community to use it<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="spurious-according-to-ethnologueand-iso-639-3">Spurious according to <i>Ethnologue</i> and ISO 639-3</h2> <p>Following is a list of <a href="/facts/ISO_639-3/wEgdb8bK">ISO 639-3</a> language codes which have been retired since the standard was established in 2006, arranged by the year in which the actual retirement took effect; in most cases the change request for retirement was submitted in the preceding year. Also included is a partial list of languages (with their SIL codes) that appeared at one time in <i><a href="/facts/Ethnologue/0AanCzKS">Ethnologue</a></i> but were removed prior to 2006, arranged by the first edition in which they did not appear. </p><p>The list includes codes that have been retired from ISO 639-3 or languages removed from <i>Ethnologue</i> because the language apparently does not exist and cannot be identified with an existing language. The list does not include instances where the "language" turns out to be a spelling variant of another language or the name of a village where an already known language is spoken; these are cases of duplicates, which are resolved in ISO 639-3 by a code merger. It does include "languages" for which there is no evidence or which cannot be found. (In some cases, however, the evidence for nonexistence is a survey among the current population of the area, which would not identify extinct languages such as <a href="/facts/Ware_language/BMEjsqgM">Ware</a> below.) </p><p>SIL codes are upper case; ISO codes are lower case. Once retired, ISO 639-3 codes are not reused.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> SIL codes that were retired prior to 2006 may have been re-used or may have reappeared as ISO codes for other languages. </p> <h3>Removed from <i>Ethnologue</i>, 12th ed., 1992</h3> <ul><li>Itaem (PNG) [ITM]</li> <li>Marajona (Brazil) [MPQ]</li> <li>Nemeyam (PNG) [NMY]</li> <li>Nereyama, Nereyó (Brazil) [NRY]</li> <li>Numbiaí (Orelha de Pau) [NUH]</li> <li>Oganibi (PNG) [OGA]</li> <li>Tijuana Sign Language (Mexico) [TJS] – added to <i>Ethnologue</i> 1988 by mistake due to a misunderstanding, removed in 1992. No evidence that it ever existed.</li> <li>Tyeliri Senoufo [TYE] – the Tyeliri are a caste of leather workers, and do not have their own language</li> <li>Wagumi [WGM]</li> <li>Zanofil [ZNF] – name of an ethnic group that speaks <a href="/facts/Yongkom_language/axMClvPG">Yongkom</a> [yon]</li></ul> <h3>Removed from <i>Ethnologue</i>, 13th ed., 1996</h3> <ul><li>Bibasa (PNG) [BHE] – described as "isolate in need of survey" in the 12th ed.</li></ul> <h3>Removed from <i>Ethnologue</i>, 14th ed., 2000</h3> <ul><li>Alak 2 [ALQ] – a mislabeled fragment of a word list<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Dzorgai [DZI], Kortse [KBG], Pingfang [PFG], Thochu [TCJ], Lofuchai (Lophuchai) [LFU], Wagsod [WGS] – old names for <a href="/facts/Qiangic_languages/sAS7Ubxe">Qiangic languages</a>, some of uncertain correspondence to currently recognized names</li> <li>Hsifan [HSI] – an ethnic name for people speaking a variety of Qiangic or <a href="/facts/Jiarongic_languages/dA0Mshk8">Jiarongic languages</a></li> <li>Scandinavian Pidgin Sign Language [SPF] – normal inter-language contact, not an established pidgin</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wutana_language/UWxn4RvR">Wutana</a> (Nigeria) [WUW] – an ethnic name</li></ul> <h3>Removed from <i>Ethnologue</i>, 15th ed., 2005</h3> <ul><li>Jiji [JIJ]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>Kalanke [CKN]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>Lewada-Dewara [LWD], incl. Balamula/Mataru<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>Lowland Semang [ORB]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> (though other languages without ISO codes, such as <a href="/facts/Wila%2527_language/IkVckYSl">Wila'</a>, are also called Lowland Semang)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mut%25C3%25BAs_language/zXv32lG5">Mutús</a> [MUF]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> – suspected to exist, e.g. by Adelaar 2005</li> <li>Nchinchege [NCQ]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>Nkwak [NKQ]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> – same as <a href="/facts/Tanjijili_language/BPHhb4f9">Tanjijili</a>? Also a possible synonym for Kwak (retired in 2015)</li> <li>Oso (Southern Fungom) [OSO] – no evidence it is distinct from Fungom and Bum<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>Rungi [RUR]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>Wamsak [WBD]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2007</h3> <ul><li>Miarrã [xmi] – unattested<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>Atuence [atf] – an old town name<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>Amapá Creole [amd]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2008</h3> <ul><li>Amikoana (Amikuân) [akn]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Land_Dayak_languages/RceD9Brq">Land Dayak</a> [dyk] – language family name, not individual language<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ware_language/BMEjsqgM">Ware</a> [wre]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> – Ware is listed as extinct in Maho (2009). When an SIL team in Tanzania were not able to find any evidence of it being spoken, the code was retired.</li> <li>Bahau River Kenyah [bwv], Kayan River Kenyah [knh], Mahakam Kenyah [xkm], Upper Baram Kenyah [ubm] – Any current use is likely either <a href="/facts/Mainstream_Kenyah/ttYTMWMR">Mainstream Kenyah</a> [xkl] or <a href="/facts/Uma%2527_Lung_language/h4JAfUph">Uma' Lung</a> [ulu]</li> <li>Amerax [aex] – prison jargon</li> <li>Garreh-Ajuran [ggh] (Borana & Somali)</li> <li>Sufrai [suf] – two languages, <a href="/facts/Tarpia_language/Q016IXgT">Tarpia</a> and <a href="/facts/Kaptiau_language/5MzmW78x">Kaptiau</a>, which are not close<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2009</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aariya_language/7ajMzzXF">Aariya</a> [aay]</li> <li>Papavô [ppv] – name given to several uncontacted groups</li> <li><a href="/facts/Europanto/qHRHoA9U">Europanto</a> [eur] – a jest</li> <li><a href="/facts/ISO_639%3achs/NH3bEYkd">Chumash</a> [chs]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2010</h3> <ul><li>Chimakum [cmk] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Chemakum_language/TYhnI7Ay">Chemakum</a> [xch]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Beti_languages/DKUYmsee">Beti</a> (Cameroon) [btb] – a group name</li></ul> <h3>Retired 2011</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ayi_language_(China)/Fgm2QTsX">Ayi</a> (China) [ayx]</li> <li>Dhanwar (India) [dha]</li> <li>Mahei [mja]</li></ul> <h3>Retired 2012</h3> <ul><li>Palu [pbz]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Pongyong_language/leFdy7Kp">Pongyong</a> [pgy]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Elpaputih_language/fI4tHK1x">Elpaputih</a> [elp] – could be either of two existing languages</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wirangu_language/0VuWmnVm">Wirangu</a>-<a href="/facts/Nauo_language/J4sTkSja">Nauo</a> [wiw] – the two varieties which do not form a unit<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2013</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Malakhel_language/tkuKHrr4">Malakhel</a> [mld] – likely Ormuri</li> <li><a href="/facts/Forest_Maninka_language/Vvr1y9ta">Forest Maninka</a> [myq] – generic</li></ul> <h3>Retired 2014</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gugu_Mini/QBkdb6PC">Gugu Mini</a> [ggm] – a generic name</li> <li>Maskoy Pidgin [mhh] – never existed</li> <li>Emok [emo] – never existed</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yugh_language/13tsMEQ4">Yugh</a> [yuu] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Yugh_language/13tsMEQ4">Yug</a> [yug]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lamam_language/v9cfhC13">Lamam</a> [lmm] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Romam_language/v9cfhC13">Romam</a> [rmx]</li></ul> <h3>Retired 2015</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mator-Taygi-Karagas_language/1X7nWfhG">Mator-Taygi-Karagas</a> [ymt] – duplicate of Mator</li> <li>Yiddish Sign Language [yds] – no evidence that it existed<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_language/PHoUWWFY">The</a> [thx] – duplicate of Oy</li> <li><a href="/facts/Imraguen_language/Hv8lP0Jr">Imraguen</a> (<a href="/facts/Mauritania/JcP8EJku">Mauritania</a>) [ime]</li> <li>Borna (<i>Eborna</i>) [bxx] – perhaps a typo for <a href="/facts/Boma_language/744vAGB8">Boma (<i>Eboma</i>)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bemba_language_(Congo)/Bb7sU0Vq">Bemba</a> [bmy] – a tribal name</li> <li><a href="/facts/Songa_language_(Democratic_Republic_of_Congo)/Bb7sU0Vq">Songa</a> [sgo] – a tribal name</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dazawa_language/gVHeTLdC">Daza</a> [dzd] – retired in 2015 (with the reason "Nonexistent") but that decision was reversed in 2023, bringing [dzd] back<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buya_language_(Democratic_Republic_of_Congo)/Bb7sU0Vq">Buya</a> [byy]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kaw%25C3%25A9sqar_language/PXvXLL7Y">Kakauhua</a> [kbf] – Kakauhua/Caucahue is an ethnonym, language unattested – see <a href="/facts/Alacalufan_languages/SkFw2J6n">Alacalufan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Subi_language/qfQjmxlc">Subi</a> [xsj] – duplicate of Shubi [suj] but that decision was reversed in 2019, bringing [xsj] back<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li>Yangho [ynh] – does not exist</li> <li><a href="/facts/%25C7%2582Kx%25CA%25BCao%25C7%2581%25CA%25BCae/Cpaqs3jK">ǂKxʼaoǁʼae</a> ("=/Kx'au//'ein") [aue] – dialect of <a href="/facts/Ju%25C7%2580%25CA%25BChoan_language/YPqaajob">Juǀʼhoan</a> [ktz]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2016</h3> <ul><li>Bhatola [btl]</li> <li>Cagua [cbh]</li> <li>Chipiajes [cbe] – a Saliba and Guahibo surname</li> <li>Coxima [kox]</li> <li>Iapama [iap] – uncontacted, and likely one of the neighboring languages</li> <li>Kabixí [xbx] – generic name for <a href="/facts/Pareci_language/B9tUVU1P">Parecis</a>, Nambiquaras, or any hostile group (see <a href="/facts/Cabixi_language/wD7blMn3">Cabixi language</a> for one specific use)</li> <li>Runa [rna]</li> <li>Savara (Dravidian) [svr]</li> <li><a href="/facts/Shipibo_language/e3aUSzMI">Xipináwa</a> [xip] – unattested and may not be distinct<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>Yarí [yri] – dialect of <a href="/facts/Carijona_language/pF836UWj">Carijona</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li></ul> <p>And several supposed extinct <a href="/facts/Arawakan_languages/ffGtyPSK">Arawakan languages</a> of Venezuela and Colombia: </p> <ul><li>Cumeral [cum]</li> <li>Omejes [ome]</li> <li>Ponares [pod] – a Sáliba surname, perhaps just <a href="/facts/Piapoco_language/0DMKNIea">Piapoco</a> or <a href="/facts/Achagua_language/3wxILFat">Achagua</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>Tomedes a.k.a. Tamudes [toe]</li></ul> <p>Additional languages and codes were retired in 2016, due to a lack of evidence that they existed, but were not necessarily spurious as languages. </p> <h3>Retired 2017</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lua_people/Sa1WhocN">Lua'</a> [prb]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rennellese_Sign_Language/SEfGNGa1">Rennellese Sign Language</a> [rsi] – a home sign system, not a full language<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>Rien [rie]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>Shinabo [snh]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Southwestern_Tai_languages/KdvQF9bS">Pu Ko</a> [puk] – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.</li></ul> <h3>Retired 2018</h3> <ul><li>Lyons Sign Language [lsg]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> – no substantive evidence that the language ever existed.</li> <li>Mediak [mwx]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>Mosiro [mwy] – a clan name<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2019</h3> <ul><li>Lui [lba]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li>Khlor [llo] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Ta%25E2%2580%2599Oi_language/WXWXogwR">Kriang</a> [ngt]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li>Mina (India) [myi] – <a href="/facts/Meena/m4o1WM1B">Meena</a>, a tribe and caste name in India<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2020</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Arma_language/HYfT03lD">Arma</a> [aoh]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li>Tayabas Ayta [ayy]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li>Babalia Creole Arabic [bbz]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li>Barbacoas [bpb] <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li>Cauca [cca]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li>Chamari [cdg]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li>Degaru [dgu]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>Eastern Karnic [ekc]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li>Khalaj [kjf]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>Lumbee [lmz]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Palpa_language_(Indo-Aryan)/APrngQre">Palpa</a> [plp]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>Tapeba [tbb]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2021</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bikaru_language/X8ll5d1a">Bikaru</a> [bic] – posited based on a poor elicitation of ordinary Bisorio<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2022</h3> <ul><li>Warduji [wrd]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li>Pini [pii]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ISO_639%3aajt/wMpnQGu9">Judeo-Tunisian Arabic</a> [ajt] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Tunisian_Arabic/UPRQ3jVm">Tunisian Arabic</a> [aeb]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2023</h3> <ul><li>Tupí [tpw] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Tupinamba_language/AGGP472R">Tupinamba</a> [tpn]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li>Karipúna [kgm] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Palikur_language/oBa79Y8q">Palikur</a> [plu]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>Khoibal [kbz] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Khakas_language/YPVUV3cc">Khakas</a> [kjh]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li>Salchuq [slq]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Parsi_language/NxFVDs3w">Parsi</a> [prp]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Retired 2024</h3> <ul><li>Mawa [wma] – listed in <i>Ethnologue</i> but SIL has no evidence it ever existed.</li> <li>Dek (Cameroon) [dek] – duplicate of <a href="/facts/Gbeya_language/sfWvQfDA">Suma</a> [sqm]</li></ul> <h2 id="spurious-according-to-glottolog">Spurious according to <i>Glottolog</i></h2> <p><i><a href="/facts/Glottolog/WMg7NbfL">Glottolog</a></i>, maintained at the <a href="/facts/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology/CyjV2VJG">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a> in Leipzig, classifies several languages, some with <a href="/facts/ISO_639/gfw403zz">ISO 639</a> codes, as spurious/unattested in addition to those retired by the ISO. These include: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Language Name</th><th>ISO 639-3</th><th>Details</th></tr><tr><td>!Khuai</td><td></td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/%25C7%2580Xam_language/Io2WKtF2">ǀXam</a></td></tr><tr><td>Adabe</td><td>adb</td><td>Dialect of Wetarese, taken for a Papuan language</td></tr><tr><td>Adu</td><td>adu</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Aduge_language/AoN354cT">Okpamheri</a></td></tr><tr><td>Agaria</td><td>agi</td><td>all likely candidates in the area already have ISO codes</td></tr><tr><td>Ahirani</td><td>ahr</td><td><a href="/facts/Khandeshi_language/EmjxJMJC">Khandeshi</a> dialect</td></tr><tr><td>Anasi</td><td>bpo</td><td>Misidentification of <a href="/facts/Nisa_language/DztdV82n">Nisa</a></td></tr><tr><td>Arakwal</td><td>rkw</td><td>An ethnic group, not a language</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Baga_Kaloum_language/1txm0FjH">Baga Kaloum</a></td><td>bqf</td><td>Should be subsumed into Koga variant</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Baga_Soban%25C3%25A9_language/1txm0FjH">Baga Sobané</a></td><td>bsv</td><td>Should be subsumed into Sitemu variant</td></tr><tr><td>Bainouk-Samik</td><td>bcb</td><td>Split from <a href="/facts/Bainouk-Gunyu%25C3%25B1o_language/KqnAxl3K">Bainouk-Gunyuño</a> due solely to national border</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bhalay/rpNCShSV">Bhalay</a></td><td>bhx</td><td>A caste rather than a language</td></tr><tr><td>Bubia</td><td>bbx</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buso</td><td>bso</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Kwang_language/Q8DbkgKa">Kwang</a></td></tr><tr><td>Chetco</td><td>ctc</td><td>Indistinguishable from <a href="/facts/Tolowa_language/T11bSzqS">Tolowa</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chuanqiandian_Cluster_Miao_language/rAVAmkzy">Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao</a></td><td>cqd</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Con_language/DwGluR8v">Con</a></td><td>cno</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gengle</td><td>geg</td><td>Mutually intelligible with <a href="/facts/Gengle_language/0grNVLls">Kugama</a></td></tr><tr><td>Gowlan</td><td>goj</td><td>A caste rather than a language</td></tr><tr><td>Gowli</td><td>gok</td><td><a href="/facts/Gowari/Xj0g9F8o">A caste</a>, not a language</td></tr><tr><td>Guajajara</td><td>gub</td><td>Mutually intelligble with <a href="/facts/Tenetehara_language/MjqN7T4D">Tenetehara</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ihievbe</td><td>ihi</td><td><a href="/facts/Ihievbe_language/AmkFBKSa">Ibviosakan</a> dialect</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ir_language/WXWXogwR">Ir</a></td><td>irr</td><td>duplicate of Ong-Ir</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Judeo-Berber_language/3hrdQNMT">Judeo-Berber</a></td><td>jbe</td><td>According to Glottolog, Jewish Berbers speak no differently than Muslim Berbers. However, there are claims, listed in the linked article, that this is not true.</td></tr><tr><td>Kang</td><td>kyp</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kannada Kurumba</td><td>kfi</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Katuk%25C3%25ADna_language/qz9YVPDC">Katukína</a></td><td>kav</td><td>Historical form of modern-day language, not considered distinct</td></tr><tr><td>Kayort</td><td>kyv</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Rajbanshi_language/RluQbE1N">Rajbanshi</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kisankasa_language/397avGSC">Kisankasa</a></td><td>kqh</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kofa</td><td>kso</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Bata_language/1g8LFRek">Bata</a></td></tr><tr><td>Kpatili</td><td>kpm</td><td>Purportedly the original language of the Kpatili people, who now speak <a href="/facts/Gbayi/y1uGtP9P">Gbayi</a>, but any such language is unattested</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kuanhua_language/vsxhQXRr">Kuanhua</a></td><td>xnh</td><td>Insufficient attestion; possibly <a href="/facts/Khmu_language/JRwnclxA">Khmu</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Kuku-Mangk_language/DYIteupm">Kuku-Mangk</a></td><td>xmq</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lama_language_(Myanmar)/Qmy5v1Ar">Lama (Myanmar)</a></td><td>lay</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)/Fgm2QTsX">Nung</a></td></tr><tr><td>Lambichhong</td><td>lmh</td><td><a href="/facts/Yakkha_language/Sw7hymqK">Yakkha language</a>; name exists due to form errors</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lang%2527e_language/U45K2x2e">Lang'e</a></td><td>yne</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laopang</td><td>lbg</td><td>Undocumented <a href="/facts/List_of_lesser-known_Loloish_languages/ly1s3zmU">Loloish language</a></td></tr><tr><td>Loarki</td><td>lrk</td><td>Also covered under <a href="/facts/Loarki_language/3GvD7Lx4">Gade Lohar (gda)</a></td></tr><tr><td>Lopi</td><td>lov</td><td>Undocumented <a href="/facts/List_of_lesser-known_Loloish_languages/ly1s3zmU">Loloish language</a></td></tr><tr><td>Lumba-Yakkha</td><td>luu</td><td><a href="/facts/Yakkha_language/Sw7hymqK">Yakkha language</a>; name exists due to form errors</td></tr><tr><td>Munda</td><td>unx</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Mundari_language/DJJskvb1">Mundari</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ndonde Hamba</td><td>njd</td><td>Dialect of <a href="/facts/Makonde_language/8A8rus3u">Makonde language</a></td></tr><tr><td>Norra</td><td>nrr</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)/Fgm2QTsX">Nung</a></td></tr><tr><td>Northwestern Fars</td><td>faz</td><td>all likely candidates in the area already have ISO codes</td></tr><tr><td>Odut</td><td>oda</td><td>Extinct and unattested Nigerian language</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Old_Turkic_language/EIq0WJ0q">Old Turkish</a></td><td>otk</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ontenu</td><td>ont</td><td>A place rather than a language</td></tr><tr><td>Phangduwali</td><td>phw</td><td><a href="/facts/Yakkha_language/Sw7hymqK">Yakkha language</a>; name exists due to form errors</td></tr><tr><td>Pisabo</td><td>pig</td><td>Asserted to be both unattested and non-distinct by Glottolog</td></tr><tr><td>Pokangá</td><td>pok</td><td>Spurious misidentification of <a href="/facts/Waimaj%25C3%25A3_language/3gFwRSfn">Waimajã</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Potigu%25C3%25A1ra_language/TMt2jSfb">Potiguára</a></td><td>pog</td><td>Unattested language, Glottolog argues is likely <a href="/facts/Tupinamba_language/AGGP472R">Old Tupi</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Puimei_Naga_language/DuxCWAlH">Puimei Naga</a></td><td>npu</td><td>Indistinct variety of one of the related languages</td></tr><tr><td>Putoh</td><td>put</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Quetzaltepec_Mixe_language/o554RCtJ">Quetzaltepec Mixe</a></td><td>pxm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rufiji</td><td>rui</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Skagit</td><td>ska</td><td>duplicate of <a href="/facts/Lushootseed/swq359PU">Lushootseed</a></td></tr><tr><td>Snohomish</td><td>sno</td><td>duplicate of <a href="/facts/Lushootseed/swq359PU">Lushootseed</a></td></tr><tr><td>Southern Lolopo</td><td>ysp</td><td>Confused entry duplicating either <a href="/facts/Lolopo_language/lDt48bR3">Lolopo</a> or <a href="/facts/Miqie/J2llyR7U">Miqie</a></td></tr><tr><td>Southwestern Nisu</td><td>nsv</td><td>Likely confused additional <a href="/facts/Nisu_language/8yCLu0N0">Nisu language</a> (spoken in same locations as Southern Nisu)</td></tr><tr><td>Syerna Senoufo</td><td>shz</td><td>Should be subsumed into <a href="/facts/S%25C3%25ACc%25C3%25ACt%25C3%25A9_S%25C3%25A9noufo/TLupDtB5">Sìcìté Sénoufo</a></td></tr><tr><td>Tawang Monpa</td><td>twm</td><td>Chinese and Indian name for <a href="/facts/Dakpakha/Eg8McDYa">Dakpakha</a></td></tr><tr><td>Tetete</td><td>teb</td><td>Unattested, but intelligeble with <a href="/facts/Siona_language/Hmwudm4K">Siona language</a></td></tr><tr><td>Thu Lao</td><td>tyl</td><td>Duplicate of <a href="/facts/Thu_Lao_language/kGDP8A8v">Dai Zhuang</a></td></tr><tr><td>Tingui-Boto</td><td>tgv</td><td>Ethnic group speaking <a href="/facts/Tingui-Boto_language/lmSndEXK">Dzubukuá</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Welaung_language/TrPRyWdQ">Welaung</a></td><td>weu</td><td>Place name, not a language</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yarsun_language/nkpF3Kby">Yarsun</a></td><td>yrs</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yauma</td><td>yax</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references-and-notes">References and notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/codes_retired.asp">"Retired Code Elements Index"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/SIL_International/roscIUKb">SIL International</a></i>..</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133. <a href="9783110255133" target="_blank">9783110255133</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Upper Kaeme may correspond to Korowai. <a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" target="_blank">/wiki/Korowai_language</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Tapeba at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) <a href="https://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/tbb/" target="_blank">https://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/tbb/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tapeba". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. <a href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tape1236" target="_blank">http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tape1236</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Glottolog 2.4 – Adabe". Glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015. <a href="http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/321418" target="_blank">http://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/321418</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"ISO 639-3 Change History". 01.sil.org. Retrieved 13 July 2015. <a href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/changes.asp" target="_blank">http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/changes.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Sidwell, 2009, Classifying the Austroasiatic languages <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:JIJ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=JIJ" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=JIJ</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:CKN". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=CKN" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=CKN</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:LWD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=LWD" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=LWD</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ORB". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=ORB" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=ORB</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:MUF". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=MUF" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=MUF</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NCQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=NCQ" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=NCQ</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:NKQ". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=NKQ" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=NKQ</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:OSO". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=OSO" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=OSO</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:RUR". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=RUR" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=RUR</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Ethnologue 14 report for language code:WBD". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 24 September 2012. <a href="http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=WBD" target="_blank">http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=WBD</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). "Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-016.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Miarra". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. <a href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/miar1236" target="_blank">http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/miar1236</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Hurd, Conrad (26 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-122 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-122.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-122.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Hurd, Conrad (21 March 2007). "Request Number 2006-124 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-124.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-124.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Holbrook, David J. (5 April 2007). "Request Number 2007-003 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2007/2007-003.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2007/2007-003.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Peebles, Matt (1 September 2007). "Request Number 2007-254 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2007/2007-254.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2007/2007-254.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Woodward, Mark (23 May 2007). "Request Number 2007-024 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2007/2007-024.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2007/2007-024.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Hurd, Conrad (8 August 2006). "Request Number 2006-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-016.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2006/2006-016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>McLaughlin, John (3 March 2008). "Request Number 2008-030 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2008/2008-030.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2008/2008-030.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Legère, Karsten (18 August 2011). "Request Number 2011-133 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2011/2011-133.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2011/2011-133.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Bickford, J. Albert (31 January 2014). "Request Number 2014-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2014/2014-010.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2014/2014-010.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Request Number 2014-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2014/2014-032.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2014/2014-032.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"639 Identifier Documentation: dzd". SIL International. Retrieved 13 February 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dzd" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dzd</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"639 Identifier Documentation: xsj". SIL International. Retrieved 26 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xsj" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xsj</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Dyer, Josh (28 August 2014). "Request Number 2014-059 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2014/2014-059.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2014/2014-059.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>"Request Number 2015-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-011.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"2015-022 | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2025. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220129065601/https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-022" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20220129065601/https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-022</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"Request Number 2015-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-032.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2015/2015-032.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Cheeseman, Nate (16 February 2016). "Request Number 2016-010 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-010.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-010.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Bickford, Albert (23 September 2015). "Request Number 2016-002 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-002.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-002.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Cheeseman, Nate (27 October 2015). "Request Number 2016-005 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-005.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-005.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"Request Number 2016-004 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-004.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-004.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Bickford, J. Albert (9 March 2017). "Request Number 2017-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2017/2017-013.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2017/2017-013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Legère, Karsten (18 May 2017). "Request Number 2017-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2017/2017-017.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2017/2017-017.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Legère, Karsten (31 August 2016). "Request Number 2016-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 6 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-029.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2016/2016-029.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"Request Number 2018-016 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2018/2018-016.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2018/2018-016.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Gehrmann, Ryan (22 January 2018). "Request Number 2018-008 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 25 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2018/2018-008.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2018/2018-008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>"Request Number 2018-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2018/2018-011.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2018/2018-011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"Request Number 2019-017 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-017.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-017.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Request Number 2019-018 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-018.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>"Request Number 2019-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-013.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-013.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"Request Number 2019-019 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-019.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-019.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>"Request Number 2019-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-020.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>"Request Number 2019-028 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-028.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-028.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>"Request Number 2019-029 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-029.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-029.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"Request Number 2019-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-015.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-015.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 12 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-026.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-026.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"Request Number 2019-025 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-025.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>"Request Number 2019-034 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-034.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-034.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"Request Number 2019-032 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-032.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-032.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>"2020-026 | Iso 639-3". <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2020-026" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2020-026</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"Request Number 2021-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-015.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-015.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"Request Number 2021-021 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 26 April 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-021.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-021.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Turki, Houcemeddine (21 April 2021). "Request Number 2021-020 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 12 July 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-020.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-012.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>"Request Number 2022-012 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-011.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>"Request Number 2022-011 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-011.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Request Number 2022-015 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-015.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-015.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>"Request Number 2022-009 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023. <a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-009.pdf" target="_blank">https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/2022-009.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>