Catalytic cycle

<h2 id="precatalysts">Precatalysts</h2>
<p>Precatalysts are not catalysts but are <i>precursors</i> to catalysts.  Precatalysts are converted in the reactor to the actual catalytic species. The identification of catalysts vs precatalysts is an important theme in catalysis research.
</p><p>The conversion of a precatalyst to a catalyst is often called catalyst activation.  Many metal halides are precatalysts for <a href="/facts/Alkene_polymerization/RtYcS6kU">alkene polymerization</a>, see <a href="/facts/Kaminsky_catalyst/PePEGNUd">Kaminsky catalyst</a> and <a href="/facts/Ziegler-Natta_catalysis/bkDSDf9d">Ziegler-Natta catalysis</a>.  The precatalysts, e.g. <a href="/facts/Titanium_trichloride/jvvUgEp4">titanium trichloride</a>, are activated by <a href="/facts/Organoaluminium_compound/GM0K5eKE">organoaluminium compounds</a>, which function as catalyst activators.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Metal_oxide/DXtoVe1C">Metal oxides</a> are often classified as catalysts, but in fact are almost always <i>pre</i>catalysts.  Applications include <a href="/facts/Olefin_metathesis/6G4u1ray">olefin metathesis</a> and <a href="/facts/Hydrogenation/l7EzNSA7">hydrogenation</a>.  The metal oxides require some activating reagent, usually a reducing agent, to enter the catalytic cycle. 
</p><p>Often catalytic cycles show the conversion of a precatalyst to the catalyst.
</p>
<h2 id="sacrificial-catalysts">Sacrificial catalysts</h2>
<p>Often a so-called sacrificial catalyst is also part of the reaction system with the purpose of regenerating the <i>true</i> catalyst in each cycle. As the name implies, the sacrificial catalyst is not regenerated and is irreversibly consumed, thereby not a catalyst at all. This sacrificial compound is also known as a stoichiometric catalyst when added in <a href="/facts/Stoichiometry/I5p9cJzV">stoichiometric</a> quantities compared to the main <a href="/facts/Reactant/c3GLInCu">reactant</a>. Usually the true catalyst is an expensive and complex molecule and added in quantities as small as possible. The stoichiometric catalyst on the other hand should be cheap and abundant. "Sacrificial catalysts" are more accurately referred to by their actual role in the catalytic cycle, for example as a reductant. 
</p>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Kinetics of catalytic reactions 2005 M. Albert Vannice <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>Manfred Bochmann (2010). "The Chemistry of Catalyst Activation: The Case of Group 4 Polymerization Catalysts". Organometallics. 29 (21): 4711–4740. doi:10.1021/om1004447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Catalytic cycle open-in-new

Catalytic cycle