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Binary compounds of silicon
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<h2 id="group-1">Group 1</h2> <p>Silicides of <a href="/facts/Group_1_elements/YGBcUabv">group 1 elements</a> are saltlike silicides, except for <a href="/facts/Silane/XNevDLgE">silane</a> (SiH4) whose bonds to hydrogen are covalent. Higher silane homologues are <a href="/facts/Disilane/bVesjWzR">disilane</a> and <a href="/facts/Trisilane/A3au6QfY">trisilane</a>. <a href="/facts/Polysilicon_hydride/nfg0na7A">Polysilicon hydride</a> is a two-dimensional <a href="/facts/Polymer_network/KYF9YA1j">polymer network</a>. </p><p>Many cluster compounds of lithium silicides are known, such as Li13Si4, Li22Si5, Li7Si3 and Li12Si7.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> Li4.4Si is prepared from silicon and lithium metal in high-energy <a href="/facts/Ball_mill/40Xn4KUQ">Ball mill</a> process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Potential uses include electrodes in lithium batteries. Li12Si7 has a <a href="/facts/Zintl_phase/RdV0yDXf">Zintl phase</a> with planar Si56− rings. <a href="/facts/Li_NMR_spectroscopy/SFKgdthI">Li NMR spectroscopy</a> suggests these rings are <a href="/facts/Aromatic/wK0DzRY6">aromatic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>Other group 1 elements also form clusters: sodium silicide can be represented by NaSi, NaSi2 and Na11Si36<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and potassium silicide by K8Si46. Group 1 silicides are in general high melting, metallic grey, with moderate to poor electrical conductance and prepared by heating the elements. Superconducting properties have been reported for Ba8Si46.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Several silicon <a href="/facts/Zintl_ion/EsuLgxJU">Zintl ions</a> (Si4−4, Si4−9, Si2−5) are known with group 1 counterions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="group-2">Group 2</h2> <p>Silicides of <a href="/facts/Group_2_elements/Ts4U5zIe">group 2 elements</a> are also saltlike silicides except for <a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">beryllium</a> whose phase diagram with silicon is a simple eutectic (1085 °C @ 60% by weight silicon).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Again there is variation in composition: <a href="/facts/Magnesium_silicide/5fv0wCLu">magnesium silicide</a> is represented by Mg2Si,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Calcium_disilicide/65mWfAzF">calcium silicide</a> can be represented by Ca2Si, CaSi, CaSi2, Ca5Si3 and by Ca14Si19,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> strontium silicide can be represented by Sr2Si, SrSi2 and Sr5Si3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and barium silicide can be represented by Ba2Si, BaSi2, Ba5Si3 and Ba3Si4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Mg2Si, and its <a href="/facts/Solid_solution/Mla7z8dc">solid solutions</a> with Mg2Ge and Mg2Sn, are good <a href="/facts/Thermoelectric_materials/p8FKD76U">thermoelectric materials</a> and their <a href="/facts/Thermoelectric_materials/p8FKD76U">figure of merit</a> values are comparable with those of established materials. </p> <h2 id="transition-and-inner-transition-metals">Transition and inner transition metals</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Transition_metal/0slGWoLQ">transition metals</a> form a wide range of silicon <a href="/facts/Intermetallics/nnzksayl">intermetallics</a> with at least one binary crystalline phase. Some exceptions exist. <a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Gold</a> forms a <a href="/facts/Eutectic/UFbecnqo">eutectic</a> at 363 °C with 2.3% silicon by weight (18% atom percent) without mutual solubility in the solid state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a> forms another eutectic at 835 °C with 11% silicon by weight, again with negligible mutual solid state solubility. In <a href="/facts/Group_12_element/z8aB00Ih">group 12</a> all elements form a eutectic close to the metal melting point without mutual solid-state solubility: zinc at 419 °C and > 99 atom percent zinc and cadmium at 320 °C (< 99% Cd). </p><p>Commercially relevant intermetallics are <a href="/facts/Group_6_element/s8cA1Rwd">group 6</a> <a href="/facts/Molybdenum_disilicide/lzpJNdxB">molybdenum disilicide</a>, a commercial ceramic mostly used as an heating element. <a href="/facts/Tungsten_disilicide/9hMEyycI">Tungsten disilicide</a> is also a commercially available ceramic with uses in microelectronics. <a href="/facts/Platinum_silicide/glxXpvjR">Platinum silicide</a> is a semiconductor material. <a href="/facts/Ferrosilicon/7AR7Ctdm">Ferrosilicon</a> is an iron alloy that also contains some calcium and aluminium. </p><p>MnSi, known as <a href="/facts/Brownleeite/hWsBCd9D">brownleeite</a>, can be found in outer space. Several Mn silicides form a <a href="/facts/Nowotny_phase/uz4e0KkB">Nowotny phase</a>. Nanowires based on silicon and manganese can be synthesised from Mn(CO)5SiCl3 forming nanowires based on Mn19Si33.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> or grown on a silicon surface<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> MnSi1.73 was investigated as <a href="/facts/Thermoelectric_materials/p8FKD76U">thermoelectric material</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> and as an optoelectronic thin film.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Single-crystal MnSi1.73 can form from a tin-lead melt<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In the frontiers of technological research, iron disilicide is becoming more and more relevant to <a href="/facts/Optoelectronics/0SCr9px0">optoelectronics</a>, specially in its crystalline form β-FeSi2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> They are used as thin films or as nanoparticles, obtained by means of epitaxial growth on a silicon substrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S">Atomic number</a></th><th>Name</th><th><a href="/facts/Chemical_symbol/2Fe1VAL0">Symbol</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Group_(periodic_table)/YGBcUabv">Group</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Period_(periodic_table)/WpGUFh5V">Period</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Periodic_table_block/BbzD5jUU">Block</a></th><th>Phases</th></tr><tr><td>21</td><td><a href="/facts/Scandium/TJRt1chg">Scandium</a></td><td>Sc</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>Sc5Si3, ScSi, Sc2Si3,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Titanium</a></td><td>Ti</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>Ti5Si3, TiSi, TiSi2, TiSi3, Ti6Si4<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td><a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">Vanadium</a></td><td>V</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>V3Si, V5Si3, V6Si5, VSi2, V6Si5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td><a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">Chromium</a></td><td>Cr</td><td>6</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>Cr3Si, Cr5Si3, CrSi, CrSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Manganese</a></td><td>Mn</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>MnSi, Mn9Si2, Mn3Si, Mn5Si3, Mn11Si9<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron/DkICCKIC">Iron</a></td><td>Fe</td><td>8</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron_disilicide/0LXJQtfj">FeSi2</a>, <a href="/facts/Iron_monosilicide/K3cgJwVn">FeSi</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Xifengite/2zWaY3Cf">Fe5Si3</a>, <a href="/facts/Diiron_silicide/YcLl5jLA">Fe2Si</a>, Fe3Si</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">Cobalt</a></td><td>Co</td><td>9</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>CoSi, CoSi2, Co2Si, Co2Si, Co3Si<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Nickel</a></td><td>Ni</td><td>10</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>Ni3Si, Ni31Si12, Ni2Si, Ni3Si2, NiSi (<a href="/facts/Nickel_monosilicide/2nxhqpKo">Nickel monosilicide</a>), NiSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Copper</a></td><td>Cu</td><td>11</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>Cu17Si3, Cu56Si11,Cu5Si, Cu33Si7, Cu4Si, Cu19Si6,Cu3Si,Cu87Si13<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zinc</a></td><td>Zn</td><td>12</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>eutectic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td><a href="/facts/Yttrium/BlX6rj99">Yttrium</a></td><td>Y</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>d</td><td>Y5Si3, Y5Si4, YSi, Y3Si5,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> YSi1.4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td><a href="/facts/Zirconium/y7gsoQFz">Zirconium</a></td><td>Zr</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>Zr5Si3, Zr5Si4, ZrSi, ZrSi2,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Zr3Si2, Zr2Si, Zr3Si<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td><a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">Niobium</a></td><td>Nb</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>Nb5Si3, Nb4Si<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td><a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">Molybdenum</a></td><td>Mo</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>Mo3Si, Mo5Si3, MoSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td><a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">Technetium</a></td><td>Tc</td><td>7</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>Tc4Si7 (proposed)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruthenium/uzCm4ufn">Ruthenium</a></td><td>Ru</td><td>8</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>Ru2Si, Ru4Si3, RuSi, Ru2Si3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhodium/xmBd9aFG">Rhodium</a></td><td>Rh</td><td>9</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>RhSi,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Rh2Si, Rh5Si3, Rh3Si2, Rh20Si13<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td><a href="/facts/Palladium/P7y0ESWf">Palladium</a></td><td>Pd</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>Pd5Si, Pd9Si2, Pd3Si, Pd2Si, PdSi<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a></td><td>Ag</td><td>11</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>eutectic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">Cadmium</a></td><td>Cd</td><td>12</td><td>5</td><td>d</td><td>eutectic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td><a href="/facts/Lanthanum/Uhmmy1sB">Lanthanum</a></td><td>La</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>La5Si3, La3Si2, La5Si4, LaSi, LaSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td><a href="/facts/Cerium/a7UjMBQ6">Cerium</a></td><td>Ce</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Ce5Si3, Ce3Si2, Ce5Si4, CeSi,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> Ce3Si5, CeSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>59</td><td><a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">Praseodymium</a></td><td>Pr</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Pr5Si3, Pr3Si2, Pr5Si4, PrSi, PrSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td><a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">Neodymium</a></td><td>Nd</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Nd5Si3, Nd5Si4, Nd5Si3,NdSi, Nd3Si4, Nd2Si3, NdSix<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td><a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">Promethium</a></td><td>Pm</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>62</td><td><a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">Samarium</a></td><td>Sm</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Sm5Si4, Sm5Si3, SmSi, Sm3Si5, SmSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">Europium</a></td><td>Eu</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td><a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">Gadolinium</a></td><td>Gd</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Gd5Si3, Gd5Si4, GdSi, GdSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td><a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">Terbium</a></td><td>Tb</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Si2Tb (<a href="/facts/Terbium_silicide/gI2UngGy">terbium silicide</a>), SiTb, Si4Tb5, Si3Tb5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dysprosium</a></td><td>Dy</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Dy5Si5, DySi, DySi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td><a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">Holmium</a></td><td>Ho</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Ho5Si3,Ho5Si4,HoSi,Ho4Si5,HoSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td><a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">Erbium</a></td><td>Er</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Er5Si3, Er5Si4, ErSi, ErSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td><a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">Thulium</a></td><td>Tm</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">Ytterbium</a></td><td>Yb</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>f</td><td>Si1.8Yb,Si5Yb3,Si4Yb3, SiYb, Si4Yb5, Si3Yb5<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td><a href="/facts/Lutetium/URlmnYG8">Lutetium</a></td><td>Lu</td><td>3</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>Lu5Si3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td><a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">Hafnium</a></td><td>Hf</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>Hf2Si, Hf3Si2, HfSi, Hf5Si4, HfSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td><a href="/facts/Tantalum/VwaxMm33">Tantalum</a></td><td>Ta</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>Ta9Si2, Ta3Si, Ta5Si3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">Tungsten</a></td><td>W</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>W5Si3, WSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">Rhenium</a></td><td>Re</td><td>7</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>Re2Si, ReSi, ReSi1.8<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Re5Si3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td><a href="/facts/Osmium/1TjXD69n">Osmium</a></td><td>Os</td><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>OsSi, Os2Si3, OsSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td><a href="/facts/Iridium/cB4n6MbQ">Iridium</a></td><td>Ir</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>IrSi, Ir4Si5, Ir3Si4, Ir3Si5, IrSi3. Ir2Si3, Ir4Si7, IrSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td><a href="/facts/Platinum/qJC6lQf7">Platinum</a></td><td>Pt</td><td>10</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>Pt25Si7, Pt17Si8, Pt6Si5, Pt5Si2, Pt3Si, Pt2Si, PtSi<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Gold</a></td><td>Au</td><td>11</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td><a href="/facts/Eutectic_bonding/rkSjq5E7">Eutectic</a> diagram at link<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">Mercury</a></td><td>Hg</td><td>12</td><td>6</td><td>d</td><td>eutectic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>89</td><td><a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">Actinium</a></td><td>Ac</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">Thorium</a></td><td>Th</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td>Th3Si2, ThSi, Th3Si5, and ThSi2−x<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>91</td><td><a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">Protactinium</a></td><td>Pa</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>92</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">Uranium</a></td><td>U</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td>U3Si, U3Si2, USi, U3Si5, USi2−x, USi2 and USi3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>93</td><td><a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">Neptunium</a></td><td>Np</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td>NpSi3, Np3Si2, and NpSi<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>94</td><td><a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">Plutonium</a></td><td>Pu</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td>Pu5Si3, Pu3Si2, PuSi, Pu3Si5 and PuSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td><a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">Americium</a></td><td>Am</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td>AmSi, AmSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>96</td><td><a href="/facts/Curium/LMyWXg8l">Curium</a></td><td>Cm</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td>CmSi, Cm2Si3, CmSi2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>97</td><td><a href="/facts/Berkelium/ePryEYy3">Berkelium</a></td><td>Bk</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td><a href="/facts/Californium/AJVjoVut">Californium</a></td><td>Cf</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>99</td><td><a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">Einsteinium</a></td><td>Es</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td><a href="/facts/Fermium/Us3rnvG5">Fermium</a></td><td>Fm</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td><a href="/facts/Mendelevium/bEHBu18F">Mendelevium</a></td><td>Md</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>102</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobelium/syRkloSw">Nobelium</a></td><td>No</td><td></td><td>7</td><td>f</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>103</td><td><a href="/facts/Lawrencium/HVw2LVlx">Lawrencium</a></td><td>Lr</td><td>3</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>104</td><td><a href="/facts/Rutherfordium/44LSnv9p">Rutherfordium</a></td><td>Rf</td><td>4</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>105</td><td><a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">Dubnium</a></td><td>Db</td><td>5</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>106</td><td><a href="/facts/Seaborgium/ejs0Ap6P">Seaborgium</a></td><td>Sg</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>107</td><td><a href="/facts/Bohrium/epvp3GWM">Bohrium</a></td><td>Bh</td><td>7</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>108</td><td><a href="/facts/Hassium/t0bgGzwt">Hassium</a></td><td>Hs</td><td>8</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>109</td><td><a href="/facts/Meitnerium/pKaD3sRY">Meitnerium</a></td><td>Mt</td><td>9</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>110</td><td><a href="/facts/Darmstadtium/etmwTLmP">Darmstadtium</a></td><td>Ds</td><td>10</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>111</td><td><a href="/facts/Roentgenium/LEhvJaJQ">Roentgenium</a></td><td>Rg</td><td>11</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>112</td><td><a href="/facts/Copernicium/EhgyBkg0">Copernicium</a></td><td>Cn</td><td>12</td><td>7</td><td>d</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="group-13">Group 13</h2> <p>In <a href="/facts/Group_13_elements/RXnvqnNk">group 13</a> boron (a <a href="/facts/Metalloid/uMFVXuTq">metalloid</a>) forms several binary crystalline <a href="/facts/Silicon_boride/lr2mul4e">silicon boride</a> compounds: SiB3, SiB6, SiBn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> With <a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a>, a <a href="/facts/Post-transition_metal/wjp3aeGn">post-transition metal</a>, a eutectic is formed (577 °C @ 12.2 atom % Al) with maximum solubility of silicon in solid aluminium of 1.5%. Commercially relevant <a href="/facts/Aluminium_alloy/1EzR3Y4t">aluminium alloys</a> containing silicon have at least element added.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">Gallium</a>, also a <a href="/facts/Post-transition_metal/wjp3aeGn">post-transition metal</a>, forms a eutectic at 29 °C with 99.99% Ga without mutual solid-state solubility;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Indium/zRq3stVb">indium</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a> and thallium<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> behave similarly. </p> <h2 id="group-14">Group 14</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">Silicon carbide</a> (SiC) is widely used as a ceramic or example in car brakes and bulletproof vests. It is also used in semiconductor electronics. It is manufactured from <a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">silicon dioxide</a> and carbon in an <a href="/facts/Acheson_furnace/pMN95kDB">Acheson furnace</a> between 1600 and 2500 °C. There are 250 known crystalline forms with alpha silicon carbide the most common. Silicon itself is an important semiconductor material used in microchips. It is produced commercially from <a href="/facts/Silica/A3WILp6J">silica</a> and <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a> at 1900 °C and crystallizes in a diamond cubic crystal structure. <a href="/facts/Germanium_silicide/eKH6o6Uz">Germanium silicide</a> forms a <a href="/facts/Solid_solution/Mla7z8dc">solid solution</a> and is again a commercially used semiconductor material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Tin/vxbbBgNz">tin</a>–silicon phase diagram is a eutectic<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a>–silicon phase diagram shows a monotectic transition and a small eutectic transition but no solid solubility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="group-15">Group 15</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Silicon_nitride/58X9QPQJ">Silicon nitride</a> (Si3N4) is a ceramic with many commercial high-temperature applications such as engine parts. It can be synthesized from the elements at temperatures between 1300 and 1400 °C. Three different crystallographic forms exist. Other binary silicon nitrogen compounds have been proposed (SiN, Si2N3, Si3N)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> and other SiN compounds have been investigated at cryogenic temperatures (SiN2, Si(N2)2, SiNNSi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Silicon_tetraazide/YvDrN5mr">Silicon tetraazide</a> is an unstable compound that easily detonates. </p><p>The phase diagram with <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a> shows SiP and SiP2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> A reported silicon phosphide is Si12P5 (no practical applications),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> formed by <a href="/facts/Annealing_(metallurgy)/2AfoCE4X">annealing</a> an amorphous Si-P alloy. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a>–silicon phase diagram measured at 40 Bar has two phases: SiAs and SiAs2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">antimony</a>–silicon system comprises a single eutectic close to the melting point of Sb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a> system is a monotectic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="group-16">Group 16</h2> <p>In group 16 <a href="/facts/Silicon_dioxide/A3WILp6J">silicon dioxide</a> is a very common compound that widely occurs as sand or quartz. SiO2 is tetrahedral with each silicon atom surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms. Numerous crystalline forms exist with the tetrahedra linked to form a polymeric chain. Examples are <a href="/facts/Tridymite/GKBVUXRe">tridymite</a> and <a href="/facts/Cristobalite/r1rQss4r">cristobalite</a>. A less common oxide is <a href="/facts/Silicon_monoxide/Nxr2Q9om">silicon monoxide</a> that can be found in outer space. Unconfirmed reports exist for nonequilibrium Si2O, Si3O2, Si3O4, Si2O3 and Si3O5.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Silicon_sulfide/NsydQecc">Silicon sulfide</a> is also a chain compound. Cyclic SiS2 has been reported to exist in the gas phase.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> The phase diagram of silicon with <a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">selenium</a> has two phases: SiSe2 and SiSe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> Tellurium silicide is a semiconductor with formula TeSi2 or Te2Si3.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="group-17">Group 17</h2> <p>Binary silicon compounds in group 17 are stable compounds ranging from gaseous <a href="/facts/Silicon_fluoride/hu4H1Ja2">silicon fluoride</a> (SiF4) to the liquids <a href="/facts/Silicon_chloride/MXnhxpVK">silicon chloride</a> (SiCl4 and <a href="/facts/Silicon_bromide/mQCUqWNm">silicon bromide</a> SiBr4) to the solid <a href="/facts/Silicon_iodide/VPM8zAoN">silicon iodide</a> (SiI4). The <a href="/facts/Molecular_geometry/7USG5zDn">molecular geometry</a> in these compounds is tetrahedral and the bonding mode covalent. Other known stable fluorides in this group are Si2F6, Si3F8 (liquid) and polymeric solids known as <a href="/facts/Polysilicon_halides/CEbs7CVS">polysilicon fluorides</a> (SiF2)x and (SiF)x. The other halides form similar binary silicon compounds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="the-periodic-table-of-the-binary-silicon-compounds">The periodic table of the binary silicon compounds</h2> <table><tbody><tr><td><a href="/facts/Silane/XNevDLgE">SiH4</a></td><td colspan="1"></td><td colspan="11" rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="5"></td><td>He</td></tr><tr><td>LiSi</td><td>Be</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_boride/lr2mul4e">SiB3</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_carbide/kQLVAYbr">SiC</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_nitride/58X9QPQJ">Si3N4</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_oxide/vfWL2gNV">SiO2</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_tetrafluoride/hu4H1Ja2">SiF4</a></td><td>Ne</td></tr><tr><td>NaSi</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium_silicide/5fv0wCLu">Mg2Si</a></td><td>Al</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">Si</a></td><td>SiP</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_sulfide/NsydQecc">SiS2</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tetrachlorosilane/MXnhxpVK">SiCl4</a></td><td>Ar</td></tr><tr><td>KSi</td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium_disilicide/65mWfAzF">CaSi2</a></td><td></td><td>ScSi</td><td>TiSi</td><td>V5Si3</td><td>Cr5Si3</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese_monosilicide/LInvs8bU">MnSi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Iron_monosilicide/K3cgJwVn">FeSi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cobalt_monosilicide/zP1XcB26">CoSi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel_monosilicide/2nxhqpKo">NiSi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Copper_silicide/d0kpuhlE">Cu5Si</a></td><td>Zn</td><td>Ga</td><td><a href="/facts/Germanium_silicide/eKH6o6Uz">Si1−xGex</a></td><td>SiAs</td><td>SiSe2</td><td><a href="/facts/Tetrabromosilane/mQCUqWNm">SiBr4</a></td><td>Kr</td></tr><tr><td>RbSi</td><td>Sr2Si</td><td></td><td>YSi</td><td>ZrSi</td><td>Nb5Si3</td><td>Mo5Si3</td><td>Tc</td><td>RuSi</td><td>RhSi</td><td>PdSi</td><td>Ag</td><td>Cd</td><td>In</td><td>Sn</td><td>Sb</td><td>TeSi2</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon_tetraiodide/VPM8zAoN">SiI4</a></td><td>Xe</td></tr><tr><td>CsSi</td><td>Ba2Si</td><td></td><td>LuSi</td><td>HfSi</td><td>Ta5Si3</td><td>W5Si3</td><td>ReSi2</td><td>OsSi</td><td>IrSi</td><td><a href="/facts/Platinum_silicide/glxXpvjR">PtSi</a></td><td>Au</td><td>Hg</td><td>Tl</td><td>Pb</td><td>Bi</td><td>Po</td><td>At</td><td>Rn</td></tr><tr><td>Fr</td><td>Ra</td><td></td><td>Lr</td><td>Rf</td><td>Db</td><td>Sg</td><td>Bh</td><td>Hs</td><td>Mt</td><td>Ds</td><td>Rg</td><td>Cn</td><td>Nh</td><td>Fl</td><td>Mc</td><td>Lv</td><td>Ts</td><td>Og</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td><td>↓</td><td colspan="14"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td><td>LaSi</td><td>CeSi</td><td>PrSi</td><td>NdSi</td><td>Pm</td><td>SmSi</td><td>EuSi</td><td>GdSi</td><td>TbSi</td><td>DySi</td><td>HoSi</td><td>ErSi</td><td>Tm</td><td>YbSi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"></td><td>Ac</td><td>ThSi </td><td>Pa</td><td>USi </td><td>NpSi</td><td>PuSi</td><td>AmSi</td><td>CmSi</td><td>Bk</td><td>Cf</td><td>Es</td><td>Fm</td><td>Md</td><td>No</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Binary compounds of <a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a><table><tbody><tr><td>Covalent silicon compounds</td><td>metallic silicides.</td></tr><tr><td>Ionic silicides</td><td>Do not exist</td></tr><tr><td>Eutectic / monotectic / solid solution</td><td>Unknown / Not assessed</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Inorganic chemistry, Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Okamoto, H. (1990). "The Li-Si (Lithium-Silicon) system". Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. 11 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 306–312. doi:10.1007/bf03029305. ISSN 0197-0216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Solid state ionics for batteries, Tsutomu Minami, Masahiro Tatsumisago <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Dupke, Sven; Langer, Thorsten; Pöttgen, Rainer; Winter, Martin; Eckert, Hellmut (2012). "Structural and dynamic characterization of Li12Si7 and Li12Ge7 using solid state NMR". Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. 42. Elsevier BV: 17–25. doi:10.1016/j.ssnmr.2011.09.002. ISSN 0926-2040. PMID 21996453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Songster, J; Pelton, A.D (1992). "The na-si (sodium-silicon) system". Journal of Phase Equilibria. 13 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 67–69. doi:10.1007/bf02645381. ISSN 1054-9714. S2CID 95520630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Yamanaka, Shoji; Enishi, Eiji; Fukuoka, Hiroshi; Yasukawa, Masahiro (1999-12-17). "High-Pressure Synthesis of a New Silicon Clathrate Superconductor, Ba8Si46". Inorganic Chemistry. 39 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 56–58. doi:10.1021/ic990778p. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 11229033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Scharfe, Sandra; Kraus, Florian; Stegmaier, Saskia; Schier, Annette; Fässler, Thomas F. (2011-03-31). "Zintl Ions, Cage Compounds, and Intermetalloid Clusters of Group 14 and Group 15 Elements". 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