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Dolbeault cohomology
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<h2 id="construction-of-the-cohomology-groups">Construction of the cohomology groups</h2> <p>Let Ω<i>p</i>,<i>q</i> be the <a href="/facts/Vector_bundle/cXACAa1I">vector bundle</a> of complex differential forms of degree (<i>p</i>,<i>q</i>). In the article on <a href="/facts/Complex_differential_form/307vM8pd">complex forms</a>, the Dolbeault operator is defined as a differential operator on smooth sections </p> ∂ ¯ : Ω p , q → Ω p , q + 1 {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}:\Omega ^{p,q}\to \Omega ^{p,q+1}} <p>Since </p> ∂ ¯ 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}^{2}=0} <p>this operator has some associated <a href="/facts/Cohomology/J7FJzTNh">cohomology</a>. Specifically, define the cohomology to be the <a href="/facts/Quotient_space_(linear_algebra)/WmQ3lqdI">quotient space</a> </p> H p , q ( M , C ) = ker ( ∂ ¯ : Ω p , q → Ω p , q + 1 ) i m ( ∂ ¯ : Ω p , q − 1 → Ω p , q ) . {\displaystyle H^{p,q}(M,\mathbb {C} )={\frac {\ker \,({\bar {\partial }}:\Omega ^{p,q}\to \Omega ^{p,q+1})}{\mathrm {im} \,({\bar {\partial }}:\Omega ^{p,q-1}\to \Omega ^{p,q})}}.} <h2 id="dolbeault-cohomology-of-vector-bundles">Dolbeault cohomology of vector bundles</h2> <p>If <i>E</i> is a <a href="/facts/Holomorphic_vector_bundle/FeRrK9Bg">holomorphic vector bundle</a> on a complex manifold <i>X</i>, then one can define likewise a fine <a href="/facts/Injective_resolution/xEFm83U7">resolution</a> of the sheaf O ( E ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(E)} of holomorphic sections of <i>E</i>, using the <a href="/facts/Holomorphic_vector_bundle/FeRrK9Bg">Dolbeault operator</a> of <i>E</i>. This is therefore a resolution of the <a href="/facts/Sheaf_cohomology/TrcpmD6k">sheaf cohomology</a> of O ( E ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(E)} . </p><p>In particular associated to the holomorphic structure of E {\displaystyle E} is a Dolbeault operator ∂ ¯ E : Γ ( E ) → Ω 0 , 1 ( E ) {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Gamma (E)\to \Omega ^{0,1}(E)} taking sections of E {\displaystyle E} to ( 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (0,1)} -forms with values in E {\displaystyle E} . This satisfies the characteristic Leibniz rule with respect to the Dolbeault operator ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}} on differential forms, and is therefore sometimes known as a ( 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (0,1)} -connection on E {\displaystyle E} , Therefore, in the same way that a connection on a vector bundle can be extended to the <a href="/facts/Exterior_covariant_derivative/eKHqDq6Q">exterior covariant derivative</a>, the Dolbeault operator of E {\displaystyle E} can be extended to an operator </p><p> ∂ ¯ E : Ω p , q ( E ) → Ω p , q + 1 ( E ) {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Omega ^{p,q}(E)\to \Omega ^{p,q+1}(E)} which acts on a section α ⊗ s ∈ Ω p , q ( E ) {\displaystyle \alpha \otimes s\in \Omega ^{p,q}(E)} by </p><p> ∂ ¯ E ( α ⊗ s ) = ( ∂ ¯ α ) ⊗ s + ( − 1 ) p + q α ∧ ∂ ¯ E s {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}_{E}(\alpha \otimes s)=({\bar {\partial }}\alpha )\otimes s+(-1)^{p+q}\alpha \wedge {\bar {\partial }}_{E}s} and is extended linearly to any section in Ω p , q ( E ) {\displaystyle \Omega ^{p,q}(E)} . The Dolbeault operator satisfies the integrability condition ∂ ¯ E 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}_{E}^{2}=0} and so Dolbeault cohomology with coefficients in E {\displaystyle E} can be defined as above: </p><p> H p , q ( X , ( E , ∂ ¯ E ) ) = ker ( ∂ ¯ E : Ω p , q ( E ) → Ω p , q + 1 ( E ) ) i m ( ∂ ¯ E : Ω p , q − 1 ( E ) → Ω p , q ( E ) ) . {\displaystyle H^{p,q}(X,(E,{\bar {\partial }}_{E}))={\frac {\ker \,({\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Omega ^{p,q}(E)\to \Omega ^{p,q+1}(E))}{\mathrm {im} \,({\bar {\partial }}_{E}:\Omega ^{p,q-1}(E)\to \Omega ^{p,q}(E))}}.} The Dolbeault cohomology groups do not depend on the choice of Dolbeault operator ∂ ¯ E {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}_{E}} compatible with the holomorphic structure of E {\displaystyle E} , so are typically denoted by H p , q ( X , E ) {\displaystyle H^{p,q}(X,E)} dropping the dependence on ∂ ¯ E {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}_{E}} . </p> <h2 id="dolbeaultgrothendieck-lemma">Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma</h2> <p>In order to establish the Dolbeault isomorphism we need to prove the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma (or ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}} -Poincaré lemma). First we prove a one-dimensional version of the ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}} -Poincaré lemma; we shall use the following generalised form of the <a href="/facts/Cauchy%2527s_integral_formula/4B35nkvV">Cauchy integral representation for smooth functions</a>: </p><p>Proposition: Let B ε ( 0 ) := { z ∈ C ∣ | z | < ε } {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(0):=\lbrace z\in \mathbb {C} \mid |z|<\varepsilon \rbrace } the open ball centered in 0 {\displaystyle 0} of radius ε ∈ R > 0 , {\displaystyle \varepsilon \in \mathbb {R} _{>0},} B ε ( 0 ) ¯ ⊆ U {\displaystyle {\overline {B_{\varepsilon }(0)}}\subseteq U} open and f ∈ C ∞ ( U ) {\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(U)} , then </p> ∀ z ∈ B ε ( 0 ) : f ( z ) = 1 2 π i ∫ ∂ B ε ( 0 ) f ( ξ ) ξ − z d ξ + 1 2 π i ∬ B ε ( 0 ) ∂ f ∂ ξ ¯ d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ ξ − z . {\displaystyle \forall z\in B_{\varepsilon }(0):\quad f(z)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\partial B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi +{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}.} <p>Lemma ( ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}} -Poincaré lemma on the complex plane): Let B ε ( 0 ) , U {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(0),U} be as before and α = f d z ¯ ∈ A C 0 , 1 ( U ) {\displaystyle \alpha =fd{\bar {z}}\in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} }^{0,1}(U)} a smooth form, then </p> C ∞ ( U ) ∋ g ( z ) := 1 2 π i ∫ B ε ( 0 ) f ( ξ ) ξ − z d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }(U)\ni g(z):={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}} <p>satisfies α = ∂ ¯ g {\displaystyle \alpha ={\bar {\partial }}g} on B ε ( 0 ) . {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(0).} </p><p><i>Proof.</i> Our claim is that g {\displaystyle g} defined above is a well-defined smooth function and α = f d z ¯ = ∂ ¯ g {\displaystyle \alpha =f\,d{\bar {z}}={\bar {\partial }}g} . To show this we choose a point z ∈ B ε ( 0 ) {\displaystyle z\in B_{\varepsilon }(0)} and an open neighbourhood z ∈ V ⊆ B ε ( 0 ) {\displaystyle z\in V\subseteq B_{\varepsilon }(0)} , then we can find a smooth function ρ : B ε ( 0 ) → R {\displaystyle \rho :B_{\varepsilon }(0)\to \mathbb {R} } whose support is compact and lies in B ε ( 0 ) {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(0)} and ρ | V ≡ 1. {\displaystyle \rho |_{V}\equiv 1.} Then we can write </p> f = f 1 + f 2 := ρ f + ( 1 − ρ ) f {\displaystyle f=f_{1}+f_{2}:=\rho f+(1-\rho )f} <p>and define </p> g i := 1 2 π i ∫ B ε ( 0 ) f i ( ξ ) ξ − z d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ . {\displaystyle g_{i}:={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f_{i}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}.} <p>Since f 2 ≡ 0 {\displaystyle f_{2}\equiv 0} in V {\displaystyle V} then g 2 {\displaystyle g_{2}} is clearly well-defined and smooth; we note that </p> g 1 = 1 2 π i ∫ B ε ( 0 ) f 1 ( ξ ) ξ − z d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ = 1 2 π i ∫ C f 1 ( ξ ) ξ − z d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ = π − 1 ∫ 0 ∞ ∫ 0 2 π f 1 ( z + r e i θ ) e − i θ d θ d r , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{1}&={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f_{1}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}\\&={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\mathbb {C} }{\frac {f_{1}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}\\&=\pi ^{-1}\int _{0}^{\infty }\int _{0}^{2\pi }f_{1}(z+re^{i\theta })e^{-i\theta }d\theta dr,\end{aligned}}} <p>which is indeed well-defined and smooth, therefore the same is true for g {\displaystyle g} . Now we show that ∂ ¯ g = α {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}g=\alpha } on B ε ( 0 ) {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(0)} . </p> ∂ g 2 ∂ z ¯ = 1 2 π i ∫ B ε ( 0 ) f 2 ( ξ ) ∂ ∂ z ¯ ( 1 ξ − z ) d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial g_{2}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}f_{2}(\xi ){\frac {\partial }{\partial {\bar {z}}}}{\Big (}{\frac {1}{\xi -z}}{\Big )}d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}=0} <p>since ( ξ − z ) − 1 {\displaystyle (\xi -z)^{-1}} is holomorphic in B ε ( 0 ) ∖ V {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(0)\setminus V} . </p> ∂ g 1 ∂ z ¯ = π − 1 ∫ C ∂ f 1 ( z + r e i θ ) ∂ z ¯ e − i θ d θ ∧ d r = π − 1 ∫ C ( ∂ f 1 ∂ z ¯ ) ( z + r e i θ ) e − i θ d θ ∧ d r = 1 2 π i ∬ B ε ( 0 ) ∂ f 1 ∂ ξ ¯ d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ ξ − z {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial g_{1}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}=&\pi ^{-1}\int _{\mathbb {C} }{\frac {\partial f_{1}(z+re^{i\theta })}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}e^{-i\theta }d\theta \wedge dr\\=&\pi ^{-1}\int _{\mathbb {C} }{\Big (}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}{\Big )}(z+re^{i\theta })e^{-i\theta }d\theta \wedge dr\\=&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}\end{aligned}}} <p>applying the generalised Cauchy formula to f 1 {\displaystyle f_{1}} we find </p> f 1 ( z ) = 1 2 π i ∫ ∂ B ε ( 0 ) f 1 ( ξ ) ξ − z d ξ + 1 2 π i ∬ B ε ( 0 ) ∂ f 1 ∂ ξ ¯ d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ ξ − z = 1 2 π i ∬ B ε ( 0 ) ∂ f 1 ∂ ξ ¯ d ξ ∧ d ξ ¯ ξ − z {\displaystyle f_{1}(z)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\partial B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {f_{1}(\xi )}{\xi -z}}d\xi +{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\iint _{B_{\varepsilon }(0)}{\frac {\partial f_{1}}{\partial {\bar {\xi }}}}{\frac {d\xi \wedge d{\bar {\xi }}}{\xi -z}}} <p>since f 1 | ∂ B ε ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle f_{1}|_{\partial B_{\varepsilon }(0)}=0} , but then f = f 1 = ∂ g 1 ∂ z ¯ = ∂ g ∂ z ¯ {\displaystyle f=f_{1}={\frac {\partial g_{1}}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}={\frac {\partial g}{\partial {\bar {z}}}}} on V {\displaystyle V} . Since z {\displaystyle z} was arbitrary, the lemma is now proved. </p> <h3>Proof of Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma</h3> <p>Now are ready to prove the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma; the proof presented here is due to <a href="/facts/Grothendieck/jLQGPY7M">Grothendieck</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> We denote with Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} the open <a href="/facts/Polydisc/p3Ivtu0W">polydisc</a> centered in 0 ∈ C n {\displaystyle 0\in \mathbb {C} ^{n}} with radius ε ∈ R > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon \in \mathbb {R} _{>0}} . </p><p>Lemma (Dolbeault–Grothendieck): Let α ∈ A C n p , q ( U ) {\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q}(U)} where Δ ε n ( 0 ) ¯ ⊆ U {\displaystyle {\overline {\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)}}\subseteq U} open and q > 0 {\displaystyle q>0} such that ∂ ¯ α = 0 {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}\alpha =0} , then there exists β ∈ A C n p , q − 1 ( U ) {\displaystyle \beta \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q-1}(U)} which satisfies: α = ∂ ¯ β {\displaystyle \alpha ={\bar {\partial }}\beta } on Δ ε n ( 0 ) . {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0).} </p><p>Before starting the proof we note that any ( p , q ) {\displaystyle (p,q)} -form can be written as </p> α = ∑ I J α I J d z I ∧ d z ¯ J = ∑ J ( ∑ I α I J d z I ) J ∧ d z ¯ J {\displaystyle \alpha =\sum _{IJ}\alpha _{IJ}dz_{I}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J}=\sum _{J}\left(\sum _{I}\alpha _{IJ}dz_{I}\right)_{J}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J}} <p>for multi-indices I , J , | I | = p , | J | = q {\displaystyle I,J,|I|=p,|J|=q} , therefore we can reduce the proof to the case α ∈ A C n 0 , q ( U ) {\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{0,q}(U)} . </p><p><i>Proof.</i> Let k > 0 {\displaystyle k>0} be the smallest index such that α ∈ ( d z ¯ 1 , … , d z ¯ k ) {\displaystyle \alpha \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k})} in the sheaf of C ∞ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{\infty }} -modules, we proceed by induction on k {\displaystyle k} . For k = 0 {\displaystyle k=0} we have α ≡ 0 {\displaystyle \alpha \equiv 0} since q > 0 {\displaystyle q>0} ; next we suppose that if α ∈ ( d z ¯ 1 , … , d z ¯ k ) {\displaystyle \alpha \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k})} then there exists β ∈ A C n 0 , q − 1 ( U ) {\displaystyle \beta \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{0,q-1}(U)} such that α = ∂ ¯ β {\displaystyle \alpha ={\bar {\partial }}\beta } on Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} . Then suppose ω ∈ ( d z ¯ 1 , … , d z ¯ k + 1 ) {\displaystyle \omega \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k+1})} and observe that we can write </p> ω = d z ¯ k + 1 ∧ ψ + μ , ψ , μ ∈ ( d z ¯ 1 , … , d z ¯ k ) . {\displaystyle \omega =d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\mu ,\qquad \psi ,\mu \in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k}).} <p>Since ω {\displaystyle \omega } is ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}} -closed it follows that ψ , μ {\displaystyle \psi ,\mu } are holomorphic in variables z k + 2 , … , z n {\displaystyle z_{k+2},\dots ,z_{n}} and smooth in the remaining ones on the polydisc Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} . Moreover we can apply the ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}} -Poincaré lemma to the smooth functions z k + 1 ↦ ψ J ( z 1 , … , z k + 1 , … , z n ) {\displaystyle z_{k+1}\mapsto \psi _{J}(z_{1},\dots ,z_{k+1},\dots ,z_{n})} on the open ball B ε k + 1 ( 0 ) {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon _{k+1}}(0)} , hence there exist a family of smooth functions g J {\displaystyle g_{J}} which satisfy </p> ψ J = ∂ g J ∂ z ¯ k + 1 on B ε k + 1 ( 0 ) . {\displaystyle \psi _{J}={\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{k+1}}}\quad {\text{on}}\quad B_{\varepsilon _{k+1}}(0).} <p> g J {\displaystyle g_{J}} are also holomorphic in z k + 2 , … , z n {\displaystyle z_{k+2},\dots ,z_{n}} . Define </p> ψ ~ := ∑ J g J d z ¯ J {\displaystyle {\tilde {\psi }}:=\sum _{J}g_{J}d{\bar {z}}_{J}} <p>then </p> ω − ∂ ¯ ψ ~ = d z ¯ k + 1 ∧ ψ + μ − ∑ J ∂ g J ∂ z ¯ k + 1 d z ¯ k + 1 ∧ d z ¯ J + ∑ j = 1 k ∑ J ∂ g J ∂ z ¯ j d z ¯ j ∧ d z ¯ J ∖ { j } = d z ¯ k + 1 ∧ ψ + μ − d z ¯ k + 1 ∧ ψ + ∑ j = 1 k ∑ J ∂ g J ∂ z ¯ j d z ¯ j ∧ d z ¯ J ∖ { j } = μ + ∑ j = 1 k ∑ J ∂ g J ∂ z ¯ j d z ¯ j ∧ d z ¯ J ∖ { j } ∈ ( d z ¯ 1 , … , d z ¯ k ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\omega -{\bar {\partial }}{\tilde {\psi }}&=d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\mu -\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{k+1}}}d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J}+\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{j}}}d{\bar {z}}_{j}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J\setminus \lbrace j\rbrace }\\&=d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\mu -d{\bar {z}}_{k+1}\wedge \psi +\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{j}}}d{\bar {z}}_{j}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J\setminus \lbrace j\rbrace }\\&=\mu +\sum _{j=1}^{k}\sum _{J}{\frac {\partial g_{J}}{\partial {\bar {z}}_{j}}}d{\bar {z}}_{j}\wedge d{\bar {z}}_{J\setminus \lbrace j\rbrace }\in (d{\bar {z}}_{1},\dots ,d{\bar {z}}_{k}),\end{aligned}}} <p>therefore we can apply the induction hypothesis to it, there exists η ∈ A C n 0 , q − 1 ( U ) {\displaystyle \eta \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{0,q-1}(U)} such that </p> ω − ∂ ¯ ψ ~ = ∂ ¯ η on Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \omega -{\bar {\partial }}{\tilde {\psi }}={\bar {\partial }}\eta \quad {\text{on}}\quad \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} <p>and ζ := η + ψ ~ {\displaystyle \zeta :=\eta +{\tilde {\psi }}} ends the induction step. QED </p> The previous lemma can be generalised by admitting polydiscs with ε k = + ∞ {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{k}=+\infty } for some of the components of the polyradius. <p>Lemma (extended Dolbeault-Grothendieck). If Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} is an open polydisc with ε k ∈ R ∪ { + ∞ } {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{k}\in \mathbb {R} \cup \lbrace +\infty \rbrace } and q > 0 {\displaystyle q>0} , then H ∂ ¯ p , q ( Δ ε n ( 0 ) ) = 0. {\displaystyle H_{\bar {\partial }}^{p,q}(\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0))=0.} </p><p><i>Proof.</i> We consider two cases: α ∈ A C n p , q + 1 ( U ) , q > 0 {\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q+1}(U),q>0} and α ∈ A C n p , 1 ( U ) {\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,1}(U)} . </p><p>Case 1. Let α ∈ A C n p , q + 1 ( U ) , q > 0 {\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,q+1}(U),q>0} , and we cover Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} with polydiscs Δ i ¯ ⊂ Δ i + 1 {\displaystyle {\overline {\Delta _{i}}}\subset \Delta _{i+1}} , then by the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma we can find forms β i {\displaystyle \beta _{i}} of bidegree ( p , q − 1 ) {\displaystyle (p,q-1)} on Δ i ¯ ⊆ U i {\displaystyle {\overline {\Delta _{i}}}\subseteq U_{i}} open such that α | Δ i = ∂ ¯ β i {\displaystyle \alpha |_{\Delta _{i}}={\bar {\partial }}\beta _{i}} ; we want to show that </p> β i + 1 | Δ i = β i . {\displaystyle \beta _{i+1}|_{\Delta _{i}}=\beta _{i}.} <p>We proceed by induction on i {\displaystyle i} : the case when i = 1 {\displaystyle i=1} holds by the previous lemma. Let the claim be true for k > 1 {\displaystyle k>1} and take Δ k + 1 {\displaystyle \Delta _{k+1}} with </p> Δ ε n ( 0 ) = ⋃ i = 1 k + 1 Δ i and Δ k ¯ ⊂ Δ k + 1 . {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)=\bigcup _{i=1}^{k+1}\Delta _{i}\quad {\text{and}}\quad {\overline {\Delta _{k}}}\subset \Delta _{k+1}.} <p>Then we find a ( p , q − 1 ) {\displaystyle (p,q-1)} -form β k + 1 ′ {\displaystyle \beta '_{k+1}} defined in an open neighbourhood of Δ k + 1 ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\Delta _{k+1}}}} such that α | Δ k + 1 = ∂ ¯ β k + 1 {\displaystyle \alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}={\bar {\partial }}\beta _{k+1}} . Let U k {\displaystyle U_{k}} be an open neighbourhood of Δ k ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\Delta _{k}}}} then ∂ ¯ ( β k − β k + 1 ′ ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}(\beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1})=0} on U k {\displaystyle U_{k}} and we can apply again the Dolbeault-Grothendieck lemma to find a ( p , q − 2 ) {\displaystyle (p,q-2)} -form γ k {\displaystyle \gamma _{k}} such that β k − β k + 1 ′ = ∂ ¯ γ k {\displaystyle \beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1}={\bar {\partial }}\gamma _{k}} on Δ k {\displaystyle \Delta _{k}} . Now, let V k {\displaystyle V_{k}} be an open set with Δ k ¯ ⊂ V k ⊊ U k {\displaystyle {\overline {\Delta _{k}}}\subset V_{k}\subsetneq U_{k}} and ρ k : Δ ε n ( 0 ) → R {\displaystyle \rho _{k}:\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)\to \mathbb {R} } a smooth function such that: </p> supp ( ρ k ) ⊂ U k , ρ | V k = 1 , ρ k | Δ ε n ( 0 ) ∖ U k = 0. {\displaystyle \operatorname {supp} (\rho _{k})\subset U_{k},\qquad \rho |_{V_{k}}=1,\qquad \rho _{k}|_{\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)\setminus U_{k}}=0.} <p>Then ρ k γ k {\displaystyle \rho _{k}\gamma _{k}} is a well-defined smooth form on Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} which satisfies </p> β k = β k + 1 ′ + ∂ ¯ ( γ k ρ k ) on Δ k , {\displaystyle \beta _{k}=\beta '_{k+1}+{\bar {\partial }}(\gamma _{k}\rho _{k})\quad {\text{on}}\quad \Delta _{k},} <p>hence the form </p> β k + 1 := β k + 1 ′ + ∂ ¯ ( γ k ρ k ) {\displaystyle \beta _{k+1}:=\beta '_{k+1}+{\bar {\partial }}(\gamma _{k}\rho _{k})} <p>satisfies </p> β k + 1 | Δ k = β k + 1 ′ + ∂ ¯ γ k = β k ∂ ¯ β k + 1 = ∂ ¯ β k + 1 ′ = α | Δ k + 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\beta _{k+1}|_{\Delta _{k}}&=\beta '_{k+1}+{\bar {\partial }}\gamma _{k}=\beta _{k}\\{\bar {\partial }}\beta _{k+1}&={\bar {\partial }}\beta '_{k+1}=\alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}\end{aligned}}} <p>Case 2. If instead α ∈ A C n p , 1 ( U ) , {\displaystyle \alpha \in {\mathcal {A}}_{\mathbb {C} ^{n}}^{p,1}(U),} we cannot apply the Dolbeault-Grothendieck lemma twice; we take β i {\displaystyle \beta _{i}} and Δ i {\displaystyle \Delta _{i}} as before, we want to show that </p> ‖ ( β i I − β i + 1 I ) | Δ k − 1 ‖ ∞ < 2 − i . {\displaystyle \left\|\left.\left({\beta _{i}}_{I}-{\beta _{i+1}}_{I}\right)\right|_{\Delta _{k-1}}\right\|_{\infty }<2^{-i}.} <p>Again, we proceed by induction on i {\displaystyle i} : for i = 1 {\displaystyle i=1} the answer is given by the Dolbeault-Grothendieck lemma. Next we suppose that the claim is true for k > 1 {\displaystyle k>1} . We take Δ k + 1 ⊃ Δ k ¯ {\displaystyle \Delta _{k+1}\supset {\overline {\Delta _{k}}}} such that Δ k + 1 ∪ { Δ i } i = 1 k {\displaystyle \Delta _{k+1}\cup \lbrace \Delta _{i}\rbrace _{i=1}^{k}} covers Δ ε n ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)} , then we can find a ( p , 0 ) {\displaystyle (p,0)} -form β k + 1 ′ {\displaystyle \beta '_{k+1}} such that </p> α | Δ k + 1 = ∂ ¯ β k + 1 ′ , {\displaystyle \alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}={\bar {\partial }}\beta '_{k+1},} <p>which also satisfies ∂ ¯ ( β k − β k + 1 ′ ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}(\beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1})=0} on Δ k {\displaystyle \Delta _{k}} , i.e. β k − β k + 1 ′ {\displaystyle \beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1}} is a holomorphic ( p , 0 ) {\displaystyle (p,0)} -form wherever defined, hence by the <a href="/facts/Stone%25E2%2580%2593Weierstrass_theorem/QB07Nwba">Stone–Weierstrass theorem</a> we can write it as </p> β k − β k + 1 ′ = ∑ | I | = p ( P I + r I ) d z I {\displaystyle \beta _{k}-\beta '_{k+1}=\sum _{|I|=p}(P_{I}+r_{I})dz_{I}} <p>where P I {\displaystyle P_{I}} are polynomials and </p> ‖ r I | Δ k − 1 ‖ ∞ < 2 − k , {\displaystyle \left\|r_{I}|_{\Delta _{k-1}}\right\|_{\infty }<2^{-k},} <p>but then the form </p> β k + 1 := β k + 1 ′ + ∑ | I | = p P I d z I {\displaystyle \beta _{k+1}:=\beta '_{k+1}+\sum _{|I|=p}P_{I}dz_{I}} <p>satisfies </p> ∂ ¯ β k + 1 = ∂ ¯ β k + 1 ′ = α | Δ k + 1 ‖ ( β k I − β k + 1 I ) | Δ k − 1 ‖ ∞ = ‖ r I ‖ ∞ < 2 − k {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\bar {\partial }}\beta _{k+1}&={\bar {\partial }}\beta '_{k+1}=\alpha |_{\Delta _{k+1}}\\\left\|({\beta _{k}}_{I}-{\beta _{k+1}}_{I})|_{\Delta _{k-1}}\right\|_{\infty }&=\|r_{I}\|_{\infty }<2^{-k}\end{aligned}}} <p>which completes the induction step; therefore we have built a sequence { β i } i ∈ N {\displaystyle \lbrace \beta _{i}\rbrace _{i\in \mathbb {N} }} which uniformly converges to some ( p , 0 ) {\displaystyle (p,0)} -form β {\displaystyle \beta } such that α | Δ ε n ( 0 ) = ∂ ¯ β {\displaystyle \alpha |_{\Delta _{\varepsilon }^{n}(0)}={\bar {\partial }}\beta } . QED </p> <h2 id="dolbeaults-theorem">Dolbeault's theorem</h2> <p>Dolbeault's theorem is a complex analog<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> of <a href="/facts/De_Rham%2527s_theorem/4qGKeJq0">de Rham's theorem</a>. It asserts that the Dolbeault cohomology is isomorphic to the <a href="/facts/Sheaf_cohomology/TrcpmD6k">sheaf cohomology</a> of the <a href="/facts/Sheaf_(mathematics)/MM3hcRw4">sheaf</a> of holomorphic differential forms. Specifically, </p> H p , q ( M ) ≅ H q ( M , Ω p ) {\displaystyle H^{p,q}(M)\cong H^{q}(M,\Omega ^{p})} <p>where Ω p {\displaystyle \Omega ^{p}} is the sheaf of holomorphic <i>p</i> forms on <i>M</i>. </p><p>A version of the Dolbeault theorem also holds for Dolbeault cohomology with coefficients in a holomorphic vector bundle E {\displaystyle E} . Namely one has an isomorphism </p><p> H p , q ( M , E ) ≅ H q ( M , Ω p ⊗ E ) . {\displaystyle H^{p,q}(M,E)\cong H^{q}(M,\Omega ^{p}\otimes E).} </p><p>A version for <a href="/facts/Logarithmic_form/6Hhf0KmM">logarithmic forms</a> has also been established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Proof</h3> <p>Let F p , q {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{p,q}} be the <a href="/facts/Fine_sheaf/ykaN5Ivq">fine sheaf</a> of C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} forms of type ( p , q ) {\displaystyle (p,q)} . Then the ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\partial }}} -Poincaré lemma says that the sequence </p> Ω p , q → ∂ ¯ F p , q + 1 → ∂ ¯ F p , q + 2 → ∂ ¯ ⋯ {\displaystyle \Omega ^{p,q}{\xrightarrow {\overline {\partial }}}{\mathcal {F}}^{p,q+1}{\xrightarrow {\overline {\partial }}}{\mathcal {F}}^{p,q+2}{\xrightarrow {\overline {\partial }}}\cdots } <p>is exact. Like any long exact sequence, this sequence breaks up into short exact sequences. The long exact sequences of cohomology corresponding to these give the result, once one uses that the higher cohomologies of a fine sheaf vanish. </p> <h2 id="explicit-example-of-calculation">Explicit example of calculation</h2> <p>The Dolbeault cohomology of the n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional <a href="/facts/Complex_projective_space/QmgneIzS">complex projective space</a> is </p> H ∂ ¯ p , q ( P C n ) = { C p = q 0 otherwise {\displaystyle H_{\bar {\partial }}^{p,q}(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n})={\begin{cases}\mathbb {C} &p=q\\0&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}} <p>We apply the following well-known fact from <a href="/facts/Hodge_theory/b6Mju74J">Hodge theory</a>: </p> H d R k ( P C n , C ) = ⨁ p + q = k H ∂ ¯ p , q ( P C n ) {\displaystyle H_{\rm {dR}}^{k}\left(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n},\mathbb {C} \right)=\bigoplus _{p+q=k}H_{\bar {\partial }}^{p,q}(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n})} <p>because P C n {\displaystyle P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n}} is a compact <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25A4hler_manifold/JFPM6Vxg">Kähler complex manifold</a>. Then b 2 k + 1 = 0 {\displaystyle b_{2k+1}=0} and </p> b 2 k = h k , k + ∑ p + q = 2 k , p ≠ q h p , q = 1. {\displaystyle b_{2k}=h^{k,k}+\sum _{p+q=2k,p\neq q}h^{p,q}=1.} <p>Furthermore we know that P C n {\displaystyle P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n}} is Kähler, and 0 ≠ [ ω k ] ∈ H ∂ ¯ k , k ( P C n ) , {\displaystyle 0\neq [\omega ^{k}]\in H_{\bar {\partial }}^{k,k}(P_{\mathbb {C} }^{n}),} where ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the fundamental form associated to the <a href="/facts/Fubini%25E2%2580%2593Study_metric/1uemCFdc">Fubini–Study metric</a> (which is indeed Kähler), therefore h k , k = 1 {\displaystyle h^{k,k}=1} and h p , q = 0 {\displaystyle h^{p,q}=0} whenever p ≠ q , {\displaystyle p\neq q,} which yields the result. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Serre_duality/qAKpXPM8">Serre duality</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ddbar_lemma/zLdjB8vt"> ∂ ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle \partial {\bar {\partial }}} -lemma</a>, which describes the potential of a ∂ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\partial }}} -exact differential form in the setting of compact <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25A4hler_manifold/JFPM6Vxg">Kähler manifolds</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Pierre_Dolbeault/qL9h8QoH">Dolbeault, Pierre</a> (1953). <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3188h/f175.item">"Sur la cohomologie des variétés analytiques complexes"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Comptes_rendus_de_l%2527Acad%25C3%25A9mie_des_Sciences/9yR9XTN5">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences</a></i>. 236: 175–277.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Raymond_O._Wells%2c_Jr./Is80Ue1q">Wells, Raymond O.</a> (1980). <i>Differential Analysis on Complex Manifolds</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-387-90419-1.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_C._Gunning/gKD3DIq4">Gunning, Robert C.</a> (1990). <i>Introduction to Holomorphic Functions of Several Variables, Volume 1</i>. Chapman and Hall/CRC. p. 198. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780534133085.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Phillip_Griffiths/EHQJfBVI">Griffiths, Phillip</a>; <a href="/facts/Joe_Harris_(mathematician)/XPzjGwRf">Harris, Joseph</a> (2014). <i>Principles of Algebraic Geometry</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 832. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781118626320.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Serre, Jean-Pierre (1953–1954), "Faisceaux analytiques sur l'espace projectif", Séminaire Henri Cartan, 6 (Talk no. 18): 1–10 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre" target="_blank">/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Calculus on Complex Manifolds". Several Complex Variables and Complex Manifolds II. 1982. pp. 1–64. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511629327.002. ISBN 9780521288880. <a href="9780521288880" target="_blank">9780521288880</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>In contrast to de Rham cohomology, Dolbeault cohomology is no longer a topological invariant because it depends closely on complex structure. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Navarro Aznar, Vicente (1987), "Sur la théorie de Hodge–Deligne", Inventiones Mathematicae, 90 (1): 11–76, Bibcode:1987InMat..90...11A, doi:10.1007/bf01389031, S2CID 122772976, Section 8 <a href="/wiki/Inventiones_Mathematicae" target="_blank">/wiki/Inventiones_Mathematicae</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>