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Ignicoccus
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<h2 id="systematics">Systematics</h2> <p>According to the comparisons of <a href="/facts/16S_ribosomal_RNA/XCgSahoy">16S rRNA</a> genes, <i>Ignicoccus</i> represents a new, deeply branching lineage within the family of the <a href="/facts/Desulfurococcaceae/y3uHTtWn">Desulfurococcaceae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Three species are known: <i>I. islandicus</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> <i>I. pacificus</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and <i>I. hospitalis</i> strain KIN4I.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cell-structure">Cell structure</h2> <p>The archaea of the genus <i>Ignicoccus</i> have tiny <a href="/facts/Coccus/51QVlEDC">coccoid</a> cells with a diameter of about 2 <a href="/facts/%25CE%259Cm/7eDFxD2L">μm</a>, that exhibit a smooth surface, an outer membrane and no <a href="/facts/S-layer/xrYvDHbG">S-layer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>They have a previously unknown <a href="/facts/Cell_envelope/EHmJsPz3">cell envelope</a> structure—a cytoplasmic membrane, a <a href="/facts/Periplasmic_space/eGSSXT3C">periplasmic space</a> (with a variable width of 20 to 400 nm, containing membrane-bound vesicles), and an outer membrane (approximately 10 nm wide, resembling the outer membrane of <a href="/facts/Gram-negative/S1PbVtp4">gram-negative</a> bacteria). The latter contains numerous tightly, irregularly packed single particles (about 8 nm in diameter) and pores with a diameter of 24 nm, surrounded by tiny particles, arranged in a ring (with a diameter of 130 nm) and clusters of up to eight particles 12 nm in diameter each.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>The two layers of membrane previously reported are actually a type of <a href="/facts/Endomembrane/NxvtEkLN">endomembrane</a> system consisting of cytoplasmic protrusions. In <i>I. hospitalis</i>, these structures harbor the endosymbiotic archaeon <i><a href="/facts/Nanoarchaeum_equitans/ewUPFb5A">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="physiology">Physiology</h2> <p><i>Ignicocci</i> live in a temperature range of 70–98 °C (optimum around 90 °C). They gain energy by reduction of elemental <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a> to <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_sulfide/UbCqjMMk">hydrogen sulfide</a> using molecular hydrogen as the <a href="/facts/Electron_donor/7JxwwW43">electron donor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> A unique symbiosis with (or parasitism by) <i><a href="/facts/Nanoarchaeum_equitans/ewUPFb5A">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a></i> has also been reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2> <p>The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the <a href="/facts/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature/9djL152L">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information/6Xj5wCbu">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="1">16S rRNA based <a href="/facts/The_All-Species_Living_Tree_Project/txMadzJv">LTP</a>_06_2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></th><th colspan="1">53 marker proteins based <a href="/facts/Genome_Taxonomy_Database/hnEgBvVx">GTDB</a> 09-RS220<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Ignicoccus</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>I. hospitalis</i> Paper et al. 2007</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>I. islandicus</i> Huber et al. 2000</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>I. pacificus</i> Huber et al. 2000</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Ignicoccus</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>I. hospitalis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>I. islandicus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>I. pacificus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Archaea_genera/Cmf7AgQa">List of Archaea genera</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Huber H, Kueper U, Daxer S, Rachel R (August 2012). <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-012-9748-5">"The unusual cell biology of the hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis"</a>. <i>Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</i>. 102 (2): 203–219. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10482-012-9748-5">10.1007/s10482-012-9748-5</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22653377">22653377</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7732441">7732441</a>.</li> <li>Nass B, Poll U, Langer JD, Kreuter L, Kuper U, Flechsler J, Heimer T, Rachel R, Huber H, Kletzin A (2014). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.077792-0">"Three multihaem cytochromes c from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis: purification, properties and localization"</a>. <i>Microbiology</i>. 6 (160): 1278–1289. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.077792-0">10.1099/mic.0.077792-0</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705227">24705227</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=Ignicoccus&submit=Search"><i>Ignicoccus</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Huber H, Burggraf S, Mayer T, Rachel R, Stetter KO (November 2000). "Ignicoccus gen. nov., a novel genus of hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic Archaea, represented by two new species, Ignicoccus islandicus sp nov and Ignicoccus pacificus sp nov. and Ignicoccus pacificus sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (6): 2093–2100. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-6-2093. PMID 11155984. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2093" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2093</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Huber H, Hohn MJ, Rachel R, Fuchs T, Wimmer VC, Stetter KO (2 May 2002). "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont". Nature. 417 (6884): 63–67. Bibcode:2002Natur.417...63H. doi:10.1038/417063a. PMID 11986665. S2CID 4395094. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/417063a" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/417063a</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Huber H, Burggraf S, Mayer T, Rachel R, Stetter KO (November 2000). "Ignicoccus gen. nov., a novel genus of hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic Archaea, represented by two new species, Ignicoccus islandicus sp nov and Ignicoccus pacificus sp nov. and Ignicoccus pacificus sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (6): 2093–2100. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-6-2093. PMID 11155984. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2093" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2093</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Huber H, Burggraf S, Mayer T, Rachel R, Stetter KO (November 2000). "Ignicoccus gen. nov., a novel genus of hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic Archaea, represented by two new species, Ignicoccus islandicus sp nov and Ignicoccus pacificus sp nov. and Ignicoccus pacificus sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (6): 2093–2100. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-6-2093. PMID 11155984. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2093" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-6-2093</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Heimerl T, Flechsler J, Pickl C, Heinz V, Salecker B, Zweck J, Wanner G, Geimer S, Samson RY, Bell SD, Huber H, Wirth R, Wurch L, Podar M, Rachel R (13 June 2017). "A Complex Endomembrane System in the Archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis Tapped by Nanoarchaeum equitans". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1072. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01072. PMC 5468417. PMID 28659892. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468417" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468417</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Rachel R, Wyschkony I, Riehl S, Huber H (March 2002). "The ultrastructure of Ignicoccus: evidence for a novel outer membrane and for intracellular vesicle budding in an archaeon". Archaea. 1 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1155/2002/307480. PMC 685547. PMID 15803654. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC685547" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC685547</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Rachel R, Wyschkony I, Riehl S, Huber H (March 2002). "The ultrastructure of Ignicoccus: evidence for a novel outer membrane and for intracellular vesicle budding in an archaeon". Archaea. 1 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1155/2002/307480. PMC 685547. PMID 15803654. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC685547" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC685547</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Heimerl T, Flechsler J, Pickl C, Heinz V, Salecker B, Zweck J, Wanner G, Geimer S, Samson RY, Bell SD, Huber H, Wirth R, Wurch L, Podar M, Rachel R (13 June 2017). "A Complex Endomembrane System in the Archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis Tapped by Nanoarchaeum equitans". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1072. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01072. PMC 5468417. PMID 28659892. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468417" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468417</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Huber H, Hohn MJ, Rachel R, Fuchs T, Wimmer VC, Stetter KO (2 May 2002). "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont". Nature. 417 (6884): 63–67. Bibcode:2002Natur.417...63H. doi:10.1038/417063a. PMID 11986665. S2CID 4395094. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/417063a" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/417063a</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Huber H, Hohn MJ, Rachel R, Fuchs T, Wimmer VC, Stetter KO (2 May 2002). "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont". Nature. 417 (6884): 63–67. Bibcode:2002Natur.417...63H. doi:10.1038/417063a. PMID 11986665. S2CID 4395094. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/417063a" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/417063a</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>J.P. Euzéby. "Ignicoccus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-06-10. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/ignicoccus" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/ignicoccus</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Sayers; et al. "Ignicoccus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-06-10. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=54258&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=54258&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"The LTP". Retrieved 10 May 2023. <a href="https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP" target="_blank">https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 May 2023. <a href="https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_06_2022.ntree" target="_blank">https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_06_2022.ntree</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2023. <a href="https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_06_2022_release_notes.pdf" target="_blank">https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_06_2022_release_notes.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024. <a href="https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C" target="_blank">https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"ar53_r220.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024. <a href="https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r220.sp_labels.tree" target="_blank">https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r220.sp_labels.tree</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024. <a href="https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/" target="_blank">https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>