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Conversion coating
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<h2 id="types">Types</h2> <p>The most common conversion coating processes for metal parts with industrial use include </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Chromate_conversion_coating/5JzF0hkA">Chromate</a> (<a href="/facts/Aluminum/7wmR8jYE">aluminum</a>, <a href="/facts/Steel/aN6qWo4H">steel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Phosphate_conversion_coating/vY5GpVg1">Phosphate</a> (steel)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bluing_(steel)/mI6265sJ">Bluing</a> (steel)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Black_oxide/nLx3A1Bv">Black oxide</a> (steel)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Anodizing/06Njuj3v">Anodizing</a> (aluminum)</li> <li>Stannate (magnesium)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>Molybdate (<a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">zinc</a>, zinc-<a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Zirconate (steel, aluminum, <a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">magnesium</a>, <a href="/facts/Galvanization/htRtThFL">galvanized steel</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>Titanate (steel, aluminum, magnesium).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>Plasma electrolysis (aluminum, magnesium, <a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">titanium</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="non-metallic-substrates">Non-metallic substrates</h2> <p>Conversion coatings have been studied for non-metallic substrates, such as for protection of <a href="/facts/Fluorozirconate_glass/VHwRYqgb">fluorozirconate glasses</a> used in <a href="/facts/Optoelectronics/0SCr9px0">optoelectronics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="regulations">Regulations</h2> <p>US military specifications for conversion coatings include MIL-DTL-5541, MIL-DTL-81706, and MIL-DTL-5574, all dealing with aluminum. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Rust_converter/vVzWozYl">Rust converter</a> – tannate conversion coating</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>I. Milošev and G. S. Frankel (2018): "Review—Conversion Coatings Based on Zirconium and/or Titanium". Journal of the Electrochemical Society, volume 165, issue 3,pages C127-C144. doi:10.1149/2.0371803jes <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"[1]" <a href="http://www.rit.edu/affiliate/nysp2i/sites/rit.edu.affiliate.nysp2i/files/pdfs/plating_or_conversion_coatings_final2e.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.rit.edu/affiliate/nysp2i/sites/rit.edu.affiliate.nysp2i/files/pdfs/plating_or_conversion_coatings_final2e.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"[2]" <a href="http://core.materials.ac.uk/repository/eaa/talat/5202.pdf" target="_blank">http://core.materials.ac.uk/repository/eaa/talat/5202.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Fastener Surface Conversion", In: FastenerData.co.uk <a href="https://www.fastenerdata.co.uk/hex-bolt-surface-conversion" target="_blank">https://www.fastenerdata.co.uk/hex-bolt-surface-conversion</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>M. A. Gonzalez-Nunez, C. A. Nunez-Lopez, P. Skeldon, G. E. Thompson, H. Karimzadeh, P. Lyon, and T.E.Wilks (1995): "A non-chromate conversion coating for magnesium alloys and magnesium-based metal matrix composites". Corrosion Science, volume 37, issue 11, pages 1763-1772. doi:10.1016/0010-938X(95)00078-X <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>A. A. O. Magalhães, I. C. P. Margarita, O. R. Mattos (2004): "Molybdate conversion coatings on zinc surfaces". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, volume 572, issue 2, pages 433-440. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.07.016 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>J. A. Wharton, G. D. Wilcox, and K. R Baldwin (1996): "Non-Chromate Conversion Coating Treatments For Electrodeposited Zinc-Nickel Alloys". Transactions of the IMF - The International Journal of Surface Engineering and Coatings, volume 74, issue 6, pages 210-213. doi:10.1080/00202967.1996.11871128 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>I. Milošev and G. S. Frankel (2018): "Review—Conversion Coatings Based on Zirconium and/or Titanium". Journal of the Electrochemical Society, volume 165, issue 3,pages C127-C144. doi:10.1149/2.0371803jes <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Charles E. Tomlinson (1998): "Chromate-free conversion coatings for metals". US Patent 5759244, filed on 1996-10-09, granted on 1998-06-02, expired on 2016-10-09. <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5759244" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/US5759244</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Raoling Wang (2018): "Chromium-free aluminum conversion coating agent, aluminum material, and surface conversion coating treatment method". Patent WO2018006270, filed on 2016-07-05, granted on 2018-01-11. <a href="https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018006270" target="_blank">https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018006270</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>I. Milošev and G. S. Frankel (2018): "Review—Conversion Coatings Based on Zirconium and/or Titanium". Journal of the Electrochemical Society, volume 165, issue 3,pages C127-C144. doi:10.1149/2.0371803jes <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lishi Wang, Tao Feng, Shanwen Yu, Yihang Cheng, Zhixiang Bu and Xinbin Hu (2020): "Fluoride effect on plasma electrolytic oxidation coating formed on Mg-Al alloy in alkaline electrolytes". Materials Research Express, volume 7, issue 1, article 016412. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab60a7 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Liu Feng, Shan Dayong, Song Yingwei, Liu Xianbin, and Han Enhou (2012): "Highly corrosion-resistant ceramic coating solution prepared through magnesium alloy surface micro-arc oxidation and application thereof". Chinese patent 101994145, filed on 2009-08-19, granted on 2012-05-23. <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/CN101994145A/en" target="_blank">https://patents.google.com/patent/CN101994145A/en</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>A. P. Rizzato, C. V. Santilli, S. H. Pulcinelli, Y. Messaddeq, and P. Hammer (2004): "XPS Study of the Corrosion Protection of Fluorozirconate Glasses Dip-Coated with SnO2 Transparent Thin Films". Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, volume 32, pages 155–160. doi:10.1007/s10971-004-5781-9 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>