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Klingon scripts
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<h2 id="kli-piqad">KLI pIqaD</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Klingon_Language_Institute/aFKPYuFU">Klingon Language Institute</a> (KLI) version of the pIqaD script was created by an anonymous source at <a href="/facts/Paramount_Pictures/F6UIvDD9">Paramount</a>, who based the characters on letters seen in the show. This source sent the script in to the Klingon Language Institute, which uploaded it onto its website.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The vast majority of <i>Klingonists</i>, however, prefer Latin-based romanization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>The script itself is quite simple: It contains twenty-six letters with a one-to-one <i>grapheme-phoneme correspondence</i>: that is, one letter represents one sound and one sound is written with one letter. The set of characters also includes ten digits. It is written from left to right, top to bottom like English. There is no actual punctuation; however, those that use punctuation with the script use Skybox punctuation symbols (<i>see below</i>). </p><p>The KLI pIqaD script is registered in the ConScript registry in the Private Use Area of Unicode.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Translator/bRywAWhb">Bing Translator</a> translates between many languages and Klingon, including the KLI pIqaD script.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Bing currently uses a <a href="/facts/ISO_15924/jSzSBtjf">private use script code</a> of "Qaak" for pIqaD instead of the official ISO 15924 script code "Piqd".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="conscript-unicode-registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/ConScript_Unicode_Registry/TtnH3LjL">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></p> <p>In September 1997, <a href="/facts/Michael_Everson/8Se2cLdz">Michael Everson</a> made a proposal for encoding KLI pIqaD in <a href="/facts/Unicode/DDu3MfPV">Unicode</a>, based on the <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a> source code (specifically "Documentation/unicode.txt" by <a href="/facts/Hans_Peter_Anvin/BTJXg4Cd">H. Peter Anvin</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The Unicode Technical Committee rejected the Klingon proposal in May 2001 on the grounds that research showed almost no use of the script for communication, and the vast majority of the people who did use Klingon employed the Latin alphabet by preference.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> A modified version of the Linux kernel allocation for pIqaD in the <a href="/facts/Private_Use_Area/Is8ayQ1G">Private Use Area</a> of Unicode was added to the <a href="/facts/ConScript_Unicode_Registry/TtnH3LjL">ConScript Unicode Registry</a> (U+F8D0 to U+F8FF) by Michael Everson.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Since then several fonts using that encoding have appeared, and software for typing in pIqaD has become available. Existing text in the Latin alphabet can easily be converted to pIqaD also. Bing translator can transliterate between pIqaD and Latin forms,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> but does not convert letters correctly if there are English words. </p><p>If a ConScript-compliant font is installed, the following PUA text should display: </p> <p></p><p>HeghluʼmeH</p><p></p><p>QaQ</p><p></p><p>jajvam.</p><p> </p><p>HeghluʼmeH QaQ jajvam.</p><p>"Today is a good day to die."</p> <p>The following is a <a href="/facts/Pangram/U5eraGWh">pangram</a>: </p> <p></p><p>qajunpaQHeylIjmoʼ</p><p></p><p>batlh</p><p></p><p>DuSuvqang</p><p></p><p>charghwIʼ</p><p></p><p>ʼIt.</p><p> </p><p>qajunpaQHeylIjmoʼ batlh DuSuvqang charghwIʼ ʼIt.</p><p>"Because of your apparent audacity the depressed conqueror is willing to fight you."</p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="17">Klingon[1][2]<a href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html">ConScript Unicode Registry code chart</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><td>U+F8Dx</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U+F8Ex</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U+F8Fx</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="17">Notes1.^ As of 1997-02-14 version2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="earlier-variations">Earlier variations</h2> <p>Until the <a href="/facts/Klingon_Language_Institute/aFKPYuFU">Klingon Language Institute</a> promoted a standardized form of pIqaD for Klingon, there were variations used primarily for decorative effect. Because the letters did not map the Okrandian phonology of the Klingon language, these variants were never adopted by the Klingon speaking community and aren't used in modern Klingon. </p> <h3>Skybox pIqaD</h3> <p>The KLI-adapted version of pIqaD utilizes the character set originally assembled by author Thomas E. Scheuer in his publication "Mortas-te-Kaase - the Death's Hand Battle Fleet" fan organization group operations manual (compiled, written, illustrated and published by author Thomas E. Scheuer from 1989–1994) which the author and founder of the KLI later became a member of, and learned of the MTK character assemblage and membership booklet designations, isn't the only mapping of Klingon letters. The <i>Astra Image</i> letters as released in the "Mortas-te-Kaase" were taken and used in the Paramount-endorsed <a href="/facts/Bitstream_Inc/Hz0atkNn">Bitstream</a> font pack. They were used to make a font with ten letters of the English alphabet: "e" to "n" being represented by the ten different klingon letters. This font itself has been used by the Star Trek production team when creating Klingon graphics; however it is still used only as random gibberish on the shows. Dr. Schoen would often refer inquiries to Thomas Scheuer as he was still a student of the Klingon language at the time. The Mortas-te-Kaase organisation was also in very close contact with linguist Marc Okrand, who was also an active member of MTK and would often release exclusive additional words and phrases through the regular publications of the organisation via their newsletter "veS QonoS". Scheuer was never credited however, in any of Dr. Schoen's works or publications, and thus following commercial usage was not credited properly either. A copy of the original release as photocopied from MTK member manual is displayed at the right. (See also the MTK 1990 Klin-Kon flier utilizing the MTK pIqaD) </p><p>The trading card company <a href="/facts/SkyBox_International/MzFlTnkF">Skybox</a> used this font when they created the Klingon language cards in their <i><a href="/facts/Star_Trek%3a_The_Next_Generation/r3RxzQBF">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i> trading card collection [<i>year needed</i>]. The Klingon cards themselves detail aspects of Klingon culture and feature pIqaD text and a transliteration and translation provided by Marc Okrand. Some of these cards, notably S7, S8, and S9, feature pIqaD, which corresponds to the Latin transcription. Other known cards include <a href="http://klingonska.org/canon/pic/1996-sbx-s19b.jpg">S19</a> and <a href="http://klingonska.org/canon/pic/1996-sbx-s20b.jpg">S20</a> (which contain belittling references to <i>Blockbuster</i>, probably an allusion to <a href="/facts/Blockbuster_Video/E4ckwkF5">Blockbuster Video</a>) the season seven card selection <i>s37, s38 and s39</i> (which featured no actual tlhIngan Hol, but only English and on card S39 Latin, written in the Skybox alphabet), and finally, the Checklist cards for each season's set of cards had the word <i>cards</i> written in Klingon on them when listing the above-mentioned cards. </p><p>The script is written in horizontal lines running from left to right, top to bottom, just like English. Klingon can be written with spaces between words (a word being defined as any noun, verb or leftover, plus any prefixes and suffixes attached to it) and <a href="/facts/Punctuation/YsE7u4W6">punctuation</a>. When this is the case, two punctuation marks are used: </p> <ul><li>An "up-turned triangle" with a function similar to a <a href="/facts/Comma/mcW9dcGT">comma</a>, <a href="/facts/Semi-colon/VY8VsSPC">semi-colon</a> or <a href="/facts/Colon_(punctuation)/se9fjJa4">colon</a>.</li> <li>A "down-turned" triangle with a function similar to a <a href="/facts/Full_stop/w0Ylafwn">full stop</a>, <a href="/facts/Question_mark/0D8z1rxr">question mark</a> or <a href="/facts/Exclamation_mark/joGCCBau">exclamation mark</a>.</li></ul> <p>The triangular punctuation marks have been accepted into the common usage of the KLI pIqaD (see above). </p><p>Klingon can also be written with no spaces or punctuation at all; this form is more common on the TV shows. As in English, Klingon text can be left-justified, center-justified, or right-justified, and written in vertical columns on banners. </p><p>Due to its nature, the "Skybox" Alphabet is ill-suited to writing Klingon, in that ambiguity in the alphabet is apparent, so different words are spelled the same way; these are <a href="/facts/Homograph/fsFGgM4j">homographs</a>. The heartiest commendations and the gravest insults could be written identically; however, context would go a long way to disambiguating homographs. </p> <h3>Mandel script</h3> <p>A third script, known as the Klinzhai or Mandel script, was included in <i>The U.S.S. Enterprise Officer's Manual</i> (1980). It holds more closely to the D7 battlecruiser hull markings and is also loosely based upon the conceptual art of Matt Jeffries, <a href="/facts/Star_Trek%3a_The_Original_Series/BtLu8Sgu">TOS</a> set designer. </p><p>Its letters map to various letters and digraphs of English, but they have no relation to Marc Okrand's Klingon language. Like the other two alphabets, it is probably written in the same direction as English. </p><p>In 1989, a fan by the name of David Christensen of Seattle, Washington, developed the first computer text font based on the Mandel script, prior to there being font software, meaning the font was built entirely in ResEdit. </p> <h2 id="wikipedia-logo">Wikipedia logo</h2> <p>A pIqaD r () using the <a href="/facts/Code2000/9IzlDoI2">Code2000</a> font was used in the upper right corner of the Wikipedia globe logo from 2003 until 2010. It was replaced with the <a href="/facts/Ge%25CA%25BDez_script/K4RRPwCl">Geʽez</a> (Ethiopic) syllable wə (ው) in the May 2010 redesign of the logo. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alien_language/DFLtu5JM">Alien language</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.kli.org/">Klingon Language Institute (KLI)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/klingon.htm">Omniglot: Klingon Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.today/20121209033156/http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/cards.html">information on the Skybox Trading cards, with Klingon writing</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.wizage.net/?p=399">Installer for a custom Klingon locale, keyboard mapping and pIqaD font for Windows Vista/Windows 7</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527222132/http://www.wizage.net/?p=399">Archived</a> 2013-05-27 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/shawnste/archive/2013/05/20/piqad-font-for-bing-s-klingon-translator.aspx">pIqaD font used in Bing translator</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124215227/http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?Chatting%20in%20pIqaD">Custom keyboard mapping for Windows XP</a></li> <li><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/shawnste/klingon-in-piqad-windows-vista-custom-locale">custom locale for using Klingon pIqaD on Windows Vista, font, keyboard and custom locale</a></li> <li><a href="http://klingonska.org/piqad/play.cgi">Transliterate Between pIqaD and Latin alphabet transcription</a>[<i>permanent dead link</i>]</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Symbols attributed to Okuda: the Klingon Language Institute's Klingon FAQ (edited by d'Armond Speers), question 2.13 by Will Martin (August 18, 1994). Symbols incorrectly attributed to Okuda: KLI founder Lawrence M. Schoen's "On Orthography" (PDF) Archived 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, citing J. Lee's "An Interview with Michael Okuda" in the KLI's journal HolQeD 1.1 (March 1992), p. 11. Symbols actually designed by Astra Image Corporation: Michael Everson's Proposal....[2]. <a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute" target="_blank">/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Writing Klingon – Klingon Language Institute". <a href="http://www.kli.org/about-klingon/writing-klingon" target="_blank">http://www.kli.org/about-klingon/writing-klingon</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>The Unicode Consortium (August 14, 2001). "Approved Minutes of the UTC 87 / L2 184 Joint Meeting". <a href="https://www.unicode.org/consortium/utc-minutes/UTC-087-200105.html" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/consortium/utc-minutes/UTC-087-200105.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Michael Everson (January 15, 2004). "Klingon: U+F8D0 - U+F8FF". <a href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html" target="_blank">http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Microsoft (November 25, 2015). "Klingon pIqaD use on Bing translate". <a href="https://www.bing.com/translator/?from=en&to=tlh-Qaak&text=I%20am%20speaking%20Klingon" target="_blank">https://www.bing.com/translator/?from=en&to=tlh-Qaak&text=I%20am%20speaking%20Klingon</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Microsoft Translator Language Codes". June 2016. <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh456380.aspx" target="_blank">https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh456380.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Michael Everson (September 18, 1997). "Proposal to encode Klingon in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2". <a href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1643/n1643.htm" target="_blank">http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1643/n1643.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>The Unicode Consortium (August 14, 2001). "Approved Minutes of the UTC 87 / L2 184 Joint Meeting". <a href="https://www.unicode.org/consortium/utc-minutes/UTC-087-200105.html" target="_blank">https://www.unicode.org/consortium/utc-minutes/UTC-087-200105.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Michael Everson (January 15, 2004). "Klingon: U+F8D0 - U+F8FF". <a href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html" target="_blank">http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Bing Translator". December 25, 2014. <a href="https://www.bing.com/translator/?from=tlh&to=tlh-Qaak&text=nuqneH,%20tera%20font%20chenmoH%20jIH" target="_blank">https://www.bing.com/translator/?from=tlh&to=tlh-Qaak&text=nuqneH,%20tera%20font%20chenmoH%20jIH</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>