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Pediococcus
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<h2 id="food-processing">Food processing</h2> <p><i>Pediococcus</i> is, along with other <a href="/facts/Lactic_acid_bacteria/qkNbMqGj">lactic acid bacteria</a> such as <i><a href="/facts/Leuconostoc/Vzz4h2wV">Leuconostoc</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Lactobacillus/pwoacAbe">Lactobacillus</a></i>, responsible for the <a href="/facts/Fermentation_(biochemistry)/rxaDr28b">fermentation</a> of <a href="/facts/Cabbage/WeEDQzxK">cabbage</a>, making it <a href="/facts/Sauerkraut/4HUtE1uW">sauerkraut</a>. In this process, the sugars in fresh cabbage are fermented to <a href="/facts/Lactic_acid/BsVRFx7s">lactic acid</a>, which gives sauerkraut a sour flavour and good keeping qualities. <i>Pediococcus</i> bacteria are usually considered contaminants of <a href="/facts/Beer/t7qAGDfj">beer</a> and <a href="/facts/Wine/JF0wHs7y">wine</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> although their presence is sometimes desired in beer styles such as <a href="/facts/Lambic/IV4AT0AL">lambic</a> and <a href="/facts/Berliner_Weisse/NxRdJFrG">Berliner Weisse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Certain <i>Pediococcus</i> isolates produce <a href="/facts/Diacetyl/lJRI6EMt">diacetyl</a> which gives a <a href="/facts/Butter/FqydR0dC">buttery</a> or <a href="/facts/Butterscotch/4FlHBjeQ">butterscotch</a> aroma to some wines (such as <a href="/facts/Chardonnay/xhQeDw02">Chardonnay</a>) and a few styles of beer. <i>Pediococcus</i> species are often used in <a href="/facts/Silage/t9pgturS">silage</a> inoculants. Pediococci are used as probiotics, and are commonly added as beneficial microbes in the creation of sausages, cheeses and yogurts. </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>The genus <i>Pediococcus</i> comprises the following species:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_acidilactici/JqMHugYv">Pediococcus acidilactici</a></i> Lindner 1887 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i>Pediococcus argentinicus</i> De Bruyne <i>et al</i>. 2008</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_cellicola/PuPaN0XU">Pediococcus cellicola</a></i> Zhang <i>et al</i>. 2005</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_claussenii/1bxtX1a7">Pediococcus claussenii</a></i> Dobson <i>et al</i>. 2002</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_damnosus/spJvDB35">Pediococcus damnosus</a></i> Claussen 1903 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i>Pediococcus ethanolidurans</i> Liu <i>et al</i>. 2006</li> <li><i>Pediococcus inopinatus</i> Back 1988</li> <li><i>Pediococcus parvulus</i> Günther and White 1961 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li><i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> Mees 1934 (Approved Lists 1980)</li> <li>"Pediococcus perniciosus" Claussen 1903 nom. inval.</li> <li><i>Pediococcus siamensis</i> Tanasupawat <i>et al</i>. 2007</li> <li><i>Pediococcus stilesii</i> Franz <i>et al</i>. 2006</li></ul> <p>Former members: </p> <ul><li>"Pediococcus dextrinicus" reclassified as <i>Lapidilactobacillus dextrinicus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>"Pediococcus halophilus" reclassified as <i><a href="/facts/Tetragenococcus_halophilus/Ud7bcJGL">Tetragenococcus halophilus</a></i>.</li> <li>"Pediococcus lolii" reclassified as <i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_acidilactici/JqMHugYv">Pediococcus acidilactici</a></i>.</li> <li>"Pediococcus urinaeequi" reclassified as <i><a href="/facts/Aerococcus_urinaeequi/zRHGjqSC">Aerococcus urinaeequi</a></i>.</li> <li>"Pediococcus cerevisiae" strains reclassified to <i>P. damnosus</i>, <i>P. acidilactici</i> and <i>P. pentosaceus</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2> <p>The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the <a href="/facts/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature/9djL152L">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Pediococcus</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_claussenii/1bxtX1a7">Pediococcus claussenii</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Pediococcus argentinicus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_acidilactici/JqMHugYv">Pediococcus acidilactici</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Pediococcus stilesii</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_damnosus/spJvDB35">Pediococcus damnosus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Pediococcus inopinatus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Pediococcus_cellicola/PuPaN0XU">Pediococcus cellicola</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Pediococcus ethanolidurans</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>Pediococcus parvulus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Outgroup_(cladistics)/XnAuxXsV">outgroup</a></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Furfurilactobacillus/GWv9oMLS">Furfurilactobacillus</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Abrunhosa, Luis; Ines, Antonio; Rodrigues, Ana I; Guimaraes, Ana; Pereira, Vania L; Parpot, Pier; Mendes-Faia, Arlete; Venancio, Armando (Oct 2014). "Biodegradation of ochratoxin A by Pediococcus parvulus isolated from Douro wines". <i>International Journal of Food Microbiology</i>. 188 (OCT 1 2014): 45–52. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.019">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.019</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1822%2F32514">1822/32514</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25087204">25087204</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.milkthefunk.com/wiki/Pediococcus">Pediococcus at Milk the Funk Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=Pediococcus&submit=Search"><i>Pediococcus</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Raccach, Mosche (1 January 2014). "Pediococcus". Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Second Edition. Academic Press: 1–5. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00247-0. ISBN 9780123847331. Retrieved 12 January 2021. <a href="9780123847331" target="_blank">9780123847331</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Raccach, Mosche (1 January 2014). "Pediococcus". Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. Second Edition. Academic Press: 1–5. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00247-0. ISBN 9780123847331. Retrieved 12 January 2021. <a href="9780123847331" target="_blank">9780123847331</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Vidergar, Cyril (18 November 2020). "Beer becomes food in sour ales". timescall.com. MediaNews Group, Inc. Archived from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 12 January 2021. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118143115/https://www.timescall.com/2020/11/17/cyril-vidergar-beer-becomes-food-in-sour-ales/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201118143115/https://www.timescall.com/2020/11/17/cyril-vidergar-beer-becomes-food-in-sour-ales/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Pediococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved July 2, 2021. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/pediococcus" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/pediococcus</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Haakensen, M; Dobson, CM; Hill, JE; Ziola, B (2009). "Reclassification of Pediococcus dextrinicus (Coster and White 1964) Back 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) as Lactobacillus dextrinicus comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Lactobacillus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (Pt 3): 615–21. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65779-0. PMID 19244449. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.65779-0" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.65779-0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz CM, Harris HM, Mattarelli P, O'Toole PW, Pot B, Vandamme P, Walter J, Watanabe K, Wuyts S, Felis GE, Gänzle MG, Lebeer S (2020). "A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 70 (4): 2782–2858. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. hdl:10067/1738330151162165141. PMID 32293557. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.004107" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.004107</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Papagianni, M; Anastasiadou, S (8 January 2009). "Pediocins: The bacteriocins of Pediococci. Sources, production, properties and applications". Microbial Cell Factories. 8: 3. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-8-3. PMC 2634753. PMID 19133115. S2CID 2857376. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634753" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634753</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Pediococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved July 2, 2021. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/pediococcus" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/pediococcus</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz CM, Harris HM, Mattarelli P, O'Toole PW, Pot B, Vandamme P, Walter J, Watanabe K, Wuyts S, Felis GE, Gänzle MG, Lebeer S (2020). "A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 70 (4): 2782–2858. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. hdl:10067/1738330151162165141. PMID 32293557. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.004107" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.004107</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>