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3rd Alpine Division "Julia"
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The division's lineage begins with the III Alpine Brigade formed in <a href="/facts/Udine/77trFsbl">Udine</a> on 11 March 1926 with the <a href="/facts/8th_Alpini_Regiment/s5mpXw70">8th Alpini Regiment</a> in <a href="/facts/Udine/77trFsbl">Udine</a> and <a href="/facts/9th_Alpini_Regiment/y1sr8fut">9th Alpini Regiment</a> in <a href="/facts/Gorizia/Lp5V30nh">Gorizia</a> and the <a href="/facts/3rd_Mountain_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy)/db0LPqX8">3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment</a> in <a href="/facts/Gorizia/Lp5V30nh">Gorizia</a>. On 27 October 1934 the brigade changed its name to 3rd Superior Alpine Command, which received the name Julio in December of the same year (<a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a>: <i>2° Comando Superiore Alpino "Julio"</i>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>On 10 September 1935 the III Superior Alpine Command "Julio" was reformed as 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" with the 7th, 8th, and 9th Alpini regiments and the 3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> On 25 December 1935 the 7th Alpini Regiment, Alpine Artillery Group "Belluno", and one battery of the Alpine Artillery Group "Conegliano" were transferred to the newly raised <a href="/facts/5th_Alpine_Division_%2522Pusteria%2522/fls21A4b">5th Alpine Division "Pusteria"</a> on a temporary basis for the <a href="/facts/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War/D1XDMLRT">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>. However, when the Pusteria returned from the war, these transfers became permanent, and the Julia also ceded the Alpini Battalion Bassano to the Pusteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h3>World War II</h3> <p>The division participated in the <a href="/facts/Italian_invasion_of_Albania/t2nG7us8">Italian invasion of Albania</a> in April 1939 and remained in <a href="/facts/Kuk%25C3%25ABs/yWtHELhH">Kukës</a> in north-western <a href="/facts/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%25E2%2580%25931943)/zPYosE9g">Albania</a> afterwards. In October 1940 the division moved to the border with <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a> for the <a href="/facts/Greco-Italian_War/SCaP8Q83">Greco-Italian War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h4>Greco-Italian War</h4> <p>The division participated in the <a href="/facts/Greco-Italian_War/SCaP8Q83">Greco-Italian War</a>, entering action on 28 October 1940 in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Pindus/Bo8tFuCB">Battle of Pindus</a>, where it suffered heavy casualties. The division remained in line until 10 November, when it was withdrawn for reorganization, but after only four days it had to go into battle again, in the Perat sector, where it sustained heavy Greek attacks until 8 December. On 23 December the division was again attacked by the Greeks; the attack lasted until 31 December and forced the Julia to retreat to Mali Qarishta, after heavy combat in extreme weather conditions. On 8 January 1941 a Greek offensive in the <a href="/facts/Berat/eHI0gWB7">Berat</a> sector hit the Julia hard; on the following day the division had to retreat to Mali Tabajan, and by 21 January the division was down to a single regiment with three understrength <a href="/facts/Battalion/AohlXDhb">battalions</a>. The remains of the Julia were withdrawn to the Hani Bubesit area and then transferred to Mavrovo, near <a href="/facts/Vlor%25C3%25AB/DbIekgoa">Vlorë</a>, where the division was reformed. At the end of February the division, now 10,500 strong, was sent again to the first line; on 24 February it was deployed on Mount Golico and the Zagorias Valley. On 28 February a new battle was fought in the <a href="/facts/Tepelen%25C3%25AB/6xWDra9v">Tepelenë</a> sector; the Julia, as the last Italian unit defending the town, was attacked by the 2nd Greek Division in the Dragoti area, but managed to hold the front while suffering heavy casualties. On 7 March the Greeks attacked on Mount Golico, and two days later they renewed their attack, causing heavy losses; by 11 March the Greek offensive ended without taking Tepelenë, and both the Julia and the two Greek divisions involved in the attack (the 2nd and the 17th) were worn out by the heavy fighting and losses. In April 1941, following the German intervention and the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Greece/KNTmTyo1">fall of Greece</a>, the division was transferred to the <a href="/facts/Corinth_Canal/fD2gfUQ8">Corinth Canal</a> area and occupied the <a href="/facts/Peloponnese/o56B4jsB">Peloponnese</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> During the Greco-Italian War the division had suffered overall 9,317 casualties: 49 officers and 1,625 soldiers during October-November 1940, 153 officers and 3,644 soldiers between December 1940 and January 1941, and 116 officers and 3,730 soldiers between February and April 1941.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h4>Soviet Union</h4> <p>The division remained in Greece on <a href="/facts/Garrison/7XAH5arE">garrison</a> duty until March 1942, when it was repatriated to Italy in preparation of its transfer to the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)/W05zyTMj">Eastern Front</a> as part of the <a href="/facts/Italian_Army_in_Russia/SXlgcXgg">Italian Army in Russia</a>. On 28 March one of the <a href="/facts/Troopship/qhketrhU">troopships</a> carrying the division back to Italy, the SS Galilea, was torpedoed and sunk by a submarine with the loss of 600 men from the Battalion "Gemona". The division's strength was increased to 16,000 men and on 14 July 1942 the Julia began its transfer to the Soviet Union. The Julia formed, together with the <a href="/facts/2nd_Alpine_Division_%2522Tridentina%2522/zR6SR5U4">2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina"</a> and the <a href="/facts/4th_Alpine_Division_%2522Cuneense%2522/fanapJFR">4th Alpine Division "Cuneense"</a>, the <a href="/facts/COMALP/Ym0xbfKV">Alpine Army Corps</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>By 25 September 1942 the division was deployed on the <a href="/facts/Don_River_(Russia)/a1cjNMXQ">Don river</a> between Kuvshin and Karawut. On 12 December 1942 the Red Army's <a href="/facts/Operation_Little_Saturn/eJSmnvhe">Operation Little Saturn</a> commenced, which in its first stage attacked and encircled the Italian Army in Russia's <a href="/facts/II_Army_Corps_(Italy)/m5xrkYkN">II Army Corps</a> and <a href="/facts/XXXV_Army_Corps_(Italy)/A7jpzKcm">XXXV Army Corps</a>. On 13 January 1943, the Red Army launched the second stage of Operation Little Saturn: four armies of General <a href="/facts/Filipp_Golikov/sGK25Csz">Filipp Golikov</a>'s <a href="/facts/Voronezh_Front/aqR9hlS8">Voronezh Front</a> attacked, encircled, and destroyed the <a href="/facts/Hungarian_Second_Army/7LusHlRr">Hungarian Second Army</a> near <a href="/facts/Svoboda%2c_Voronezh_Oblast/9wa8BF0f">Svoboda</a> on the Don to the northwest of the Alpine Army Corps and pushed back the remaining units of the German <a href="/facts/XXIV_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)/wgzrzdWb">XXIV Army Corps</a> on the Alpine Army Corps' left flank, thus encircling the Alpine Army Corps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>On the evening of 17 January, the Alpine Army Corps commander, General <a href="/facts/Gabriele_Nasci/FMbmvgwW">Gabriele Nasci</a>, ordered a full retreat. At this point only the Tridentina division was still capable of conducting effective combat operations. The 40,000-strong mass of stragglers — Alpini and Italians from other commands, plus German and Hungarian Hussars — formed two columns that followed the Tridentina division which, supported by a handful of German armored vehicles, led the way westwards to the Axis lines. On 1 February 1943 the remnants of the Alpine Army Corps reached Axis lines. The Julia suffered heavy losses in the breakout: less than a tenth of the Julia survived (approximately 1,200 survivors of 18,000 troops deployed).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h4>Return to Italy</h4> <p>The remnants of the division were repatriated in May 1943 and the division was reformed on 1 May 1943 with troops of the 1st Alpini "Valley" Group of the <a href="/facts/6th_Alpine_Division_%2522Alpi_Graie%2522/WG1kDvfh">6th Alpine Division "Alpi Graie"</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> After the announcement of the <a href="/facts/Armistice_of_Cassibile/m1ylac4D">Armistice of Cassibile</a> on 8 September 1943 the <a href="/facts/Operation_Achse/DMvCGQpY">invading German forces</a> disbanded the division.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="organization">Organization</h2> <p>When the division was deployed to the Soviet Union it consisted of the following units:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <ul><li> 3rd Alpine Division "Julia", in <a href="/facts/Udine/77trFsbl">Udine</a> <ul><li>Headquarters <ul><li>415th <a href="/facts/Carabinieri/Y4fxk5cw">Carabinieri</a> Section</li> <li>416th Carabinieri Section</li> <li>202nd Field Post Office</li> <li>3rd Auto Squad for Alpine Division Command</li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/8th_Alpini_Regiment/s5mpXw70">8th Alpini Regiment</a>, in Udine <ul><li> Command and Command Company</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Alpini_Battalion_%2522Gemona%2522/s5mpXw70">Alpini Battalion "Gemona"</a> <ul><li> Command Company</li> <li> 69th, 70th, and 71st Alpini companies</li> <li> 116th Support Weapons Company (<a href="/facts/Breda_M37/EGb7lGv5">Breda M37</a> machine guns, <a href="/facts/Brixia_Model_35/P5u2zVIq">45mm mod. 35</a> and <a href="/facts/81%2f14_Model_35_Mortar/vEGx7jb2">81mm mod. 35</a> <a href="/facts/Mortar_(weapon)/2vs8xEBx">mortars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Alpini_Battalion_%2522Tolmezzo%2522/yu4KbDMQ">Alpini Battalion "Tolmezzo"</a> <ul><li> Command Company</li> <li> 6th, 12th, and 72nd Alpini companies</li> <li> 114th Support Weapons Company (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm mod. 35 and 81mm mod. 35 mortars)</li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Alpini_Battalion_%2522Cividale%2522/yhdQbhq8">Alpini Battalion "Cividale"</a> <ul><li> Command Company</li> <li> 16th, 20th, and 76th Alpini companies</li> <li> 115th Support Weapons Company (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm mod. 35 and 81mm mod. 35 mortars)</li></ul></li> <li> 8th Supply Squad</li> <li> 28th Supply Section</li> <li>308th Medical Section</li> <li>814th Field Hospital</li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/9th_Alpini_Regiment/y1sr8fut">9th Alpini Regiment</a>, in <a href="/facts/Gorizia/Lp5V30nh">Gorizia</a> <ul><li> Command and Command Company</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Alpini_Battalion_%2522L%2527Aquila%2522/y1sr8fut">Alpini Battalion "L'Aquila"</a> <ul><li> Command Company</li> <li> 93rd, 108th, and 143rd Alpini companies</li> <li> 119th Support Weapons Company (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm mod. 35 and 81mm mod. 35 mortars)</li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Alpini_Battalion_%2522Vicenza%2522/y1sr8fut">Alpini Battalion "Vicenza"</a> <ul><li> Command Company</li> <li> 59th, 60th, and 61st Alpini companies</li> <li> 117th Support Weapons Company (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm mod. 35 and 81mm mod. 35 mortars)</li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Alpini_Battalion_%2522Bassano%2522/JlSXQ7F4">Alpini Battalion "Bassano"</a> (ceded to the <a href="/facts/11th_Alpini_Regiment/ck8pNS8q">11th Alpini Regiment</a>) on 25 September 1937)</li> <li> Alpini Battalion "Val Cismon" (transferred from the <a href="/facts/7th_Alpini_Regiment/KtpzAIWR">7th Alpini Regiment</a>) on 17 April 1941) <ul><li> Command Company</li> <li> 264th, 265th, and 277th Alpini companies</li> <li> 118th Support Weapons Company (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm mod. 35 and 81mm mod. 35 mortars)</li></ul></li> <li> 9th Supply Squad</li> <li> 919th Supply Section</li> <li>309th Medical Section</li> <li>630th Field Hospital</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/3rd_Mountain_Artillery_Regiment_(Italy)/db0LPqX8">3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment</a>, in Udine <ul><li> Command and Command Unit</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Mountain_Artillery_Group_%2522Conegliano%2522/db0LPqX8">Alpine Artillery Group "Conegliano"</a> (<a href="/facts/Skoda_75_mm_Model_15/rxcjEIf9">75/13 mod. 15</a> mountain guns) <ul><li> 13th Battery</li> <li> 14th Battery</li> <li> 15th Battery</li> <li> Ammunition and Supply Unit</li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Mountain_Artillery_Group_%2522Udine%2522/WP1vQRVT">Alpine Artillery Group "Udine"</a> (75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns) <ul><li> 17th Battery</li> <li> 18th Battery</li> <li> 34th Battery</li> <li> Ammunition and Supply Unit</li></ul></li> <li> Alpine Artillery Group "Val Piave" (assigned in April 1942 for the campaign in the Soviet Union; <a href="/facts/Canon_Court_de_105_M(montagne)_mod%25C3%25A8le_1919_Schneider/UtoCzPdo">105/11 mod. 28</a> mountain guns) <ul><li> 35th Battery</li> <li> 36th Battery</li> <li> 39th Battery</li> <li> Ammunition and Supply Unit</li></ul></li> <li> 45th Anti-aircraft Battery (<a href="/facts/Breda_Model_35/4Wo7yKy7">20/65 mod. 35</a> anti-aircraft guns)</li> <li> 47th Anti-aircraft Battery (20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)</li> <li> 77th Anti-tank Battery (attached in the Soviet Union, <a href="/facts/7.5_cm_Pak_97%2f38/K5zpXDWs">75/39</a> anti-tank guns)</li></ul></li> <li> III Mixed Alpine Engineer Battalion <ul><li> Command Platoon</li> <li> 103rd Searchlight Section</li> <li> 113th Telegraph and Radio Operators Company</li> <li> 123rd Engineer Company</li></ul></li> <li> 41st Anti-tank Company (<a href="/facts/Cannone_da_47%2f32/H3nUa5SD">47/32</a> <a href="/facts/Anti-tank_gun/BBCVdG21">anti-tank guns</a>)</li> <li> 83rd Anti-tank Company (<a href="/facts/Cannone_da_47%2f32/H3nUa5SD">47/32</a> anti-tank guns)</li> <li> 8th <a href="/facts/Train_(military)/hE00zUfv">Train</a> Unit</li> <li> 3rd Alpine Division Command Transport Squad</li> <li> 62nd Bakers Section</li> <li> 111th Supply Section</li> <li>207th Transport Section <ul><li>127th Mixed Transport Platoon</li> <li>725th Heavy Transport Platoon</li> <li>726th Heavy Transport Platoon</li> <li>950th Heavy Transport Platoon</li></ul></li> <li>237th Transport Section</li> <li>303rd Medical Section</li> <li>628th Field Hospital</li> <li>629th Field Hospital</li> <li>633rd Field Hospital</li> <li>813th Field Hospital</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The division strength was 573 officers and 16,887 NCOs and soldiers for a total strength of 17,460 men. The division also had 176 horses, 4,698 <a href="/facts/Mule/mGsu7wYb">mules</a> and 584 transport vehicles at its disposal. </p> <h2 id="military-honors">Military honors</h2> <p>For their conduct during the <a href="/facts/Greco-Italian_War/SCaP8Q83">Greco-Italian War</a> and during the <a href="/facts/Italian_participation_in_the_Eastern_Front/QTRMx7B5">Italian campaign in the Soviet Union</a> the <a href="/facts/President_of_Italy/Upqlslrx">President of Italy</a> awarded on to the three regiments of the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" Italy's highest military honor, the <a href="/facts/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valor/wVmxp5Ay">Gold Medal of Military Valor</a>. This makes the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" together with the <a href="/facts/3rd_Cavalry_Division_%2522Principe_Amedeo_Duca_d%2527Aosta%2522/f1KSeptp">3rd Cavalry Division "Principe Amedeo Duca d'Aosta"</a> the two highest decorated Italian divisions of World War II. </p><p>Greco-Italian War: </p> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/8th_Alpini_Regiment/s5mpXw70">8th Alpini Regiment</a> on 30 January 1948<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/9th_Alpini_Regiment/y1sr8fut">9th Alpini Regiment</a> on 30 January 1948<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/3rd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment/db0LPqX8">3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment</a> on 8 February 1945<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Italian participation in the Eastern Front|Italian campaign in the Soviet Union: </p> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/8th_Alpini_Regiment/s5mpXw70">8th Alpini Regiment</a> on 31 December 1947<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/9th_Alpini_Regiment/y1sr8fut">9th Alpini Regiment</a> on 31 December 1947<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/3rd_Alpine_Artillery_Regiment/db0LPqX8">3rd Alpine Artillery Regiment</a> on 31 December 1947<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="commanding-officers">Commanding officers</h2> <p>The division's commanding officers were:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy/oQfqv6l4">Generale di Divisione</a> <a href="/facts/Carlo_Rossi_(general)/x70R0NtX">Carlo Rossi</a> (1935 - 1 September 1938)</li> <li>Generale di Divisione <a href="/facts/Fedele_De_Giorgis/xxobw9vL">Fedele De Giorgis</a> (2 September 1938 - 6 August 1940)</li> <li>Colonel <a href="/facts/Gaetano_Tavoni/rQdmNRL7">Gaetano Tavoni</a> (acting, 7 August 1940 - 21 September 1940)</li> <li>Generale di Divisione <a href="/facts/Mario_Girotti_(general)/6tNDBpze">Mario Girotti</a> (22 September 1940 - 10 September 1941)</li> <li>Generale di Divisione <a href="/facts/Umberto_Ricagno/AD2cBWCX">Umberto Ricagno</a> (11 September 1941 - May 1943)</li> <li>Generale di Divisione Franco Testi (16 May 1943 - 12 September 1943)</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Italian_Army_in_Russia/SXlgcXgg">Italian Army in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Alpine_Brigade_%2522Julia%2522/tamv1e1u">Alpine Brigade "Julia"</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Brigata alpina "Julia" - La Storia". Italian Army. Retrieved 18 October 2021. <a href="http://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/Comando-Truppe-Alpine/Brigata-Alpina-Julia/Pagine/La-Storia.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/Comando-Truppe-Alpine/Brigata-Alpina-Julia/Pagine/La-Storia.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Brigata alpina "Julia" - La Storia". Italian Army. Retrieved 18 October 2021. <a href="http://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/Comando-Truppe-Alpine/Brigata-Alpina-Julia/Pagine/La-Storia.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.esercito.difesa.it/organizzazione/capo-di-sme/Comando-Truppe-Alpine/Brigata-Alpina-Julia/Pagine/La-Storia.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"3ª Divisione alpina "Julia"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 18 October 2021. <a href="http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp3.htm" target="_blank">http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 185. Retrieved 18 October 2021. <a href="https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo" target="_blank">https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/bollettino-ii-n.3-4-2002-testo</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"3ª Divisione alpina "Julia"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 18 October 2021. <a href="http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp3.htm" target="_blank">http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Alberto Bertotto l'Eroica divisione alpina Julia nella campagna di Grecia (1940-41)". 19 May 2009. <a href="http://www.italoeuropeo.com/2009/05/19/alberto-bertotto-leroica-divisione-alpina-julia-nella-campagna-di-grecia-1940-41/" target="_blank">http://www.italoeuropeo.com/2009/05/19/alberto-bertotto-leroica-divisione-alpina-julia-nella-campagna-di-grecia-1940-41/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"3ª Divisione alpina "Julia"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 18 October 2021. <a href="http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp3.htm" target="_blank">http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/alpini/redivalp3.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Gli indomabili soldati dei ghiacci" (PDF). Italian Army - Rivista Militare: 100–113. January–February 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2020. <a href="http://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/editoria/Rivista-Militare/archivio/Documents/2003/Rivista%20Militare%202003%20-%20Numero%201.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/editoria/Rivista-Militare/archivio/Documents/2003/Rivista%20Militare%202003%20-%20Numero%201.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"Gli indomabili soldati dei ghiacci" (PDF). Italian Army - Rivista Militare: 100–113. January–February 2003. 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