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Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
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<h2 id="rules">Rules</h2> <p>A geologic section has to fulfill a set of criteria to be adapted as a GSSP by the <a href="/facts/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy/sGDCGGd2">ICS</a>. The following list summarizes the criteria:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>A GSSP has to define the lower boundary of a geologic <a href="/facts/Stage_(stratigraphy)/6HActMK7">stage</a>.</li> <li>The lower boundary has to be defined using a primary marker (usually <a href="/facts/First_appearance_datum/pEquPeNl">first appearance datum</a> of a fossil species). <ul><li>There should also be secondary markers (other fossils, <a href="/facts/Chemostratigraphy/bDTAQbwg">chemical</a>, <a href="/facts/Geomagnetic_reversal/dsINRz5g">geomagnetic reversal</a>).</li> <li>The horizon in which the marker appears should have minerals that can be <a href="/facts/Radiometric_dating/bDFjdPqV">radiometrically dated</a>.</li> <li>The marker has to have regional and global correlation in outcrops of the same age.</li> <li>The marker should be independent of <a href="/facts/Facies/G73u7SIg">facies</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The outcrop has to have an adequate thickness.</li> <li>Sedimentation has to be continuous without any changes in facies.</li> <li>The outcrop should be unaffected by tectonic and sedimentary movements, and metamorphism.</li> <li>The outcrop has to be accessible to research and free to access. <ul><li>This includes that the outcrop has to be located where it can be visited quickly (International airport and good roads), has to be kept in good condition (ideally a national reserve), in accessible terrain, extensive enough to allow repeated sampling and open to researchers of all nationalities.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="agreed-upon-global-boundary-stratotype-section-and-points">Agreed-upon Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Sections_and_Points/YkUS47Sd">List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points</a></p> <p>Once a GSSP boundary has been agreed upon, a 'golden spike' is driven into the geologic section to mark the precise boundary for future geologists (though in practice the 'spike' need neither be golden nor an actual spike). As such, GSSPs are also sometimes referred to as <i>golden spikes</i>. The first stratigraphic boundary was defined in 1972 by identifying the <a href="/facts/Silurian/1qx4epPg">Silurian</a>-<a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> boundary with a bronze plaque at a locality called <a href="/facts/Klonk/7rFQR5Eu">Klonk</a>, northeast of the village of Suchomasty in the <a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a>. </p> <h3>Fortune Head GSSP</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Precambrian/zjF3N3Rx">Precambrian</a>-<a href="/facts/Cambrian/jIfzKtod">Cambrian</a> boundary GSSP at <a href="/facts/Fortune_Head/grkYzeF5">Fortune Head</a>, <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_(island)/PdfPl9ca">Newfoundland</a> is a typical GSSP. It is accessible by paved road and is set aside as a <a href="/facts/Nature_preserve/hUsA3dQ5">nature preserve</a>. A continuous section is available from beds that are clearly Precambrian into beds that are clearly Cambrian. The boundary is set at the first appearance of a complex trace fossil <i><a href="/facts/Treptichnus_pedum/cFHujJX1">Treptichnus pedum</a></i> that is found worldwide. The Fortune Head GSSP is unlikely to be washed away or built over. Nonetheless, <i>Treptichnus pedum</i> is less than ideal as a marker fossil as it is not found in every Cambrian sequence, and it is not assured that it is found at the same level in every exposure. In fact, further eroding its value as a boundary marker, it has since been identified in strata 4m <i>below</i> the GSSP.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> However, no other fossil is known that would be preferable. There is no <a href="/facts/Radiometric_dating/bDFjdPqV">radiometrically datable</a> bed at the boundary at Fortune Head, but there is one slightly above the boundary in similar beds nearby. These factors have led to suggestions that this GSSP is in need of reassigning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="global-standard-stratigraphic-ages">Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age/x6r5T5Cc">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age</a></p> <p>Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more difficult as one goes farther back in time. Before 630 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as "Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages" (GSSAs). </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <a href="/facts/Geologic_time_scale/vBAm0D8Q">Units in geochronology and stratigraphy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Segments of rock (<a href="/facts/Stratum/w5D4VAwa">strata</a>) in <a href="/facts/Chronostratigraphy/L3XU1Uh3">chronostratigraphy</a></th><th>Time spans in <a href="/facts/Geochronology/U8hRTGwL">geochronology</a></th><th>Notes togeochronological units</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eonothem/bQhsV7sg">Eonothem</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Geologic_time_scale/vBAm0D8Q">Eon</a></td><td>4 total, half a billion years or more</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Erathem/IGVtnJ3d">Erathem</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Geologic_time_scale/vBAm0D8Q">Era</a></td><td>10 defined, several hundred million years</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/System_(stratigraphy)/eEt8kSgg">System</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Geologic_time_scale/vBAm0D8Q">Period</a></td><td>22 defined, tens to ~one hundred million years</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Series_(stratigraphy)/KgmTDDy5">Series</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Geologic_time_scale/vBAm0D8Q">Epoch</a></td><td>34 defined, tens of millions of years</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Stage_(stratigraphy)/6HActMK7">Stage</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Geologic_time_scale/vBAm0D8Q">Age</a></td><td>99 defined, millions of years</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chronozone/SCqGb2Bs">Chronozone</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Polarity_chron/k3tAxhpq">Chron</a></td><td>subdivision of an age, not used by the ICS timescale</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Body_plan/TykqU5bY">Body plan</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MN_zonation/8qJD74sS">MN zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fauna/sMqPFxVD">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geologic_time_scale/vBAm0D8Q">Geologic time scale</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/New_Zealand_geologic_time_scale/ycr8K7ez">New Zealand geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/North_American_land_mammal_age/B4d6qaIt">North American land mammal age</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Type_locality_(geology)/ky6QjASt">Type locality</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Hedberg, H.D., (editor), <i>International stratigraphic guide: A guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology, and procedure</i>, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1976[<i>ISBN missing</i>]</li> <li><a href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/chart.html">"International Stratigraphic Chart"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy/sGDCGGd2">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403231347/https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/charts/chart.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-03.</li> <li><a href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/gssp/index.php?parentid=all">"GSSP table with pages on each ratified GSSP"</a>. <i>ICS Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102093321/https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/index.php?parentid=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-02.</li> <li><a href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/geotime.htm">"What is Geologic Time?"</a>. <i>USA National Park Service</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923230940/http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/USGSNPS/gtime/gtime1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-23.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726010309/http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/earth/html/md08.html">"Earth Science: Geologic Age"</a>. <i>Washington State University</i>. Archived from <a href="http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/earth/html/md08.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-26.</li> <li><a href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html">"Web Geological Time Machine"</a>. <i>ucmp.berkeley.edu</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427033600/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-27.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618055137/http://pballew.net/arithm16.html#aeon">"Aeon or Eon"</a>. <i>pballew.net</i>. Archived from the original on 2010-06-18., <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724212222/http://www.pballew.net/etyindex.html">"Math Words – An alphabetical index"</a>. <i>pballew.net</i>. Archived from the original on 2010-07-24.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113224346/http://www.stratigraphy.org/over.htm">"The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP): overview"</a>. <i>stratigraphy.org</i>. Archived from <a href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/over.htm">the original</a> on 2009-01-13.</li> <li><a href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/chart.html">"Chart of The Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP): chart"</a>. <i>stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630221343/https://timescalefoundation.org/charts/chart.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-30.</li> <li><a href="https://timescalefoundation.org/gssp/index.php?parentid=all">"GSSP Table - All Periods"</a>. <i>timescalefoundation.org</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130011455/https://timescalefoundation.org/gssp/index.php?parentid=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-30.</li> <li><a href="https://ghkclass.net/">"GSSPs and Continental drift 3D views"</a>. <i>ghkclass.net</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208201201/https://ghkclass.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-08.</li> <li><a href="http://www.rocksandminerals.com/geotime/geotime.htm">"Geotime chart displaying geologic time periods compared to the fossil record – Deals with chronology and classifications for laymen (not GSSPs)"</a>. <i>rocksandminerals.com</i>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207090706/https://www.rocksandminerals.com/geotime/geotime.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-07.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Latest version of international chronostratigraphic chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Archived from the original on 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2024-03-17. <a href="https://stratigraphy.org/chart#latest-version" target="_blank">https://stratigraphy.org/chart#latest-version</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Remane, J.; M. G. Bassett; J. W. Cowie; K.H. Gohrbandt; H.R. Lane; O. Michelsen; Wang Naiwen (1996). "Guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)" (PDF). Episodes. 19: 77–81. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-18. <a href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/Remane1996.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/Remane1996.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"GSSP Rules". Geologic Timescale Foundation. Archived from the original on 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2024-03-17. <a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/gssp_r.html" target="_blank">https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/gssp/gssp_r.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gehling, J.; Jensen, S. R.; Droser, M.; Myrow, P.; Narbonne, G. (March 2001). "Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland" (PDF). Geological Magazine. 138 (2): 213–218. Bibcode:2001GeoM..138..213G. doi:10.1017/S001675680100509X. S2CID 131211543. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-11. <a href="https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/pmyrow/files/2012/09/BurrowingBelowTheBasalCambrian.pdf" target="_blank">https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/pmyrow/files/2012/09/BurrowingBelowTheBasalCambrian.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Topper, T.; Betts, M.; Dorjnamjaaa, D.; Li, G.; Li, L.; Altanshagai, G.; Enhkbaatar, B.; Skovsted, C. (24–28 Apr 2023). Two out of three ain’t bad: Dealing with proxy paucity when correlating the base of the Cambrian. European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2023. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved 9 Jun 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5782" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5782</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.; Gibbard, P.L. (2015), International Chronostratigraphic Chart (PDF), International Commission on Stratigraphy. <a href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2015-01.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2015-01.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>