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Fritz Strack
open-in-new
<h2 id="study-on-facial-feedback">Study on facial feedback</h2> <p>Strack's study asked participants to hold a pen in their mouths in such a way as to make them either smile or frown, and then had them rate how funny a series of <i><a href="/facts/The_Far_Side/TIdXQ8xT">the Far Side</a></i> <a href="/facts/Cartoon/24v34f3m">cartoons</a> were. In this study, participants who were smiling rated the cartoons as funnier, on average, compared to those who were frowning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In 2016, a study by a separate research team was published which failed to replicate the original study's results.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Strack himself suggested<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> that the negative results of the replication study may have been caused by its researchers' use of a video camera to record the participants' responses. He also took issue with the replication study's choice of the same cartoons that had originally been used in 1985.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Subsequent research has supported Strack's claim that participants knowing they are being recorded by cameras led to the replication study's negative result.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Further evidence has provided additional support for both the pen procedure and the validity of the facial-feedback hypothesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/soz/team/prof-dr-fritz-strack/">Faculty page</a></li> <li><a href="http://strack.socialpsychology.org/">Profile</a> at <a href="/facts/Social_Psychology_Network/J2fbBnDb">Social Psychology Network</a></li> <li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0hgmLKMAAAAJ">Fritz Strack</a> publications indexed by <a href="/facts/Google_Scholar/FhEwS2QM">Google Scholar</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Fritz Strack Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). University of Würzburg. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-07. Retrieved 2019-06-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207064734/http://wy2x05.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/PSY2-PHP/ma_pics/strack_Vita_short.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060207064734/http://wy2x05.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/PSY2-PHP/ma_pics/strack_Vita_short.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Prof. Dr. Fritz Strack". Lehrstuhl für Psychologie II. University of Würzburg. Retrieved 2019-06-17. <a href="https://www.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/soz/team/prof-dr-fritz-strack/" target="_blank">https://www.psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/soz/team/prof-dr-fritz-strack/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Who Are This Year's Ig Nobel Prize Winners?". BioTechniques. 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2019-10-20. <a href="https://www.biotechniques.com/general-interest/who-are-this-years-ig-nobel-prize-winners/" target="_blank">https://www.biotechniques.com/general-interest/who-are-this-years-ig-nobel-prize-winners/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"About the Cover". science.sciencemag.org. 18 May 2007. <a href="https://www.science.org/toc/science/316/5827" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/toc/science/316/5827</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Strack, F.; Martin, L. L.; Stepper, S. (May 1988). "Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: a nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 54 (5): 768–777. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 3379579. S2CID 15291233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wagenmakers, E.-J.; Beek, T.; Dijkhoff, L.; Gronau, Q. F.; Acosta, A.; Adams, R. B.; Albohn, D. N.; Allard, E. S.; Benning, S. D. (November 2016). "Registered Replication Report: Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (6): 917–928. doi:10.1177/1745691616674458. hdl:10481/63078. ISSN 1745-6916. PMID 27784749. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691616674458" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691616674458</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Engber, Daniel (2016-08-28). "Sad Face". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2019-06-17. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/cover_story/2016/08/can_smiling_make_you_happier_maybe_maybe_not_we_have_no_idea.html" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/cover_story/2016/08/can_smiling_make_you_happier_maybe_maybe_not_we_have_no_idea.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Strack, F. (2016). Reflection on the smiling registered replication report. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(6), 929–930. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616674460 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616674460" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616674460</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Skibba, Ramin (2016-11-03). "Psychologists argue about whether smiling makes cartoons funnier". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20929. Retrieved 2019-06-17. <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/psychologists-argue-about-whether-smiling-makes-cartoons-funnier-1.20929" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/news/psychologists-argue-about-whether-smiling-makes-cartoons-funnier-1.20929</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Noah, Tom; Schul, Yaacov; Mayo, Ruth (May 2018). "When both the original study and its failed replication are correct: Feeling observed eliminates the facial-feedback effect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 114 (5): 657–664. doi:10.1037/pspa0000121. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 29672101. S2CID 4985655. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Paley, Christopher (2018-10-17). "Smiling does make you happier – under carefully controlled conditions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-06-18. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/17/smiling-does-make-you-happier-under-carefully-controlled-conditions" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/oct/17/smiling-does-make-you-happier-under-carefully-controlled-conditions</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Coles, N. A., Larsen, J. T., & Lench, H. C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable. Psychological Bulletin, 145(6), 610-651. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Marsh, A. A., Rhoads, S. A., & Ryan, R. M. (2018). A multi-semester classroom demonstration yields evidence in support of the facial feedback effect. Emotion, 19(8), 1500–1504. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>