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1250
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<h2 id="events">Events</h2> <h3>By place</h3> <h4>World</h4> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/World_population/tzYcheuD">world population</a> is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.</li> <li>World climate transitions from the <a href="/facts/Medieval_Warm_Period/HREemSc7">Medieval Warm Period</a> to the <a href="/facts/Little_Ice_Age/lJKsoUok">Little Ice Age</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Europe</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/February_2/SWNobvWW">February 2</a> – King <a href="/facts/Erik_Eriksson/6l6hhezv">Erik Eriksson</a> of Sweden dies. The ten-year-old <a href="/facts/Valdemar%2c_King_of_Sweden/joUzSGBu">Valdemar</a>, the eldest son of <a href="/facts/Birger_Jarl/zU5Bzg8U">Birger Jarl</a>, is elected King of <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a>, and becomes the first king from the <a href="/facts/House_of_Bj%25C3%25A4lbo/fWN2xWM0">House of Bjälbo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/October_12/HLQNWqyv">October 12</a> – A great storm shifts the mouth of the <a href="/facts/River_Rother_(Eastern)/z2mITpQg">River Rother</a> in England 12 miles (20 km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around <a href="/facts/Romney_Marsh/fcNau21Y">Romney Marsh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/December_13/wHq3rj4U">December 13</a> – Emperor <a href="/facts/Frederick_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/bRH1VNPd">Frederick II</a> dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great <a href="/facts/Interregnum_(Holy_Roman_Empire)/NYoXBz2T">Interregnum</a>". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the <a href="/facts/Hohenstaufen/zcy1ntA6">Hohenstaufen</a> dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the <a href="/facts/House_of_Habsburg/0ttzWDwA">Habsburgs</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Lombard_League/QDhdAT2c">Lombard League</a> dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.</li> <li>King <a href="/facts/Afonso_III_of_Portugal/JDHchq2q">Afonso III</a> (the Boulonnais) captures the <a href="/facts/Algarve/Yr8ovvYS">Algarve</a> from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Portugal/KUUfjXpt">Portugal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Albertus_Magnus/12FJVrX9">Albertus Magnus</a> isolates the element <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a>, as the 8th discovered metal. He also first uses the word "<a href="/facts/Old_World_Oriole/E08EARtR">oriole</a>" to describe a type of bird (most likely the <a href="/facts/Golden_oriole/SgXkdep6">golden oriole</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Rialto_Bridge/qBaL60Fk">Rialto Bridge</a> in <a href="/facts/Venice/Xzc2uVDg">Venice</a> (in modern-day <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Ponts_Couverts%2c_Strasbourg/cAPUpsyC">Ponts Couverts</a> fortified bridges of <a href="/facts/Strasbourg/MTdQtoPy">Strasbourg</a> (in modern-day France) are completed.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Vincent_of_Beauvais/DTjvIb3y">Vincent of Beauvais</a> completes his proto-encyclopedic work <i><a href="/facts/Speculum_Maius/pTyfv78p">Speculum Maius</a></i> ("Greater mirror").</li> <li>The first of the <a href="/facts/Parlements/Qfv527YQ">Parlements</a> of <i><a href="/facts/Ancien_R%25C3%25A9gime/4pCsWuFK">Ancien Régime</a></i> France is established.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Villard_de_Honnecourt/j1Wp1WXx">Villard de Honnecourt</a> draws the first known image of a <a href="/facts/Sawmill/16NUH5RC">sawmill</a>.</li> <li>The first usage is made of the English word "<a href="/facts/Cuckold/8MDA9Ff5">cuckold</a>", according to the <a href="/facts/Oxford_English_Dictionary/qaxKX8Bc">Oxford English Dictionary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Medieval_music/AC4d5rCy">Medieval music</a>: The <a href="/facts/Notre_Dame_school/1uzX7oa4">Notre Dame school</a> of <a href="/facts/Polyphony/obub59bA">polyphony</a> ends.</li></ul> <h4>Asia</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/July_9/Yp5pBkUI">July 9</a> – The <a href="/facts/Qaymariyya_(tribe)/eKs52V7A">Qaymariyya</a> tribe engineers a <i>coup d'état</i> to hand over <a href="/facts/Damascus/IL0Qwt6R">Damascus</a> to <a href="/facts/An-Nasir_Yusuf/JMA1MxFz">An-Nasir Yusuf</a>. The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>A <a href="/facts/Kurultai/I0fKc3hD">kurultai</a> is called by <a href="/facts/Batu_Khan/hTaIzw4c">Batu Khan</a> in <a href="/facts/Siberia/oaCoPEjF">Siberia</a> as part of maneuverings which will elect <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25B6ngke_Khan/6vkqKvwe">Möngke Khan</a> as <a href="/facts/Khan_(title)/ICwa6Blk">khan</a> of the <a href="/facts/Mongol_Empire/cfddtfIK">Mongol Empire</a> in <a href="/facts/1251/fW0LebkE">1251</a>.</li> <li>Starting in this year and ending in <a href="/facts/1275/2lIlY1P6">1275</a>, the Muslim <a href="/facts/Shougeng_Pu/QkEkHJvR">Shougeng Pu</a>, likely a Persian or an Arab, serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a> Chinese <a href="/facts/Seaport/8gMBbCNH">seaport</a> at <a href="/facts/Quanzhou/KRhHy7kg">Quanzhou</a>, due to his effort in defeating pirates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Africa</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/April_8/9GbGXuDy">April 8</a> – <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)/7oU0uSRf">Battle of Fariskur</a>: Louis IX (the Saint) is captured by <a href="/facts/Baibars/jduT4a9u">Baibars</a>' <a href="/facts/Mamluk/78wJT4nN">Mamluk</a> army while he is in <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> conducting the <a href="/facts/Seventh_Crusade/Fdokdzb8">Seventh Crusade</a>; he later has to ransom himself.</li> <li><a href="/facts/April_30/lGmwclAH">April 30</a> – King <a href="/facts/Louis_IX_of_France/NLX8QjpN">Louis IX</a> (the Saint) is released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of <a href="/facts/One_million/RMGVIm1j">one million</a> <a href="/facts/Dinars/QJnLGQs8">dinars</a> and turning over the city of <a href="/facts/Damietta/ND9MjpIL">Damietta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/May_2/Jkr8fs6q">May 2</a> – <a href="/facts/Al-Muazzam_Turanshah/GQl6ANye">Al-Muazzam Turanshah</a>, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective <a href="/facts/Ayyubid_dynasty/VA05JAwy">Ayyubid Dynasty</a> rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana <a href="/facts/Shajar_al-Durr/K02Rz2z0">Shajar al-Durr</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/July_21/TjbcmpgH">July 21</a> – <a href="/facts/Aybak/8ExTMMEV">Aybak</a> becomes ruler of <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a>, beginning the <a href="/facts/Bahri_dynasty/CbwQ3XKd">Bahri Dynasty</a> of the <a href="/facts/Mamluk_Sultanate/laIxgFRS">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old <a href="/facts/Al-Ashraf_Musa%2c_Sultan_of_Egypt/9fus8xpF">Al-Ashraf Musa</a> is nominally proclaimed sultan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Welayta_people/7qofBfUc">Welayta</a> state is founded in modern-day <a href="/facts/Ethiopian_Empire/tDLkYzkb">Ethiopia</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/facts/Tunis/nmKNnW85">Tunis</a>, a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out, and is violently put down.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li>The Hafsid caliph <a href="/facts/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir/EKET3M5Q">al-Mustansir</a> enforces laws of ghiyar, or differentiation for non-Muslims. As such, Jews have to wear a distinguishing badge (<a href="/facts/Shikla/uS2hrdU9">shikla</a>) which <a href="/facts/Tunisian_Jews/mD8uLDHP">Tunisian Jews</a> will have to wear into the nineteenth century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h4>Oceania</h4> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Samoa/lyQ1B9YV">Samoa</a> frees itself from <a href="/facts/Tu%2527i_Tonga_Empire/tJm6f4x0">Tongan rule</a>, which begins the <a href="/facts/Malietoa/k6fIzAu7">Malietoa</a> dynasty in Samoa (approximate date).</li></ul> <h3>By topic</h3> <h4>Markets</h4> <ul><li>The Flemish town of <a href="/facts/Douai/wddD1aob">Douai</a> emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in <a href="/facts/1218/oRPK5LdL">1218</a>, in <a href="/facts/Rheims/u0jUp12U">Rheims</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Siena/ArlJVGYh">Sienese</a> bankers belonging to the firm known as the <a href="/facts/Gran_Tavola/belESRxu">Gran Tavola</a>, under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/April_8/9GbGXuDy">April 8</a> – <a href="/facts/John_Tristan%2c_Count_of_Valois/SDSyuDmg">John Tristan</a>, son of <a href="/facts/Louis_IX_of_France/NLX8QjpN">Louis IX</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1270/oXbAhdrK">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Adolf_II_of_Waldeck/jWtwSruE">Adolf II of Waldeck</a>, prince-bishop of <a href="/facts/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%25C3%25A8ge/dhHrkNh7">Liège</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1302/S9NT2usB">1302</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Agnes_of_Baden%2c_Duchess_of_Carinthia/rDKUHr8q">Agnes of Baden</a>, German noblewoman (d. <a href="/facts/1295/vgguu56Q">1295</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Albert_II%2c_Duke_of_Saxony/9605t5Sl">Albert II of Saxony</a>, German <a href="/facts/Nobility/WLPIA8GT">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1298/KdRV4ScQ">1298</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Albert_III%2c_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Salzwedel/bWouk4yK">Albert III</a>, German nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/facts/1300/JsQJgUxl">1300</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Albertus_de_Chiavari/XlbIbTAg">Albertus de Chiavari</a>, Italian Master General (d. 1300)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Allamah_Al-Hilli/9jm5GFUt">Allamah al-Hilli</a>, Persian <a href="/facts/Shia_Islam/JIQl7ooz">Shia</a> theologian (d. <a href="/facts/1325/yySTpF77">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Asher_ben_Jehiel/mD9qeqM0">Asher ben Jehiel</a>, German Jewish <a href="/facts/Rabbi/vuBf5LYj">rabbi</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1327/FbsTFJI7">1327</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Beatrice_of_Savoy%2c_Lady_of_Villena/uXFISSKm">Beatrice of Savoy</a>, Swiss noblewoman (d. <a href="/facts/1292/CARlrNy5">1292</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bonconte_I_da_Montefeltro/xoj7lxqN">Bonconte I da Montefeltro</a>, Italian general (d. <a href="/facts/1289/JfejBVv8">1289</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Diether_of_Nassau/Ttr5SvL6">Diether of Nassau</a>, archbishop of <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trier/JVm4CUQV">Trier</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1307/Mhu8qPxB">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl/TxY3WkeQ">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (d. <a href="/facts/1294/d05TAw3p">1294</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Esclaramunda_of_Foix/GKhsfjC2">Esclaramunda of Foix</a>, queen of <a href="/facts/Mallorca/3mAERwSU">Majorca</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1315/11oX3MEE">1315</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fra_Dolcino/I5eXFa5S">Fra Dolcino</a>, Italian priest and reformist (d. 1307)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grigorije_II_of_Ras/eWqWprrv">Grigorije II of Ras</a>, Serbian monk-scribe (d. <a href="/facts/1321/nmo5yK62">1321</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Guido_Cavalcanti/L55kSnzc">Guido Cavalcanti</a>, Italian poet and writer (d. 1300)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jeanne_de_Montfort_de_Chamb%25C3%25A9on/wXgq3fj7">Jeanne de Montfort</a>, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1300)</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_IV_Laskaris/7YPbXAGx">John IV</a> (Laskaris), emperor of <a href="/facts/Empire_of_Nicaea/YPY76v5U">Nicaea</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1305/zSkG34yH">1305</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Konrad_II_of_Masovia/xajmHuuQ">Konrad II of Masovia</a>, Polish nobleman (d. 1294)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Margaret_of_Burgundy%2c_Queen_of_Sicily/WY9RzCf2">Margaret of Burgundy</a>, queen of <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Sicily/AuymVu1X">Sicily</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1308/3xaXHvjW">1308</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Matteo_I_Visconti/bBAkYLBY">Matteo I Visconti</a>, Italian <a href="/facts/Imperial_vicar/bV32uahu">imperial vicar</a> (d. <a href="/facts/1322/V1H7eyLF">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mordechai_ben_Hillel/eKrulAJW">Mordechai ben Hillel</a>, German scholar (d. 1298)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nij%25C5%258D_Tameyo/oXK5PMqD">Nijō Tameyo</a>, Japanese official and poet (d. <a href="/facts/1338/nuApj0H8">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Niklot_I%2c_Count_of_Schwerin/0t9z4dUV">Niklot I</a>, German nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/facts/1323/qdKTgKy1">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rhys_ap_Maredudd/furCdtgG">Rhys ap Maredudd</a>, Welsh nobleman (d. 1292)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_II%2c_Count_of_Artois/HuJaSJRq">Robert II</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. 1302)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sancho_of_Aragon_(archbishop_of_Toledo)/bSef7c2M">Sancho of Aragon</a>, Spanish archbishop (d. <a href="/facts/1275/2lIlY1P6">1275</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Theodoric_of_Freiberg/kfPD1duE">Theodoric of Freiberg</a>, German physicist (d. <a href="/facts/1311/KvJLXG4H">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Z%25C3%25A1vi%25C5%25A1_of_Falkenstein/NY5g0ahE">Záviš of Falkenstein</a>, Bohemian nobleman (d. <a href="/facts/1290/8hAzDJLL">1290</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/February_2/SWNobvWW">February 2</a> – <a href="/facts/Erik_Eriksson/6l6hhezv">Erik Eriksson</a>, king of <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1216/dkGttCUf">1216</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/February_6/ETlh2Hb3">February 6</a> – <a href="/facts/Geoffrey_VI%2c_Viscount_of_Ch%25C3%25A2teaudun/LFlzHMnz">Geoffrey VI</a>, French nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/facts/February_8/YDx5fjny">February 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Andrew_III%2c_Baron_of_Vitr%25C3%25A9/4VgoExqM">Andrew III</a>, French nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/facts/1200/6CTSDn9p">1200</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fakhr_ad-Din_ibn_as-Shaikh/0UjMu0yM">Fakhr ad-Din</a>, Egyptian ruler and military leader</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_I%2c_Count_of_Artois/3PjCPeod">Robert I</a> (the Good), French nobleman (b. 1216)</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Longesp%25C3%25A9e_the_Younger/rPU73N2f">William Longespée</a> (the Younger), English knight</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/February_11/rUYRkVDa">February 11</a> – <a href="/facts/Jean_de_Ronay/0dQ5g9D7">Jean de Ronay</a>, French Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/facts/March_29/LJzA7vDp">March 29</a> – <a href="/facts/Ludolph_of_Ratzeburg/slKLkl0f">Ludolph of Ratzeburg</a>, German bishop</li> <li><a href="/facts/April_6/dHolSS8U">April 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Guillaume_de_Sonnac/UktuM14c">Guillaume de Sonnac</a>, French Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hugh_XI_of_Lusignan/7wycLVjM">Hugh XI of Lusignan</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/facts/1221/N5U86GYS">1221</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/May_2/Jkr8fs6q">May 2</a> – <a href="/facts/Al-Muazzam_Turanshah/GQl6ANye">Al-Muazzam Turanshah</a>, Ayyubid ruler of <a href="/facts/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages/fLUTfV0r">Egypt</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/May_21/7eCgCTWG">May 21</a> – <a href="/facts/Humbert_V_de_Beaujeu/1CGblUnA">Humbert V</a>, French nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/facts/1198/4zsVRyvw">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/May_26/csvDW5GY">May 26</a> – <a href="/facts/Peter_I%2c_Duke_of_Brittany/XQsQY2eu">Peter I</a> (Mauclerc), French nobleman (b. <a href="/facts/1187/DCrR09gM">1187</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/May_27/TWP3cqDQ">May 27</a> – <a href="/facts/Raniero_Capocci/8k1K0Hn3">Raniero Capocci</a>, Italian priest and cardinal</li> <li><a href="/facts/June_7/65d6SCTG">June 7</a> – <a href="/facts/Vitslav_I%2c_Prince_of_R%25C3%25BCgen/yPTghCnI">Vitslav I</a>, Danish nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/facts/1180/0PKqoRhm">1180</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/June_18/q2teIc65">June 18</a> – <a href="/facts/Theresa_of_Portugal%2c_Queen_of_Le%25C3%25B3n/YyJVRe1x">Theresa of Portugal</a>, queen of <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Le%25C3%25B3n/JC6aX6Kf">León</a> (b. <a href="/facts/1176/t7YPF3mj">1176</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/August_10/gbkk1UJQ">August 10</a> – <a href="/facts/Eric_IV_of_Denmark/IaAkpcXP">Eric IV</a> (Ploughpenny), king of <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/October_4/eRgxIz2l">October 4</a> – <a href="/facts/Herman_VI%2c_Margrave_of_Baden/7um0t5E2">Herman VI</a>, German nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/facts/October_12/HLQNWqyv">October 12</a> – <a href="/facts/Richard_Wendene/7WqYPSaK">Richard Wendene</a>, English bishop (b. <a href="/facts/1219/Fa3I6IAl">1219</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/December_13/wHq3rj4U">December 13</a> – <a href="/facts/Frederick_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/bRH1VNPd">Frederick II</a>, Holy Roman Emperor (b. <a href="/facts/1194/Gc0GsHv5">1194</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alice_of_Schaerbeek/HnxXr0wU">Alice of Schaerbeek</a>, Flemish <a href="/facts/Cistercians/dQPQRWTg">Cistercian</a> lay sister (b. <a href="/facts/1220/zEF1ou0w">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gilbertus_Anglicus/jj8NURjw">Gilbertus Anglicus</a>, English physician and writer (b. 1180)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Julian_of_Speyer/cSncMblc">Julian of Speyer</a>, German <a href="/facts/Franciscans/gwohhd4C">Franciscan</a> composer and poet</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fibonacci/d5rA6p8c">Leonardo of Pisa</a>, Italian mathematician and writer (b. <a href="/facts/1170/8ydWF6ku">1170</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rom%25C3%25A9e_de_Villeneuve/IeHoEUR1">Romée de Villeneuve</a>, French nobleman and <a href="/facts/Seneschal/EM7K87yx">seneschal</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Shihab_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Nasawi/t0N4u9Mb">Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi</a>, Persian biographer</li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_of_Serviliano/U4zMmr68">Walter of Serviliano</a>, Italian <a href="/facts/Benedictines/wPDY4zrT">Benedictine</a> hermit and <a href="/facts/Abbot/qBsBj5EW">abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yang_Miaozhen/yQGmVVTR">Yang Miaozhen</a>, Chinese female military leader (b. <a href="/facts/1193/RcKpDTUW">1193</a>)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel; Bray, Barbara (1971). Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-374-52122-0. OCLC 164590. <a href="0-374-52122-0" target="_blank">0-374-52122-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, pp. 305–307. State University of New York Press. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>According to a monograph on the maritime economy of the Song dynasty written by Jitsuzo Kuwabara (桑原騭藏, 1870–1931). <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" target="_blank">/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637. <a href="9780873952637" target="_blank">9780873952637</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637. <a href="9780873952637" target="_blank">9780873952637</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 106. ISBN 90-04-11244-8. <a href="90-04-11244-8" target="_blank">90-04-11244-8</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Stillman, Norman (June 8, 2022). Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times. BRILL. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-90-04-49162-5. Retrieved October 3, 2024. <a href="978-90-04-49162-5" target="_blank">978-90-04-49162-5</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Joffé, George (November 20, 2023). Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-429-99964-2. Retrieved October 3, 2024. <a href="978-0-429-99964-2" target="_blank">978-0-429-99964-2</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17565-5. <a href="978-90-04-17565-5" target="_blank">978-90-04-17565-5</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Catoni, Giuliano. "Bonsignori". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Retrieved December 20, 2011. <a href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/" target="_blank">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637. <a href="9780873952637" target="_blank">9780873952637</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 29, 2020. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emperor" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emperor</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>