Buffett indicator

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
On 10 December 2001, Buffett proposed the metric in a <a href="/facts/Fortune_(magazine)/QGWvHpxP">Fortune</a> essay co-authored with journalist <a href="/facts/Carol_Loomis/oJc71srg">Carol Loomis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> In the essay, Buffett presented a chart going back 80 years that showed the value of all "publicly traded securities" in the US as a percentage of "US <a href="/facts/GNP/KeJVJcR5">GNP</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Buffett said of the metric: "Still, it is probably the best single measure of where valuations stand at any given moment. And as you can see, nearly two years ago the ratio rose to an unprecedented level. That should have been a very strong warning signal".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
Buffett explained that for the annual return of US securities to materially exceed the annual growth of US GNP for a protracted period of time: "you need to have the line go straight off the top of the chart. That won't happen".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Buffett finished the essay by outlining the levels he believed the metric showed favorable or poor times to invest: "For me, the message of that chart is this: If the percentage relationship falls to the 70% or 80% area, buying stocks is likely to work very well for you. If the ratio approaches 200%–as it did in 1999 and a part of 2000–you are playing with fire".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
Buffett's metric became known as the "Buffett Indicator", and has continued to receive widespread attention in the financial media,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> and in modern finance textbooks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
In 2018, finance author <a href="/facts/Mark_Hulbert/hVkv3f1y">Mark Hulbert</a> writing in the <a href="/facts/Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">Wall Street Journal</a>, listed the Buffett indicator as one of his "Eight Best Predictors of the Long-Term Market".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
A study by two European academics published in May, 2022 found the Buffett Indicator "explains a large fraction of ten-year return variation for the majority of countries outside the United States".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> The study examined 10-year periods in fourteen developed markets, in most cases with data starting in 1973. The Buffett Indicator forecasted an average of 83% of returns across all nations and periods, though the predictive value ranged from a low of 42% to as high as 93% depending on the specific nation. Accuracy was lower in nations with smaller stock markets.

<h2 id="theory">Theory</h2>
Buffett acknowledged that his metric was a simple one and thus had "limitations", however the underlying theoretical basis for the indicator, particularly in the US, is considered reasonable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
For example, studies have shown a consistent and strong annual correlation between US GDP growth, and US corporate profit growth,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> and which has increased materially since the <a href="/facts/Great_Recession/9LoVUhLf">Great Recession</a> of 2007–2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> GDP captures effects where a given industry's margins increase materially for a period, but the effect of reduced wages and costs, dampening margins in other industries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>
The same studies show a poor annual correlation between US GDP growth and US equity returns, underlining Buffett's belief that when equity prices get ahead of corporate profits (via the GNP/GDP proxy), poor returns will follow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> The indicator has also been advocated for its ability to reduce the effects of "aggressive accounting" or "adjusted profits", that distort the value of corporate profits in the <a href="/facts/Price%25E2%2580%2593earnings_ratio/RMoQ3e7X">price–earnings ratio</a> or <a href="/facts/EV%2fEBITDA/lJo01kL0">EV/EBITDA</a> ratio metrics; and that it is not affected by share buybacks (which don't affect aggregate corporate profits).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>
The Buffett indicator has been calculated for most international stock markets, however, caveats apply as other markets can have less stable compositions of listed corporations (e.g. the Saudi Arabia metric was materially impacted by the 2018 listing of <a href="/facts/Aramco/T872bqk7">Aramco</a>), or a significantly higher/lower composition of private vs public firms (e.g. Germany vs. Switzerland), and therefore comparisons across international markets using the indicator as a comparative measure of valuation are not appropriate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a>
The Buffett indicator has also been calculated for industries (but also noting that it is not relevant for cross industry valuation comparison).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h3>Trending</h3>
There is evidence that the Buffett indicator has trended upwards over time, particularly post 1995, and the lows registered in 2009 would have registered as average readings from the 1950–1995 era.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Reasons proposed include that GDP might not capture all the overseas profits of US multinationals (e.g. use of <a href="/facts/Tax_havens/sBJngUjB">tax havens</a> or <a href="/facts/Double_Irish_arrangement/pHRp0A8R">tax structures</a> by large US technology and life sciences multinationals), or that the profitability of US companies has structurally increased (e.g. due to increased concentration of technology companies), thus justifying a higher ratio; although that may also revert over time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Other commentators have highlighted that the omission by metric of corporate debt, could also be having an effect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h2 id="formula">Formula</h2>
Buffett's original chart used US GNP as the divisor, which captures the domestic and international activity of all US resident entities even if based abroad, however, many modern Buffett metrics use US GDP as the metric.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> US GDP has historically been within 1 percent of US GNP, and is more readily available (other international markets have greater variation between GNP and GDP).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
Buffett's original chart used the <a href="/facts/Federal_Reserve_Economic_Data/Pk69JfvQ">Federal Reserve Economic Data</a> (FRED) database from the <a href="/facts/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis/knwJ8BHU">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a> for "corporate equities",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> as it went back for over 80 years; however, many modern Buffett metrics simply use the main <a href="/facts/S%2526P_500/oyektBNP">S&P 500</a> index,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> or the broader <a href="/facts/Wilshire_5000/135tNzMg">Wilshire 5000</a> index instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>
A common modern formula for the US market, which is expressed as a percentage, is:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

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    {\displaystyle \operatorname {Buffett\ indicator} ={\frac {\operatorname {Wilshire\ 5000\ capitalization} }{\operatorname {US\ GDP} }}\times 100}

(E.g. if US GDP is USD 20 trillion and the market capitalization of the Wilshire 5000 is USD 40 trillion, then the Buffett indicator for the US is 200%; i.e. US public companies are twice as big as annual US economic output.)
The choice of how GDP is calculated (e.g. <a href="/facts/GDP_deflator/Q8MQ7Wa3">deflator</a>), can materially affect the absolute value of the ratio;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> for example, the Buffett indicator calculated by the <a href="/facts/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis/knwJ8BHU">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a> peaks at 118% in Q1 2000,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> while the version calculated by <a href="/facts/Wilshire_Associates/9S51yL7M">Wilshire Associates</a> peaks at 137% in Q1 2000,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> while the versions following Buffett's original technique, peak at very close to 160% in Q1 2000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>

<h2 id="records">Records</h2>
Using Buffett's original calculation basis in his 2001 article, but with GDP, the metric has had the following lows and highs from 1950 to February 2021:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>

<ul><li>A low of 33.0% in 1953, a low of 32.2% in 1982, and a low of c. 79% in 2002, and a low of 66.7% in 2009</li>
<li>A high of 87.1% in 1968, a high of 159.2% in 2000, a high of c. 118% in 2007, and a high of 189.6% in (Feb) 2021.</li></ul>
Using the more common modern Buffett indicator with the Wilshire 5000 and US GDP, the metric has had the following lows and highs from 1970 to February 2021:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a>

<ul><li>A low of 34.6% in 1982, a low of 72.9% in 2002, and a low of 56.8% in 2009</li>
<li>A high of 81.1% in 1972, a high of 136.9% in 2000, a high of 105.2% in 2007, and a high of 172.1% in (Feb) 2021.</li></ul>
De-trended data of Buffett's original calculation basis (see above) has had the following lows and highs from 1950 to February 2021 (expressed a % deviation from mean):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a>

<ul><li>A low of -28% in 1953, a low of -51% in 1982, and a low of -5% in 2002, and a low of -27% in 2009</li>
<li>A high of +58% in 1968, a high of +96% in 2000, a high of c. +30% in 2007, and a high of +80% in (Feb) 2021.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Economy_monetization/2FU7DcT3">Economy monetization</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/EV%2fEbitda/lJo01kL0">EV/Ebitda</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator">Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator</a> (AdvisorPerspectives, February 2021)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php">The Buffett Indicator</a> (CurrentMarketValuation, February 2021)</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketcapgdp.asp">Stock Market Capitalization-to-GDP Ratio</a> (Investopedia, January 2021)</li>
<li><a href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/market-cap-to-gdp-buffett-indicator/">Market Cap to GDP Ratio (the Buffett Indicator)</a> (<a href="/facts/Corporate_Finance_Institute/FElk5ueg">Corporate Finance Institute</a>, 2021)</li>
<li><a href="https://buffettindicator.net">Buffett Indicator</a> (BuffettIndicator.net, 2024)</li>
<li></li>
<li><a href="https://www.gurufocus.com/stock-market-valuations.php">Buffett Indicator: Where Are We with Market Valuations?</a> (GuruFocus, 2021)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.longtermtrends.net/market-cap-to-gdp-the-buffett-indicator/">Market Cap to GDP: The Buffett Indicator</a> (LongTermTrends, 2021)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Mohamed, Theron (10 February 2021). "Warren Buffett's favorite market indicator soars to record high, signaling stocks are overvalued and a crash may be coming". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388" target="_blank">https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Mohamed, Theron (10 February 2021). "Warren Buffett's favorite market indicator soars to record high, signaling stocks are overvalued and a crash may be coming". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388" target="_blank">https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Hulbert, Mark (5 August 2018). "The Eight Best Predictors of the Long-Term Market". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 February 2021. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulbert" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Hulbert</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Note that slightly different Buffett indicators can be calculated when using the S&P 500 index, or using different definitions of GDP, and even using GNP (Buffett's original divisor).[3][4] <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" target="_blank">/wiki/S%26P_500</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Ang, Carmen (17 February 2021). "The Buffett Indicator at All-Time Highs: Is This Cause for Concern?". VisualCapitalist. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-buffett-indicator-at-all-time-highs-is-this-cause-for-concern/" target="_blank">https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-buffett-indicator-at-all-time-highs-is-this-cause-for-concern/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Ponciano, Jonathan (12 February 2021). "Is The Stock Market About To Crash?". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2021. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Regan, Michael P.; Hajric, Vildana; Ballentine, Claire (12 February 2021). "Warren Buffett's Favorite Valuation Metric Is Ringing an Alarm". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 February 2021. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-12/warren-buffett-s-favorite-valuation-metric-is-ringing-an-alarm" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-12/warren-buffett-s-favorite-valuation-metric-is-ringing-an-alarm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Ponciano, Jonathan (12 February 2021). "Is The Stock Market About To Crash?". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2021. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Ang, Carmen (17 February 2021). "The Buffett Indicator at All-Time Highs: Is This Cause for Concern?". VisualCapitalist. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-buffett-indicator-at-all-time-highs-is-this-cause-for-concern/" target="_blank">https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-buffett-indicator-at-all-time-highs-is-this-cause-for-concern/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Minski, Jill (4 February 2021). "Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator". AdvisorPerspectives. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator" target="_blank">https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"The Buffett Indicator". CurrentMarketValuation. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php" target="_blank">http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Regan, Michael P.; Hajric, Vildana; Ballentine, Claire (12 February 2021). "Warren Buffett's Favorite Valuation Metric Is Ringing an Alarm". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 February 2021. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-12/warren-buffett-s-favorite-valuation-metric-is-ringing-an-alarm" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-12/warren-buffett-s-favorite-valuation-metric-is-ringing-an-alarm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"The Buffett Indicator". CurrentMarketValuation. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php" target="_blank">http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Buffett, Warren; Loomis, Carol (10 December 2001). "Warren Buffett On The Stock Market". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. What's in the future for investors--another roaring bull market or more upset stomach? Amazingly, the answer may come down to three simple factors. Here, the world's most celebrated investor talks about what really makes the market tick--and whether that ticking should make you nervous. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" target="_blank">/wiki/Warren_Buffett</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Ponciano, Jonathan (12 February 2021). "Is The Stock Market About To Crash?". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2021. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Buffett, Warren; Loomis, Carol (10 December 2001). "Warren Buffett On The Stock Market". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. What's in the future for investors--another roaring bull market or more upset stomach? Amazingly, the answer may come down to three simple factors. Here, the world's most celebrated investor talks about what really makes the market tick--and whether that ticking should make you nervous. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" target="_blank">/wiki/Warren_Buffett</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Buffett, Warren; Loomis, Carol (10 December 2001). "Warren Buffett On The Stock Market". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. What's in the future for investors--another roaring bull market or more upset stomach? Amazingly, the answer may come down to three simple factors. Here, the world's most celebrated investor talks about what really makes the market tick--and whether that ticking should make you nervous. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" target="_blank">/wiki/Warren_Buffett</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Buffett, Warren; Loomis, Carol (10 December 2001). "Warren Buffett On The Stock Market". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. What's in the future for investors--another roaring bull market or more upset stomach? Amazingly, the answer may come down to three simple factors. Here, the world's most celebrated investor talks about what really makes the market tick--and whether that ticking should make you nervous. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" target="_blank">/wiki/Warren_Buffett</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Buffett, Warren; Loomis, Carol (10 December 2001). "Warren Buffett On The Stock Market". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. What's in the future for investors--another roaring bull market or more upset stomach? Amazingly, the answer may come down to three simple factors. Here, the world's most celebrated investor talks about what really makes the market tick--and whether that ticking should make you nervous. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" target="_blank">/wiki/Warren_Buffett</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Buffett, Warren; Loomis, Carol (10 December 2001). "Warren Buffett On The Stock Market". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. What's in the future for investors--another roaring bull market or more upset stomach? Amazingly, the answer may come down to three simple factors. Here, the world's most celebrated investor talks about what really makes the market tick--and whether that ticking should make you nervous. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" target="_blank">/wiki/Warren_Buffett</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Ponciano, Jonathan (12 February 2021). "Is The Stock Market About To Crash?". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2021. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Regan, Michael P.; Hajric, Vildana; Ballentine, Claire (12 February 2021). "Warren Buffett's Favorite Valuation Metric Is Ringing an Alarm". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 February 2021. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-12/warren-buffett-s-favorite-valuation-metric-is-ringing-an-alarm" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-12/warren-buffett-s-favorite-valuation-metric-is-ringing-an-alarm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Mohamed, Theron (10 February 2021). "Warren Buffett's favorite market indicator soars to record high, signaling stocks are overvalued and a crash may be coming". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388" target="_blank">https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Scholer, Kristen (14 June 2015). "MoneyBeat: Buffett Indicator Flares". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/moneybeat-buffett-indicator-flares-1434330072" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/moneybeat-buffett-indicator-flares-1434330072</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Max, Sarah (2 February 2021). "Future Returns: The Value Gap Is Too Big to Ignore". Barron's. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.barrons.com/articles/future-returns-the-value-gap-is-too-big-to-ignore-01612279142" target="_blank">https://www.barrons.com/articles/future-returns-the-value-gap-is-too-big-to-ignore-01612279142</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Cornell, Shaun; Cornell, Bradford; Cornell, Andrew (December 2018). The Conceptual Foundations of Investing: A Short Book of Need–to–Know Essentials (1st ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1119516293. <a href="978-1119516293" target="_blank">978-1119516293</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Naito, Michiro (October 2019). Japanese Equities: A Practical Guide to Investing in the Nikkei (1st ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1119603665. <a href="978-1119603665" target="_blank">978-1119603665</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Sanz, Jorge L.C (2016). "Chapter 26: Understanding Buffett Indicators in Different Industries". Business Analytics. pp. 685–710. doi:10.1142/9789813149311_0026. ISBN 978-9813149304. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="978-9813149304" target="_blank">978-9813149304</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Hulbert, Mark (5 August 2018). "The Eight Best Predictors of the Long-Term Market". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 February 2021. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulbert" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Hulbert</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Swinkels, Laurens and Umlauft, Thomas S., The Buffett Indicator: International Evidence (March 30, 2022). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4071039 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4071039 <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=4071039" target="_blank">https://ssrn.com/abstract=4071039</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Buffett, Warren; Loomis, Carol (10 December 2001). "Warren Buffett On The Stock Market". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. What's in the future for investors--another roaring bull market or more upset stomach? Amazingly, the answer may come down to three simple factors. Here, the world's most celebrated investor talks about what really makes the market tick--and whether that ticking should make you nervous. <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" target="_blank">/wiki/Warren_Buffett</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Hulbert, Mark (5 August 2018). "The Eight Best Predictors of the Long-Term Market". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 February 2021. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulbert" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Hulbert</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">"Is There a Link Between GDP Growth and Equity Returns?". MSCI. May 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="https://www.msci.com/documents/10199/a134c5d5-dca0-420d-875d-06adb948f578" target="_blank">https://www.msci.com/documents/10199/a134c5d5-dca0-420d-875d-06adb948f578</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Hansen, Steven (15 October 2015). "What Is the Relationship Between Corporate Profits and GDP?". NASDAQ. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/what-relationship-between-corporate-profits-and-gdp-2015-10-30" target="_blank">https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/what-relationship-between-corporate-profits-and-gdp-2015-10-30</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Is There a Link Between GDP Growth and Equity Returns?". MSCI. May 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="https://www.msci.com/documents/10199/a134c5d5-dca0-420d-875d-06adb948f578" target="_blank">https://www.msci.com/documents/10199/a134c5d5-dca0-420d-875d-06adb948f578</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"Is There a Link Between GDP Growth and Equity Returns?". MSCI. May 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="https://www.msci.com/documents/10199/a134c5d5-dca0-420d-875d-06adb948f578" target="_blank">https://www.msci.com/documents/10199/a134c5d5-dca0-420d-875d-06adb948f578</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Tully, Shawn (19 June 2019). "One of Warren Buffett's Favorite Metrics Is Flashing Red—a Sign That Corporate Profits Are Due for a Hit". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://fortune.com/2019/07/17/warren-buffett-cap-ratio-tmc-gdp/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2019/07/17/warren-buffett-cap-ratio-tmc-gdp/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Vohra, Navin (29 January 2021). "The Buffett Indicator Revisited: Market Cap-to-GDP and Valuations". CFA Institute. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2021/01/29/the-buffett-indicator-revisited-market-cap-to-gdp-and-valuations/" target="_blank">https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2021/01/29/the-buffett-indicator-revisited-market-cap-to-gdp-and-valuations/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Sanz, Jorge L.C (2016). "Chapter 26: Understanding Buffett Indicators in Different Industries". Business Analytics. pp. 685–710. doi:10.1142/9789813149311_0026. ISBN 978-9813149304. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="978-9813149304" target="_blank">978-9813149304</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Minski, Jill (4 February 2021). "Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator". AdvisorPerspectives. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator" target="_blank">https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Mohamed, Theron (10 February 2021). "Warren Buffett's favorite market indicator soars to record high, signaling stocks are overvalued and a crash may be coming". Business Insider. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388" target="_blank">https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/warren-buffett-indicator-record-high-overvalued-stock-market-crash-2021-2-1030067388</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">"Market Cap to GDP Ratio (the Buffett Indicator)". Corporate Finance Institute. 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/market-cap-to-gdp-buffett-indicator/" target="_blank">https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/market-cap-to-gdp-buffett-indicator/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"The Buffett Indicator". CurrentMarketValuation. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php" target="_blank">http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Tully, Shawn (19 June 2019). "One of Warren Buffett's Favorite Metrics Is Flashing Red—a Sign That Corporate Profits Are Due for a Hit". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://fortune.com/2019/07/17/warren-buffett-cap-ratio-tmc-gdp/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2019/07/17/warren-buffett-cap-ratio-tmc-gdp/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">"US GDP vs. US GNP". St. Louis Federal Reserve. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.png?g=gR4" target="_blank">https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.png?g=gR4</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Minski, Jill (4 February 2021). "Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator". AdvisorPerspectives. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator" target="_blank">https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Or more technically, item NCBEILQ027S, from Line 62 in the F.103 balance sheet of Table S.5.q of the "Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts for the United States" (Market Value of Equities Outstanding) file.[7] <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Ponciano, Jonathan (12 February 2021). "Is The Stock Market About To Crash?". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2021. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/2021/02/12/is-the-stock-market-about-to-crash/?sh=3cd9296c71de</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Tully, Shawn (19 June 2019). "One of Warren Buffett's Favorite Metrics Is Flashing Red—a Sign That Corporate Profits Are Due for a Hit". Fortune. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://fortune.com/2019/07/17/warren-buffett-cap-ratio-tmc-gdp/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/2019/07/17/warren-buffett-cap-ratio-tmc-gdp/</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">"Market Cap to GDP Ratio (the Buffett Indicator)". Corporate Finance Institute. 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/market-cap-to-gdp-buffett-indicator/" target="_blank">https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/market-cap-to-gdp-buffett-indicator/</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">"Market Cap to GDP Ratio (the Buffett Indicator)". Corporate Finance Institute. 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/market-cap-to-gdp-buffett-indicator/" target="_blank">https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/valuation/market-cap-to-gdp-buffett-indicator/</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">"The Buffett Indicator". CurrentMarketValuation. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php" target="_blank">http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Vohra, Navin (29 January 2021). "The Buffett Indicator Revisited: Market Cap-to-GDP and Valuations". CFA Institute. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2021/01/29/the-buffett-indicator-revisited-market-cap-to-gdp-and-valuations/" target="_blank">https://blogs.cfainstitute.org/investor/2021/01/29/the-buffett-indicator-revisited-market-cap-to-gdp-and-valuations/</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">"Wilshire 5000 Total Market Full Cap Index/Gross Domestic Product (GDP at 2007 prices)". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=qLC" target="_blank">https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=qLC</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Richer, Felix (9 February 2021). "Are We in a Stock Market Bubble?". Statista. Retrieved 19 February 2021. <a href="https://www.statista.com/chart/21972/market-capitalization-to-gdp-ratio/" target="_blank">https://www.statista.com/chart/21972/market-capitalization-to-gdp-ratio/</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Minski, Jill (4 February 2021). "Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator". AdvisorPerspectives. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator" target="_blank">https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">"The Buffett Indicator". CurrentMarketValuation. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php" target="_blank">http://www.currentmarketvaluation.com/models/buffett-indicator.php</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Minski, Jill (4 February 2021). "Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator". AdvisorPerspectives. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator" target="_blank">https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Minski, Jill (4 February 2021). "Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator". AdvisorPerspectives. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator" target="_blank">https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Minski, Jill (4 February 2021). "Market Cap to GDP: An Updated Look at the Buffett Valuation Indicator". AdvisorPerspectives. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <a href="https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator" target="_blank">https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2021/02/04/market-cap-to-gdp-an-updated-look-at-the-buffett-valuation-indicator</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Buffett indicator open-in-new

Buffett indicator