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Timeline of hypertext technology
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<h2 id="1940s">1940s</h2> <ul><li>1941 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jorge_Luis_Borges/UgfVLqdk">Jorge Luis Borges</a>' "<a href="/facts/The_Garden_of_Forking_Paths/a0UNkRsH">The Garden of Forking Paths</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>1945 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Memex/vVmwyHyJ">Memex</a> (concept by <a href="/facts/Vannevar_Bush/F12rLyGQ">Vannevar Bush</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2> <ul><li>1960 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Project_Xanadu/qrACU3LQ">Project Xanadu</a> (concept)</li></ul></li> <li>1962 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Marshall_McLuhan/XztxTCpM">Marshall McLuhan</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/The_Gutenberg_Galaxy/FFnrmuLQ">The Gutenberg Galaxy</a></i> uses the term <i>surfing</i></li></ul></li> <li>1967 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hypertext_Editing_System/fUBU8QKv">Hypertext Editing System</a> (HES) by <a href="/facts/Andries_van_Dam/1FaDkcSa">Andries van Dam</a> and <a href="/facts/Ted_Nelson/bpuF5gNy">Ted Nelson</a> at <a href="/facts/Brown_University/o9MRu4jx">Brown University</a></li></ul></li> <li>1968 <ul><li><a href="/facts/File_Retrieval_and_Editing_System/vbnupGSa">FRESS</a> (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES)</li> <li><a href="/facts/NLS_(computer_system)/SCr9PYJF">NLS</a> (oN-Line System)</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2> <ul><li>1972 <ul><li><a href="/facts/ZOG_(hypertext)/xtS98CAh">ZOG</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Xerox_Alto/6pjFTD0A">Xerox Alto desktop</a></li></ul></li> <li>1976 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Problem-Oriented_Medical_Information_System/TI8wUwvk">PROMIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>1978 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aspen_Movie_Map/B99FD2mr">Aspen Movie Map</a></li></ul></li> <li>1979 <ul><li><a href="/facts/PERQ/ncKu1HYW">PERQ</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2> <ul><li>1980 <ul><li><a href="/facts/ENQUIRE/qsFNMIH0">ENQUIRE</a> (not released)</li></ul></li> <li>1981 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Electronic_Document_System/7jsYGtFS">Electronic Document System</a> (EDS, aka Document Presentation System)</li> <li>Kussmaul Encyclopedia</li> <li><a href="/facts/Xerox_Star/MT15wQq1">Xerox Star desktop</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Guide_(hypertext)/Vz5oL7V2">Guide</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <ul><li><a href="/facts/KMS_(hypertext)/hkTRNWd0">Knowledge Management System</a> (KMS, successor to ZOG)</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Interactive_Encyclopedia_System/fDq0QnX7">TIES</a> (The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies)</li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/facts/NoteCards/K7LyTzMa">NoteCards</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Intermedia_(hypertext)/515Heor7">Intermedia</a> (successor to FRESS and EDS)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Symbolics_Document_Examiner/FsapnvLA">Symbolics Document Examiner</a> (Symbolics <a href="/facts/Workstation/h5tK4hTt">workstations</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Texinfo/kPbPabMy">Texinfo</a></li> <li>TextNet (a network-based approach to text handling)</li> <li>Neptune (a hypertext system for CAD applications)</li></ul></li> <li>1987 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Adobe_Authorware/j1wDpTND">Macromedia Authorware</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Canon_Cat/coduh06G">Canon Cat</a> ("Leap" function, interface)</li> <li><a href="/facts/HyperCard/v9GQF9K2">HyperCard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_Navigator/YAR82lzN">Knowledge Navigator</a> (concept described by former <a href="/facts/Apple_Inc./oTJYta3k">Apple Computer</a> CEO <a href="/facts/John_Sculley/RXWHJsIj">John Sculley</a> in his book <i>Odyssey</i>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Storyspace/0EqJa5AL">Storyspace</a></li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Microcosm_(hypermedia_system)/SFErw00F">Microcosm (hypermedia system)</a> (<a href="/facts/University_of_Southampton/PVb6rV2E">University of Southampton</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Adobe_Director/N6a7Vltl">Macromedia Director</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html">Information Management: a proposal</a>, <a href="/facts/Tim_Berners-Lee/JRv21mt9">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2> <ul><li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/facts/DynaText/I2d3CuKz">DynaText</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/World_Wide_Web/wvnTrWFq">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Hyperland/Ul0WJyfs">Hyperland</a></i> (BBC documentary written by <a href="/facts/Douglas_Adams/XA184SfE">Douglas Adams</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/ToolBook/CLdPYWN9">ToolBook</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/HyTelnet/wPks6QIR">HyTelnet</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/WinHelp/qf1N6Sxu">WinHelp</a></li></ul></li> <li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gopher_(protocol)/G2bpDRQJ">Gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/AmigaGuide/h4H3Vz4R">AmigaGuide</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wiki/uCKCEzqb">Wiki</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li>Hyperwire (Kinetix)</li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Everything2/80M2FeWS">Everything2</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/XML/clNgUfWk">XML</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/facts/RSS/WBAWrkdj">RSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wikipedia/La2xLBFt">Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/facts/OpenXanadu/qrACU3LQ">OpenXanadu</a>, an implementation of Project Xanadu</li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gemini_(protocol)/RPg0D88r">Gemini</a>, a lightweight complement to the Web</li></ul></li></ul>