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Gabès
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Etymology</h3> <p>Takapes, the ancient name of Gabès, is a <a href="/facts/Punic/FLAl3pXD">Punic</a> <a href="/facts/Numidian_language/QUBCekWJ">Numidian</a> (<a href="/facts/Berber_languages/DnLruKYa">Berber</a>) toponym. Later, the prefix "Ta" (meaning "the" in Punic) was dropped, and the place became known as Kapes. As in <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> the sound /p/ is unknown, Kapes became known as Kabes, and later known as Gabès. </p> <h3>Roman period</h3> <p>Gabès is the ancient <i>Tacapae</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> or <i>Tacape</i> (Τακάπη in <a href="/facts/Ancient_greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient greek</a>) or <i>Tacapes</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> of the <a href="/facts/Roman_province/lcMVp672">Roman province</a> of <a href="/facts/Tripolitania/1hvEXyjN">Tripolitania</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/Strabo/dzQ59zwn">Strabo</a> refers to this city as an important entrepot of the <a href="/facts/Lesser_Syrtis/sXsNVt9A">Lesser Syrtis</a>. <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny</a> (18.22) remarks that the waters of a copious fountain at Tacape were divided among the cultivators according to a system where each had the use of the water during a certain interval of time. </p><p>The <i><a href="/facts/Tabula_Peutingeriana/NjysbrpW">Tabula Peutingeriana</a></i> shows Tacape between <a href="/facts/Macomades/5P8wzhu2">Macomades</a> and <a href="/facts/Sabratha/f1U9qguo">Sabratha</a>. </p> <h3>Bishopric</h3> <p>Tacapae became a Christian <a href="/facts/Bishopric/Uts2PByI">bishopric</a> that, no longer being a residential see, is included in the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholic Church</a>'s list of <a href="/facts/Titular_see/bSEAqrKe">titular sees</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Three of its bishops are known:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Dulcitius, <a href="/facts/Papal_legate/pHmzU23a">legate</a> of the bishops of Tripolitana to the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Carthage_(403)/TN4qfglz">Council of Carthage (403)</a> and present at the <a href="/facts/Conference_of_Carthage_(411)/TN4qfglz">Conference of Carthage (411)</a>;</li> <li>Servilius, exiled by <a href="/facts/Huneric/KMlJzbod">Huneric</a> in 484;</li> <li>Caius or Gallus, legate of the bishops of his province to the <a href="/facts/Council_of_Carthage_(525)/TN4qfglz">Council of Carthage (525)</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Islamic Caliphate and the Middle Ages</h3> <p>In the 7th century, the <a href="/facts/Umayyad_Caliphate/gdW8JwoK">Umayyad Caliphate</a> conquered the region, bringing <a href="/facts/Islam/zDLbL45C">Islam</a> to Gabès. One of Prophet <a href="/facts/Companions_of_the_Prophet/ev5xGHLt">Muhammad's companions</a>, <a href="/facts/Abu_Lubaba_ibn_Abd_al-Mundhir/XYy3lbKz">Abu Lubaba Al'Ansari</a>, settled in the city, contributing to its development as an Islamic center. The following centuries saw a succession of different rulers and dynasties. In 1148, the <a href="/facts/Zirid_dynasty/0jTDzl9W">Zirids</a> sacked Gabès, causing devastation to the city. During the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> period, in 1574, Gabès became part of the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Tunisia/qYKoh6fE">Eyalet of Tunis</a>, further cementing its role as a strategic trading hub in the Mediterranean region. </p><p>Gabès has been described by notable historians and travelers throughout history. In the 12th century, <a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Idrisi/kD6FM1jb">al-Idrisi</a> praised its thriving economy, dense orchards, and bustling markets. He highlighted the city's production of dates, olives, and leather goods, as well as its strong fortifications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In the 14th century, al-Tijani depicted Gabès as a city of beauty and abundance, calling it the "paradise of the world" and "Little <a href="/facts/Damascus/IL0Qwt6R">Damascus</a>" due to its lush greenery and architectural charm. However, he also noted the city's health challenges, attributing frequent epidemics to the <a href="/facts/Nerium/zJM6fK4H">oleander</a> trees that affected the water supply.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In 1862, <a href="/facts/Victor_Gu%25C3%25A9rin/7mYJEWEk">Victor Guérin</a> described Gabès not as a singular city but as a collection of towns and villages forming a vast oasis, supported by the waters of the <a href="/facts/Wadi/tEgHt2rI">Wadi</a> of Gabès.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>French rule and the 20th century</h3> <p>In the late 19th century, Tunisia came under French control, and in 1881, Gabès became part of the <a href="/facts/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia/huPPgfUl">French protectorate</a>. This period saw the introduction of modern infrastructure but also economic hardships for the local population. The 20th century brought further turmoil. After the fall of France in 1940, Gabès came under German control during World War II. Later years brought more instability. In 1941, Gabès was the scene of <a href="/facts/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%25C3%25A8s/FEmtLhfc">riots against Jewish communities</a>. </p><p>In 1943, British forces assisted in retaking Gabès from German control as part of the <a href="/facts/Mareth_Line/BcgYflXW">Mareth Line operations</a>, but this led to severe damage to the city's infrastructure. Reconstruction efforts began in 1945 to restore the city's economic and social life. </p><p> Gabès played a role in Tunisia's struggle for <a href="/facts/Tunisian_independence/6tq7rvTc">independence</a> from France, and after gaining sovereignty in 1956, the city continued to develop while preserving its historical and cultural heritage. Today, Gabès is known for its blend of history, culture, and natural beauty, with its famous oasis being one of the last coastal oases in the world. Its historical significance remains evident in the archaeological remains and the continued traditions that link it to its rich past.</p> <ul><li></li></ul> <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/University_of_Gab%25C3%25A8s/G2Wj3LgK">University of Gabès</a></li></ul> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>Gabès is one of the biggest industrial cities in <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a>. Most industries are chemical oriented, this is why the city offers one of the best chemistry degrees in Africa from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Gab%25C3%25A8s/G2Wj3LgK">University of Gabès</a>. The main industries are: </p> <ul><li>Cement</li> <li>Chemical products</li> <li>Brick Factories</li> <li>Oil refinery</li></ul> <p>The fast-growing numbers of factories has resulted in fairly serious pollution in the area and the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Gab%25C3%25A8s/sXsNVt9A">Gulf of Gabès</a>. In recent years the government has worked on new programs and laws to curb pollution. </p> <h2 id="transport">Transport</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Gab%25C3%25A8s_%25E2%2580%2593_Matmata_International_Airport/yy9sT7cY">Gabès – Matmata International Airport</a> serves the city. </p><p>Gabès will soon be upgraded with one light rail system under the number 7 that will run from the railway station to the port of Gabès. Featuring rolling stock made by Alstom, Gabès will receive 15 new train sets. </p> <h3>Railways</h3> <p>Gabès is terminus of a narrow gauge 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) branch railway from the capital, and is the nearest railway station to the <a href="/facts/Transport_in_Libya/1asBm6Hy">Libyan</a> border at <a href="/facts/Ras_Ajdir/wrw4Ql8z">Ras Ajdir</a>. Gabès has also one of the biggest ports in Tunisia; it is used usually to ship the mineral products from the city of Gafsa. </p> <h4>Roads</h4> <p>Gabès will be linked soon with the national motorway A1 (Tunis – Ras Ajdir). </p> <h2 id="climate">Climate</h2> <p>Gabès has a <a href="/facts/Desert_climate/orfIQqrB">hot arid climate</a> (<a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BWh</i>), bordering upon a <a href="/facts/Semi-arid_climate/XnSYao1E">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<i>BSh</i>), characterised by hot summers and pleasant winters. Rainfall is low throughout the year and negligible during the hot summer. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Gabès (1991–2020, extremes 1950–present)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record high °C (°F)</th><td>29.3(84.7)</td><td>33.9(93.0)</td><td>41.0(105.8)</td><td>38.2(100.8)</td><td>43.6(110.5)</td><td>46.5(115.7)</td><td>49.1(120.4)</td><td>46.6(115.9)</td><td>44.2(111.6)</td><td>40.9(105.6)</td><td>35.0(95.0)</td><td>31.2(88.2)</td><td>46.7(116.1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>17.1(62.8)</td><td>18.2(64.8)</td><td>20.2(68.4)</td><td>22.6(72.7)</td><td>25.6(78.1)</td><td>28.4(83.1)</td><td>31.4(88.5)</td><td>32.5(90.5)</td><td>30.5(86.9)</td><td>27.5(81.5)</td><td>22.8(73.0)</td><td>18.3(64.9)</td><td>24.6(76.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td>12.6(54.7)</td><td>13.4(56.1)</td><td>15.8(60.4)</td><td>18.5(65.3)</td><td>21.9(71.4)</td><td>25.1(77.2)</td><td>27.8(82.0)</td><td>28.8(83.8)</td><td>26.8(80.2)</td><td>23.3(73.9)</td><td>18.2(64.8)</td><td>13.9(57.0)</td><td>20.5(68.9)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>8.1(46.6)</td><td>8.6(47.5)</td><td>11.5(52.7)</td><td>14.5(58.1)</td><td>18.3(64.9)</td><td>21.8(71.2)</td><td>24.2(75.6)</td><td>25.1(77.2)</td><td>23.2(73.8)</td><td>19.1(66.4)</td><td>13.6(56.5)</td><td>9.4(48.9)</td><td>16.5(61.6)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Record low °C (°F)</th><td>−2.7(27.1)</td><td>−2.0(28.4)</td><td>0.9(33.6)</td><td>4.6(40.3)</td><td>8.2(46.8)</td><td>12.0(53.6)</td><td>15.6(60.1)</td><td>16.8(62.2)</td><td>14.4(57.9)</td><td>6.8(44.2)</td><td>2.6(36.7)</td><td>0.0(32.0)</td><td>−2.7(27.1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>24.4(0.96)</td><td>12.0(0.47)</td><td>17.1(0.67)</td><td>16.8(0.66)</td><td>10.4(0.41)</td><td>1.9(0.07)</td><td>0.5(0.02)</td><td>3.1(0.12)</td><td>30.1(1.19)</td><td>30.7(1.21)</td><td>18.7(0.74)</td><td>23.9(0.94)</td><td>189.5(7.46)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</th><td>2.9</td><td>2.3</td><td>2.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>1.5</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.3</td><td>2.1</td><td>3.0</td><td>2.1</td><td>2.5</td><td>21.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Relative_humidity/Nwb28VlT">relative humidity</a> (%)</th><td>62</td><td>59</td><td>62</td><td>63</td><td>65</td><td>66</td><td>63</td><td>65</td><td>66</td><td>64</td><td>62</td><td>64</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean monthly <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>214.1</td><td>226.8</td><td>251.9</td><td>274.1</td><td>308.4</td><td>322.2</td><td>354.0</td><td>335.1</td><td>259.4</td><td>247.8</td><td>218.1</td><td>211.1</td><td>3,223</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily <a href="/facts/Sunshine_duration/wVBusklh">sunshine hours</a></th><td>7.1</td><td>7.7</td><td>8.1</td><td>8.9</td><td>10.1</td><td>10.7</td><td>12.0</td><td>11.4</td><td>9.3</td><td>8.4</td><td>7.6</td><td>6.8</td><td>9.0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 1: Institut National de la Météorologie (humidity 1961–1990, sun 1981-2010)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source 2: NOAA (humidity and daily sun 1961–1990)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Gabès mean sea temperature<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Jan</th><th>Feb</th><th>Mar</th><th>Apr</th><th>May</th><th>Jun</th><th>Jul</th><th>Aug</th><th>Sep</th><th>Oct</th><th>Nov</th><th>Dec</th></tr><tr><td>16(61)</td><td>15(59)</td><td>16(61)</td><td>17(63)</td><td>19(66)</td><td>22(72)</td><td>26(79)</td><td>28(82)</td><td>27(81)</td><td>25(77)</td><td>22(72)</td><td>18(64)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <p>Gabès hosts a variety of cultural events that celebrate both its traditions and contemporary arts. One of the city's most notable cultural events is the Gabès Cinéma Fen, an annual film festival that brings together filmmakers, artists, and cinephiles from across the globe. This festival is a vibrant platform for showcasing innovative and thought-provoking films, with a particular focus on regional cinema. Additionally, Gabès is home to the Bibliothèque régionale de Gabès, a key institution in promoting intellectual and cultural exchange. The library offers a wide range of resources and frequently hosts cultural events, workshops, and educational programs for the local community. </p> <h2 id="tourism">Tourism</h2> <h3>Main sights</h3> <p>Gabès is famous for its traditional <a href="/facts/Souq/4mbQ0Bkd">Souqs</a> in Jarah; it is known also for its attractive beach and the unusual seaside oasis (Gabès is located on the coast of the Mediterranean). </p><p>The most visited place in Gabès is the town <a href="/facts/Matmata%2c_Tunisia/lRRtNMhk">Matmata</a>. </p><p>The streets of Gabès come alive at night during Ramadan, where souks are open on the streets and parties happen almost every day in the night during Ramadan. </p><p>Among the city's historical and religious landmarks, the Mosque of Sidi Boulbaba and The Mouradi school are the most notable. Also, The Zaouia of Sidi Ahmed Toujani, which is associated with the <a href="/facts/Tijaniyyah/1HjpGARx">Tijani</a> <a href="/facts/Tariqa/YgesnhbA">Sufi order</a> and remains a center for spiritual gatherings. </p> <h3>World Heritage Status</h3> <p>This Oasis of Gabès was added to the <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> <a href="/facts/World_Heritage/6AbWWKV4">World Heritage</a> Tentative List on May 28, 2008, in the Cultural category.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="notable-people">Notable people</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gladys_Adda/I8LKn63w">Gladys Adda</a>, activist, was born here in 1921<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Juliette_Bessis/fh6xw9Rp">Juliette Bessis</a>, Tunisian historian, was born here (1925–2017)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Silvan_Shalom/cJegYmIY">Silvan Shalom</a>, <a href="/facts/Israelis/Xx9g0vP1">Israeli</a> politician, former minister and <a href="/facts/Knesset/vNAUyDAu">Knesset</a> member</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tahar_Haddad/9dw5WwpS">Tahar Haddad</a>, writer, feminist advocator, activist, reformer (1899–1935)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mohamed_Ali_El_Hammi/UYyuRN3U">Mohamed Ali El Hammi</a>, one of the founding fathers of Tunisian syndicalism, an activist (1890–1928)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Africa portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gab%25C3%25A8s_Governorate/UdVqUYXU">Gabès Governorate</a>, one of the twenty-four governorates (provinces) of Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Gab%25C3%25A8s/sXsNVt9A">Gulf of Gabès</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Gab%25C3%25A8s/G2Wj3LgK">University of Gabès</a>, a public university</li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_cities_in_Tunisia/e3kK8jmV">List of cities in Tunisia</a></li></ul> <h3>Notes</h3> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gabès. <ul><li><a href="http://www.commune-gabes.gov.tn/ar/">Gabès official website</a></li> <li><a href="http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/gabes.htm">"Gabès: Oasis on the Sea" from Lexicorient</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030170117/http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/gabes.htm">Archived</a> 2012-10-30 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.commune-gabes.gov.tn/ar/historique.php">Historical images of Gabès</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZiuvOs91V4">Footage of Gabes in 1912 (YouTube)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Gabès". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 10 August 2019. <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gabes" target="_blank">https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gabes</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Gabès". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 10 August 2019. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gab%C3%A8s" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gab%C3%A8s</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Gabès". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827150022/https://www.dictionary.com/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20220827150022/https://www.dictionary.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Gabès | Oasis City, Mediterranean Coast". Britannica. Retrieved 2024-11-27. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Gabes" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/place/Gabes</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>D. L. Bomgardner, Story of the Roman Amphitheatre (Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-13470739-3), p. 123 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnYjGTh88ZQC&pg=PA123" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=YnYjGTh88ZQC&pg=PA123</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Paul Lachlan MacKendrick, The North African Stones Speak (UNC Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-80784942-2), p. 15 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rH26vL2CWbkC&pg=PA15" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rH26vL2CWbkC&pg=PA15</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Trismegistos, "Tacapae" <a href="http://www.trismegistos.org/place/17132" target="_blank">http://www.trismegistos.org/place/17132</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 980 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Africa christiana, Volume I, Brescia 1816, p. 295 <a href="//archive.org/details/bub_gb_dO4-AAAAcAAJ/page/n318" target="_blank">//archive.org/details/bub_gb_dO4-AAAAcAAJ/page/n318</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق - الإقليم الثالث، الجزء الثاني Muhammad al-Idrisi <a href="https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/نزهة_المشتاق_في_اختراق_الآفاق/الإقليم_الثالث/الجزء_الثاني" target="_blank">https://ar.wikisource.org/wiki/نزهة_المشتاق_في_اختراق_الآفاق/الإقليم_الثالث/الجزء_الثاني</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>رحلة التجاني، ص 86-89، أبو محمد عبد الله بن محمد بن أحمد التجاني، الدار العربية للكتاب: ليبيا-تونس 1981 <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Victor Guérin, Voyage archéologique dans la régence de Tunis, éd. Plon, Paris, 1862, p. 190. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219211209/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f/download/normales_1981_2010.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191219211209/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f/download/normales_1981_2010.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Données normales climatiques 1961-1990" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032155/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/c8d4b465-056c-41e2-a666-05160d19784e/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3/download/normales_1961_1990.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032155/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/c8d4b465-056c-41e2-a666-05160d19784e/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3/download/normales_1961_1990.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/b19bf5d3-5f47-43a3-befc-80a4f4f1d267/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30/download/extremes.txt" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191221032448/http://data.transport.tn/dataset/b19bf5d3-5f47-43a3-befc-80a4f4f1d267/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30/download/extremes.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Période ensoleillée 1981-2010 climatiques en Tunisie" (in French). Ministère du Transport. Retrieved 26 December 2019. <a href="https://www.meteo.tn/index.php/donnees-climatiques" target="_blank">https://www.meteo.tn/index.php/donnees-climatiques</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>The Station ID for Gabès is 46565111.[18] <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Gabès Climate Normals 1961–1990". NOAA (FTP). Retrieved January 24, 2015. (To view documents see Help:FTP) <a href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/TS/60765.TXT" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/TS/60765.TXT</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Climate Normals 1991-2020". NOAA. Retrieved 18 September 2018. <a href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tunisia/CSV/Gabes_60705.csv" target="_blank">https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tunisia/CSV/Gabes_60705.csv</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"60765: Gabes (Tunisia)". OGIMET. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021. <a href="https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=60765&ano=2021&mes=8&day=1&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30" target="_blank">https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=60765&ano=2021&mes=8&day=1&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Gabès Climate and Weather Averages, Tunisia". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 19 July 2014. <a href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/tunisia/gabes.php" target="_blank">http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/tunisia/gabes.php</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Oasis de Gabès - UNESCO World Heritage Centre <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5386/" target="_blank">https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5386/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.; Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong; Mr. Steven J. Niven (2 February 2012). Dictionary of African Biography. OUP USA. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. <a href="978-0-19-538207-5" target="_blank">978-0-19-538207-5</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>