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Kohs block design test
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The test was developed in 1920 by psychologist <a href="/facts/Samuel_C._Kohs/ECFdbv0H">Samuel C. Kohs</a> (1890–1984), a student of <a href="/facts/Lewis_Terman/TSXcW4vA">Lewis Terman</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> building on earlier and similar designs (such as Francis N. Maxfield's Color Cube Test).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Kohs described the 1920s version of the test as a series of 17 cards which increase in complexity as the test progressed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Test takers replicated the designs with painted blocks (each side was a single color or two colors divided by a diagonal line).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The initial scores were based on completion time and number of moves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Hutt amended the scoring method to only score completion time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The test was given to both children and adults.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>As early as the 1930s, the Kohs Block Test was administered at the <a href="/facts/Ohio_School_for_the_Deaf/9nojtYX2">Ohio School for the Deaf</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and at other schools with special needs students. </p><p>The Kohs Block Design Test has been adapted into sections in several current IQ tests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The Kohs Test continues to be used in research extensively to measure executive functioning and learning, consistent with the original design of the test.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> This has made the Kohs Block Test useful for assessing the effects of aging,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> drug use,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and in brain research,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> among other areas. In particular, that the Kohs is a relatively non-verbal test lends it to be used effectively in assessment of those with language issues and in multicultural research settings to reduce the impact of language on assessment of functioning. </p><p>Patients with damage to the right hemisphere of the brain find successful completion of the task to be extremely difficult, so the test is often used to diagnose right hemisphere damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Block_design_test/jWMqaSDQ">Block design test</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>David Wechsler (1944). <a href="https://archive.org/details/measurementofadu001469mbp"><i>The Measurement of Adult Intelligence</i></a>. THE WILLIAMS & WILKINS COMPANY. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/measurementofadu001469mbp/page/n104">91</a>–4.</li> <li>Richards, T. W. (1946). <a href="https://archive.org/details/modernclinicalps033007mbp"><i>Modern Clinical Psychology</i></a>. McGraw Hill Book Company. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/modernclinicalps033007mbp/page/n71">54</a>.</li> <li>Collins, Mary; Drever, James (1948). <a href="https://archive.org/details/psychologyandpra031944mbp"><i>Psychology And Practical Life</i></a>. University Of London Press, Limited. pp. <a href="https://archive.org/details/psychologyandpra031944mbp/page/n109">96</a>, 122.</li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Wechsler/WxglTaTl">Wechsler, David</a> (1958). <a href="https://archive.org/details/measurementandap001570mbp"><i>The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence</i></a> (fourth ed.). Baltimore (MD): Williams & Witkins. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/measurementandap001570mbp/page/n94">79</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2013.</li> <li>Stone, M. (1985). "Kohs Block Design Test". In D. J. Keyser; R. C. Sweetland (eds.). <i>Test Critiques</i>. Vol. II. Kansas City: Test Corporation of America.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_S._Kaufman/832Y5zTv">Kaufman, Alan S.</a> (2009). <a href="https://archive.org/details/iqtestingpsych00phdd_038"><i>IQ Testing 101</i></a>. New York: Springer Publishing. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/iqtestingpsych00phdd_038/page/n171">157</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8261-0629-2.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alan_S._Kaufman/832Y5zTv">Kaufman, Alan S.</a>; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/assessingadolesc00kauf_721"><i>Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence</i></a> (3rd ed.). Hoboken (NJ): Wiley. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/assessingadolesc00kauf_721/page/n88">68</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-471-73553-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kohs block design tests. English <a href="/facts/Wikisource/TrMdylNf">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: Block-Design Tests <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Phillips, Leslie (1966-03-13). "Tests Often a Game For Children Are Signposts For Psychologists". News Journal. Mansfield, OH. pp. 6D. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Phillips, Leslie (1966-03-13). "Tests Often a Game For Children Are Signposts For Psychologists". News Journal. Mansfield, OH. pp. 6D. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Terman, Lewis (1930). "Autobiography of Lewis M. Terman". In Murchison, Carl (ed.). History of Psychology in Autobiography. Vol. 2. Worcester, MA: Clark University Press. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 27 April 2014. <a href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Terman/murchison.htm" target="_blank">http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Terman/murchison.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bettcher, Brianne; Libon, David; Kaplan, Edith; Swenson, Rod; Penney, Dana (2011). "Block Design". Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer. pp. 419–422. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1347. ISBN 978-0-387-79948-3. <a href="978-0-387-79948-3" target="_blank">978-0-387-79948-3</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kohs, S. C. (1923). "The test material". Intelligence measurement: A psychological and statistical study based upon the block-design tests. MacMillan Co. pp. 64–77. doi:10.1037/11201-002. <a href="https://archive.org/details/00530970R.nlm.nih.gov" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/00530970R.nlm.nih.gov</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Kohs, S. C. (1923). "The test material". Intelligence measurement: A psychological and statistical study based upon the block-design tests. MacMillan Co. pp. 64–77. doi:10.1037/11201-002. <a href="https://archive.org/details/00530970R.nlm.nih.gov" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/00530970R.nlm.nih.gov</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hutt, M. L. (1932). "The Kohs block-design tests. A revision for clinical practice". Journal of Applied Psychology. 16 (3): 298–307. doi:10.1037/h0074559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hutt, M. L. (1932). "The Kohs block-design tests. A revision for clinical practice". Journal of Applied Psychology. 16 (3): 298–307. doi:10.1037/h0074559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Kohs, S. C. (1923). "The test material". Intelligence measurement: A psychological and statistical study based upon the block-design tests. MacMillan Co. pp. 64–77. doi:10.1037/11201-002. <a href="https://archive.org/details/00530970R.nlm.nih.gov" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/00530970R.nlm.nih.gov</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Degree of Master of Arts Won by Mis Jean McDonald". The Zanesville Signal. Zanesville, OH. 1931-03-15. p. 6, section 2. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>American Psychological Association (2007). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-59147-380-0. <a href="978-1-59147-380-0" target="_blank">978-1-59147-380-0</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Miller, J. C.; Ruthig, J. C.; Bradley, A. R.; Wise, R. A.; Pedersen, H. A.; Ellison, J. M. (2009). "Learning effects in the block design task: A stimulus parameter-based approach". Psychological Assessment. 21 (4): 570–577. doi:10.1037/a0016762. PMID 19947790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Rozencwajg, Paulette; Corroyer, Denis (2001). "Strategy development in a block design task". Intelligence. 30 (1): 1–25. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.484.2291. doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00063-0. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Wetherell, J. L.; Reynolds, C. A.; Gatz, M.; Pedersen, N. L. (2002). "Anxiety, Cognitive Performance, and Cognitive Decline in Normal Aging". The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 57 (3): P246 – P255. doi:10.1093/geronb/57.3.p246. PMID 11983736. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2F57.3.p246" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2F57.3.p246</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Bagga, D.; Modi, S.; Poonia, M.; Kaur, P.; Bhattacharya, D.; Garg, M. L.; Singh, N. (2015). "T2 relaxation time alterations underlying neurocognitive deficits in alcohol-use disorders (AUD) in an Indian population: A combined conventional ROI and voxel-based relaxometry analysis". Alcohol. 49 (7): 639–646. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.07.002. PMID 26537482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Arja, S. K.; Feng, Z.; Chen, Z.; Caprihan, A.; Kiehl, K. A.; Adali, T.; Calhoun, V. D. (2010). "Changes in fMRI magnitude data and phase data observed in block-design and event-related tasks". NeuroImage. 49 (4): 3149–3160. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.087. PMC 2848493. PMID 19900561. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848493" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848493</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Jaynes, Julian (1976). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston/New York: First Mariner Books. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-618-05707-8. <a href="978-0-618-05707-8" target="_blank">978-0-618-05707-8</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>