Fudai daimyō

<h2 id="origins">Origins</h2>
Fudai daimyōs originated from the families and <a href="/facts/Japanese_clans/tnfGTC5W">clans</a> who had served the prominent <a href="/facts/Tokugawa_clan/oSHo5HeT">Tokugawa clan</a> before its rise to national primacy during the <a href="/facts/Azuchi%25E2%2580%2593Momoyama_period/zowUjaU1">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a> in the late <a href="/facts/Sengoku_period/xv3vXWPD">Sengoku period</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Honda_clan/BhGBAbzE">Honda</a>, <a href="/facts/Sakai_clan/pm321MR4">Sakai</a>, <a href="/facts/Sakakibara_clan/QCFx60m6">Sakakibara</a>, <a href="/facts/Ii_clan/FhWxRyVq">Ii</a>, <a href="/facts/Itakura_clan/3GPaQKCS">Itakura</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mizuno_clan/7uCFxY8Q">Mizuno clans</a>. 
A number of other clans which were not retainers of the Tokugawa before the Azuchi–Momoyama period also came to be counted as fudai, such as the <a href="/facts/Ogasawara_clan/qTSMfpVy">Ogasawara</a> and the Doi. <a href="/facts/Honda_Tadakatsu/QGB7zoUc">Honda Tadakatsu</a>, <a href="/facts/Sakakibara_Yasumasa/bycxlnhx">Sakakibara Yasumasa</a>, <a href="/facts/Sakai_Tadatsugu/yMm2cxhB">Sakai Tadatsugu</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ii_Naomasa/yqG74WgS">Ii Naomasa</a> — <a href="/facts/Tokugawa_Ieyasu/9N1Eqplx">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>'s "<a href="/facts/Shitenn%25C5%258D_(Tokugawa_clan)/G6w79JPa">Four Great Generals</a>" — were all pre-<a href="/facts/Edo_period/BWxv9h57">Edo period</a> fudai who went on to become fudai daimyōs. In addition, some branches of the <a href="/facts/Matsudaira_clan/9j827uIu">Matsudaira clan</a>, from which the Tokugawa clan originated, were classed as fudai while allowed to retain the Matsudaira name.
According to "Mikawa Monogatari" which is authored by <a href="/facts/%25C5%258Ckubo_Tadataka/NglAJhro">Ōkubo Tadataka</a>, they are divided into Anjo Fudai, Yamanaka Fudai, and Okazaki Fudai. the vassals who served the Matsudaira clan when they had their base in Anjo Castle were Anjo Fudai, the vassals who served after they captured Yamanaka Castle were Yamanaka Fudai, and the vassals who served after they moved their base to Okazaki Castle were Okazaki Fudai. According to historian Yasutsune Owada, Anjo Fudai vassals has served the <a href="/facts/Matsudaira_clan/9j827uIu">Matsudaira clan</a> since the time of Ieyasu's grandfather, <a href="/facts/Matsudaira_Kiyoyasu/mswoItdC">Matsudaira Kiyoyasu</a>. Thereby, Ieyasu highly valued them, and placed great importance on the Anjo Fudai vassals. The clans which considered as Anjo fudai were the <a href="/facts/Ishikawa_clan/7Hf1Pgwo">Ishikawa</a>, <a href="/facts/%25C5%258Ckubo_clan/1mFYrVIP">Ōkubo</a>, <a href="/facts/Nait%25C5%258D_clan/lUsV46S3">Naitō</a>, <a href="/facts/Abe_clan/oQAMCSom">Abe</a>, Aoyama, Uemura, Hiraiwa, Naruse, Sakai, Honda and <a href="/facts/Watanabe/aKtjgVd0">Watanabe clan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a>

<h2 id="edo-period-">Edo period (江戸時代)</h2>
The birth of the fudai daimyō class began as <a href="/facts/Tokugawa_Ieyasu/9N1Eqplx">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> (徳川家康) rose to power in Japan in the 16th century. Ieyasu's <a href="/facts/Han_system/8bs4GQur">han</a> (domains) increased as he gained prominence, and as his domains increased, he began to hand out landholdings to his <a href="/facts/Vassal/LKfLc2Cz">vassals</a>, so that one by one, many of them became <a href="/facts/Daimy%25C5%258D/NpYhsa8H">daimyōs</a>, the powerful <a href="/facts/Feudal/WCK7l9gA">feudal</a> lords of the <a href="/facts/Samurai/5NSPbSuI">samurai</a> warrior noble class. Ieyasu became the most powerful lord in Japan following victory at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Sekigahara/1GgXGB1e">Battle of Sekigahara</a> in October 1600, displacing the <a href="/facts/Toyotomi_clan/beEjSU6r">Toyotomi clan</a> and unofficially founding the <a href="/facts/Tokugawa_Shogunate/S4q54Sq6">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> as his <a href="/facts/De_facto/3Du6WQKh">de facto</a> <a href="/facts/Military_government/2VDt0qs5">military government</a> with himself as the <a href="/facts/Sh%25C5%258Dgun/o48NL6Rc">Shōgun</a>. However, Ieyasu sought to consolidate his rule from potential <a href="/facts/Usurper/n2FXPv3q">usurpers</a>, including the Toyotomi loyalists who were still fighting for <a href="/facts/Toyotomi_Hideyori/LWIbaaTq">Toyotomi Hideyori</a>, the son and designated successor of Ieyasu's rival <a href="/facts/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi/aNY0dar2">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, who had been an infant at the Battle of Sekigahara. The capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate was established in the eastern city of <a href="/facts/Edo/Q6slPwDA">Edo</a>, and Ieyasu filled his administration with fudai in fear of the <a href="/facts/Tozama/RDK8t512">tozama</a> ("outside") daimyōs, who became Tokugawa vassals only after the battle. The fudai, in contrast to the tozama, typically ruled small domains in strategic locations along Japan's principal roads or in the <a href="/facts/Kant%25C5%258D_region/dVLy5bK2">Kantō region</a> near Edo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> High-ranking posts in the shogunate government (Bakufu) such as the <a href="/facts/R%25C5%258Dj%25C5%25AB/P13zaU5y">rōjū</a>, the <a href="/facts/Wakadoshiyori/GSEkpxNk">wakadoshiyori</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Kyoto_Shoshidai/wNW0BYln">Kyoto Shoshidai</a> normally went to fudai.
The Tudai daimyō lords usually characterized that with their domination in bureaucratic bodies of the central government, in contrast with the Tozama daimyō lords that mostly limited to their jurisdictions of their respective domains. However it was not almost the case, as The Ii clan, Honda clan of Tadakatsu branch, and Sakakibara clan were also hereditarily acted as guardians of provinces, and traditionally served more in military roles than bureaucratic ones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
Occasionally, a family could be raised to or from fudai status. For instance, the <a href="/facts/Matsudaira_clan/9j827uIu">Matsudaira clan</a> to which <a href="/facts/Matsudaira_Sadanobu/cElUWxfC">Matsudaira Sadanobu</a> belonged went from being a fudai house to being a <a href="/facts/Shinpan_(daimy%25C5%258D)/rdIyh5uK">shinpan</a> (recognized relative) of the Tokugawa family.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> Also, a <a href="/facts/Hatamoto/m9UoMwUv">hatamoto</a> who had an increase in income which raised his income level over 10,000 <a href="/facts/Koku/x2c6jhou">koku</a> became a fudai daimyō.

<h2 id="bakumatsuand-meiji-restoration">Bakumatsu and Meiji Restoration</h2>

Many fudai daimyōs were involved in the vigorous political activity of the <a href="/facts/Bakumatsu/2lxJ1uUq">Bakumatsu</a>, the gradual decline of the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1853, and the renewed military activities which occurred in that period. Two such men of fudai daimyō background were <a href="/facts/Ogasawara_Nagamichi/RHV1ezpz">Ogasawara Nagamichi</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> and <a href="/facts/Itakura_Katsukiyo/aupqzy56">Itakura Katsukiyo</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> who were two of the last rōjū, and actively worked for reform and strengthening of the ailing shogunate. Others, such as <a href="/facts/Matsudaira_Munehide/7Bx8Sly0">Matsudaira Munehide</a>, were involved in diplomacy and foreign affairs.
In the <a href="/facts/Boshin_War/EL3otAGC">Boshin War</a> of 1868 to 1869, when supporters of the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto/dBa7emM2">Imperial Court</a> rose up in the <a href="/facts/Meiji_Restoration/DLkCDHk4">Meiji Restoration</a> against the Tokugawa Shogunate, some fudai houses such as the Toda of <a href="/facts/%25C5%258Cgaki_Domain/cpdaYf3f">Ogaki</a> and the Tōdō of <a href="/facts/Tsu_Domain/yaPFIR9J">Tsu</a> sided with the shogunate during the first battle at Toba–Fushimi. However, after the shogunate's loss there, many fudai houses did not side with the shogunate or with remnants of the Shōgun's former army under <a href="/facts/Enomoto_Takeaki/1d8PgfC5">Enomoto Takeaki</a> which moved northward to <a href="/facts/Hokkaido/kwacDkYD">Hokkaido</a> and eventually set up the <a href="/facts/Ezo_Republic/N1gtdq6T">Ezo Republic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Some remained neutral, while others (like the lords of Ōgaki and Tsu) switched allegiances and openly supported the new <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Army/11l04P9p">Imperial Japanese Army</a>. Ogasawara Nagamichi and Itakura Katsukiyo led small groups of their retainers during the fight against the Imperial forces. However, their domains had already been occupied by the Imperial army, and were forced to participate in the war on the Imperial army's behalf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Only one fudai daimyō, <a href="/facts/Hayashi_Tadataka/X0oA9Igc">Hayashi Tadataka</a> of <a href="/facts/J%25C5%258Dzai_Domain/VMSKwlhF">Jōzai Domain</a>, willingly left his domain early in 1868, and led most of his retainer force on behalf of the armies of the former Shōgun, in the fight against the Imperial army.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Also, a handful of fudai in the north of <a href="/facts/Honshu/Rp7Ew35d">Honshu</a> formed part of the <a href="/facts/%25C5%258Cuetsu_Reppan_D%25C5%258Dmei/lVdLVDNb">Northern Alliance</a>, fighting for the Alliance but not for the now-retired Shōgun.
Most of the fudai in the country entered the <a href="/facts/Meiji_era/Ajr5VCQ5">Meiji era</a> peacefully, and ruled their domains until <a href="/facts/Abolition_of_the_han_system/HrSeSwlo">abolition of the domains</a> in 1871. After this, the former families of fudai daimyōs transitioned into the <a href="/facts/Kazoku/nUGnjVFb">kazoku</a> in the new Japanese nobility system.

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Harold_Bolitho/Sf7wFg9s">Bolitho, Harold</a>. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-300-01655-0; <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185685588">OCLC 185685588</a></li>
<li>Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-01753-5; <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br">OCLC 48943301</a></li>
<li>Ooms, Herman (1975). Charismatic Bureaucrat. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li>
<li>(in Japanese) <a href="http://jpco.sakura.ne.jp/shishitati1/kakuhan-page1/102.htm">"Karatsu-han"</a> (14 March 2008)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Yamakawa_Kenjir%25C5%258D/EFvwuj1a">Yamakawa Kenjirō</a> (1933). Aizu Boshin Senshi. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.</li>
<li>(in Japanese) <a href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/hokuriku/takada.html#Anchor668409">"Takada-han" on Edo 300 HTML</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025716/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/hokuriku/takada.html#Anchor668409">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (14 March 2008)</li>
<li>(in Japanese) <a href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/mutudewa/shirakawa.html#Anchor667575">"Shirakawa-han" on Edo 300 HTML</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210718/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/mutudewa/shirakawa.html#Anchor667575">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (14 March 2008)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Fudai" in Japan encyclopedia, pp. 193–194., p. 193, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA193" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA193</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Yasutsune Owada (小和田泰経) (2023). "安城ゆかりの三河武士─徳川家臣団の中心となり家康を大名・旗本として支えた忠臣たち─" [Mikawa samurai with ties to Anjo: the loyal retainers who became the core of the Tokugawa vassals and supported Ieyasu as a feudal lord and a vassal of the Tokugawa shogunate.]. Rekishijin (in Japanese). ABC, ARC, inc. Retrieved 23 June 2024. <a href="https://www.rekishijin.com/25265" target="_blank">https://www.rekishijin.com/25265</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Ooms, pp. 14–15 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Kazuto Hongō (本郷和人) (2023). "だから江戸幕府は260年も続いた…東大教授が考える｢徳川家康にあって､織田信長になかったもの｣" [That's why the Edo Shogunate lasted for 260 years... What a professor from Tokyo University thinks "Tokugawa Ieyasu had, and Oda Nobunaga didn't"]. PRESIDENT Online（プレジデントオンライン） (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 5 June 2024. <a href="https://president.jp/articles/-/67467?page=1" target="_blank">https://president.jp/articles/-/67467?page=1</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">(in Japanese) "Takada-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (14 March 2008) <a href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/hokuriku/takada.html#Anchor668409" target="_blank">http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/hokuriku/takada.html#Anchor668409</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">(in Japanese) "Shirakawa-han" on Edo 300 HTML Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (14 March 2008) <a href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/mutudewa/shirakawa.html#Anchor667575" target="_blank">http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/mutudewa/shirakawa.html#Anchor667575</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Ogasawara was from a daimyō family (the Ogasawara of the Karatsu Domain), but was not an actual daimyō <a href="/wiki/Karatsu_Domain" target="_blank">/wiki/Karatsu_Domain</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Itakura was lord of Bitchū-Matsuyama <a href="/wiki/Bitch%C5%AB-Matsuyama_Domain" target="_blank">/wiki/Bitch%C5%AB-Matsuyama_Domain</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Bolitho, p. 145. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">(in Japanese) "Karatsu-han" (14 March 2008) <a href="http://jpco.sakura.ne.jp/shishitati1/kakuhan-page1/102.htm" target="_blank">http://jpco.sakura.ne.jp/shishitati1/kakuhan-page1/102.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Yamakawa, Aizu Boshin Senshi, p. 505. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Fudai daimyō open-in-new

Fudai daimyō