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Black lion tamarin
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The classification of the black lion tamarin was debated, as one group of taxonomists classified the lion tamarins by their geography, while other taxonomists placed them all into one species and then divided them into subspecies. More recently, taxonomists have agreed to base classification predominantly on their geography, though sometimes characteristics such as long calls are used to classify different species, similar to the use of <a href="/facts/Bird_songs/5A0oHvHo">bird songs</a> in taxonomy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> For differentiating within <i>Leontopithecus</i>, the black lion tamarin is categorized as starting its call at the lowest note and going through the greatest range of pitch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="behaviour-and-ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2> <h3>Diet</h3> <p>The diet of the black lion tamarin is seasonal and varies with the habitats it moves through.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> When the tamarin is in the <a href="/facts/Drylands/D0Gm6WAA">dryland forest</a>, it usually eats a variety of fruits, whereas in a <a href="/facts/Swamp/rjE9QKpm">swampy</a> environment it predominantly feeds on the <a href="/facts/Gum_(botany)/ooJBwshl">gum</a> of various trees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> In addition to seasonal variation, the black lion tamarin exhibits daily and monthly cycles of food preferences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Independent of the environment it occupies, a tamarin spends long periods each day searching for different types of <a href="/facts/Insects/IgDNvnUL">insects</a> and <a href="/facts/Spiders/aqpU7eg3">spiders</a> to feed on. On average, 80% of its time foraging is spent searching for insects,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> such as by <a href="/facts/Foraging/o2u7xmHD">foraging</a> the forest floor. The tamarin's foraging locations are very intentional: it spends extended periods of time looking under dry <a href="/facts/Palm-leaves/5bN6Wwcr">palm leaves</a>, in loose bark, and in tree cavities, with hands that have specialized fingers for prying.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The tamarin also positions itself in trees and scans for insects from above, usually four meters above the forest floor. </p><p>The black lion tamarin eats the gum and fruit of trees, climbing up to ten meters to reach them and as these are easily found, the tamarin spends 12.8% of its day obtaining them, rather than the 41.2% of the day spent foraging for insects in the high trees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Reproduction</h3> <p>Black lion tamarins mate and have offspring during the spring, summer, and fall months (August to March in Brazil).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Females usually have one <a href="/facts/Litter_(animal)/ttjkfqWS">litter</a> per year, though 20% females produce two litters per year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The mean litter size is two infants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Most <a href="/facts/Mammals/phSwTzBo">mammals</a> produce a 50:50 ratio of males to females. The black lion tamarin population almost always produce a 60:40 male to female ratio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Most infants deaths occur within the first two weeks of birth, with newborns of first-time mothers having the lowest survival rates. The number of tamarins that survive to adulthood in the wild is 10% higher than those in captivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Food sharing</h3> <p>During the first few months after birth, the infant is unable to obtain food on its own. For this reason, the infant rides on the parent's back and receives food from the parents. It drinks milk in the 4 to 5 weeks after birth; after that, the parents and other group-members share food with the infant. Sharing involves both offers from the parents and begging by the infant. Usually, until the age of approximately 15 weeks, the infant will receive the majority of its food (especially insects) from others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The number of offers from group-members peaks at week 7; after week 15, sharing slowly declines, stopping by week 26.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Communication</h3> <p>Within <i>Leontopithecus</i>, the black lion tamarin is the largest in size and has the lowest-pitched <a href="/facts/Animal_communication/nHBjVw3c">calls</a>, using longer notes than other species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The black lion tamarin use calls to defend territory, maintain cohesion within the group, attract a mate, and contact individuals who might be lost. Most calls can be recorded in the morning, and can be attributed to the reunion of mated pairs. Mated pairs are mostly monogamous but polyandry has been observed in some populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2> <p>The black lion tamarin is rated <a href="/facts/Endangered_species/L7cIweSW">endangered</a> by the <a href="/facts/IUCN_Red_List/8gemqCLu">IUCN Red List</a> due to its declining population trend.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The main threat against it is the destruction of its habitat through <a href="/facts/Deforestation/L1TNhN9p">deforestation</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> though it is also threatened by being hunted in unprotected forests, such as the <a href="/facts/Fazenda/dLKPAcfg">Fazenda</a> <a href="/facts/Rio_Claro%2c_S%25C3%25A3o_Paulo/NC5hbkMe">Rio Claro</a> and the Fazenda <a href="/facts/Tucano%2c_Brazil/eKNUoWc8">Tucano</a> (which have roughly 3.66 and 1.0 individuals per square kilometer respectively).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>There have been several attempts to bring black lion tamarins into captivity and to salvage what little habitat they have left within the Morro do Diabo State Park, as well as to increase breeding rates. Their population decline in the wild, however, could cause the black lion tamarins to become entirely endemic to the Morro do Diabo. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Black Lion Tamarin</i>. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122009/http://www.natureserve.org/imagerepository/GetImage?SRC=6&BATCH=49&FMT=gif&RES=600X615&NAME=leontopithecus_chrysopygus">Geographic range of the black lion tamarin</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Snowdon, Charles T.; Hodun, Alexandra; Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1986). "Long-call structure and its relation to taxonomy in lion tamarins". American Journal of Primatology. 11 (3): 253–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350110307. PMID 31979452. S2CID 83673079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Albernaz, Ana L. K. M. (1 January 1997). "Home Range Size and Habitat Use in the Black Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (6): 877–887. doi:10.1023/A:1026387912013. S2CID 41247033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Mico-leão-preto ressurge na Estação Ecológica Caetetus (in Portuguese), Fundação Florestal, 8 September 2016, retrieved 2017-02-21 <a href="http://fflorestal.sp.gov.br/2016/09/08/mico-leao-preto-ressurge-na-estacao-ecologica-caetetus-2/" target="_blank">http://fflorestal.sp.gov.br/2016/09/08/mico-leao-preto-ressurge-na-estacao-ecologica-caetetus-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Rezende, G.C.; Knogge, C.; Passos, F.C.; Ludwig, G.; Oliveira, L.C.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2020). "Leontopithecus chrysopygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T11505A17935400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11505A17935400.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11505/17935400" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11505/17935400</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gray, D. (2003). "Black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysophygus)". Animal Diversity Web (ADW). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-30. <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Leontopithecus_chrysopygus/" target="_blank">https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Leontopithecus_chrysopygus/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Snowdon, Charles T.; Hodun, Alexandra; Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1986). "Long-call structure and its relation to taxonomy in lion tamarins". American Journal of Primatology. 11 (3): 253–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350110307. PMID 31979452. S2CID 83673079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Snowdon, Charles T.; Hodun, Alexandra; Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1986). "Long-call structure and its relation to taxonomy in lion tamarins". American Journal of Primatology. 11 (3): 253–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350110307. PMID 31979452. S2CID 83673079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Albernaz, Ana L. K. M. (1 January 1997). "Home Range Size and Habitat Use in the Black Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (6): 877–887. doi:10.1023/A:1026387912013. S2CID 41247033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Albernaz, Ana L. K. M. (1 January 1997). "Home Range Size and Habitat Use in the Black Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (6): 877–887. doi:10.1023/A:1026387912013. S2CID 41247033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Camargo Passos, Fernando De; Keuroghlian, Alexine (1999). "Foraging Behavior and Microhabitats Used by Black Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus Chrysopygus" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 16: 219–222. doi:10.1590/s0101-81751999000600022. <a href="http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v16s2/v16supl2a22.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v16s2/v16supl2a22.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Albernaz, Ana L. K. M. (1 January 1997). "Home Range Size and Habitat Use in the Black Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (6): 877–887. doi:10.1023/A:1026387912013. S2CID 41247033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Rezende, G.C.; Knogge, C.; Passos, F.C.; Ludwig, G.; Oliveira, L.C.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2020). "Leontopithecus chrysopygus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T11505A17935400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11505A17935400.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11505/17935400" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/11505/17935400</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Albernaz, Ana L. K. M. (1 January 1997). "Home Range Size and Habitat Use in the Black Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (6): 877–887. doi:10.1023/A:1026387912013. S2CID 41247033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>French, Jeffrey A.; Pissinatti, Alcides; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1996). "Reproduction in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus): Seasonality, infant survival, and sex ratios". American Journal of Primatology. 39 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)39:1<17::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 31918488. S2CID 84924113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>French, Jeffrey A.; Pissinatti, Alcides; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1996). "Reproduction in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus): Seasonality, infant survival, and sex ratios". American Journal of Primatology. 39 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)39:1<17::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 31918488. S2CID 84924113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>French, Jeffrey A.; Pissinatti, Alcides; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1996). "Reproduction in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus): Seasonality, infant survival, and sex ratios". American Journal of Primatology. 39 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)39:1<17::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 31918488. S2CID 84924113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>French, Jeffrey A.; Pissinatti, Alcides; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1996). "Reproduction in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus): Seasonality, infant survival, and sex ratios". American Journal of Primatology. 39 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)39:1<17::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 31918488. S2CID 84924113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>French, Jeffrey A.; Pissinatti, Alcides; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1996). "Reproduction in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus): Seasonality, infant survival, and sex ratios". American Journal of Primatology. 39 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)39:1<17::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 31918488. S2CID 84924113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Feistner, Anna T.; Price, Eluned C. (September 2000). "Food sharing in black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". American Journal of Primatology. 52 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200009)52:1<47::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 10993137. S2CID 8927814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Feistner, Anna T.; Price, Eluned C. (September 2000). "Food sharing in black lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". American Journal of Primatology. 52 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200009)52:1<47::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-D. PMID 10993137. S2CID 8927814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Snowdon, Charles T.; Hodun, Alexandra; Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Coimbra-Filho, Adelmar F. (1 January 1986). "Long-call structure and its relation to taxonomy in lion tamarins". American Journal of Primatology. 11 (3): 253–261. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350110307. PMID 31979452. S2CID 83673079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Gray, D. (2003). "Black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysophygus)". Animal Diversity Web (ADW). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-30. <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Leontopithecus_chrysopygus/" target="_blank">https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Leontopithecus_chrysopygus/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Cullen, L.; Bodmer, E.R.; Valladares-Padua, C. (4 April 2001). "Ecological consequences of hunting in Atlantic forest patches, Sao Paulo, Brazil". Oryx. 35 (2): 137–144. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00163.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3008.2001.00163.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3008.2001.00163.x</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Albernaz, Ana L. K. M. (1 January 1997). "Home Range Size and Habitat Use in the Black Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus)". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (6): 877–887. doi:10.1023/A:1026387912013. S2CID 41247033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Cullen, L.; Bodmer, E.R.; Valladares-Padua, C. (4 April 2001). "Ecological consequences of hunting in Atlantic forest patches, Sao Paulo, Brazil". Oryx. 35 (2): 137–144. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00163.x. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3008.2001.00163.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3008.2001.00163.x</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>