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Macrococcus
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The first recognised species in this genus (<i>Macrococcus caseolyticus</i>) was initially named <i>Micrococcus caseolyticus</i> by Evans in 1916. It was then renamed <i>Staphylococcus caseolyticus</i> by Schleifer <i>et al</i> in 1982. It received its current designation in 1998 by Kloos <i>et al</i>. </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>Members of the genus <i>Macrococcus</i> are Gram-positive, nonmotile, non-spore-forming cocci that are <a href="/facts/Coagulase/UxGkbcBr">coagulase</a> negative and <a href="/facts/Catalase/CcJ9r5KG">catalase</a> positive. They can be distinguished phenotypically from most staphylococci on the basis of their cellular morphology (they are 2.5 – 4.0 times larger in diameter compared to <i><a href="/facts/Staphylococcus_aureus/9yDVBMsc">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>) and their positive <a href="/facts/Cytochrome_c_oxidase/U67QVCv8">cytochrome c oxidase</a> reaction. Species in this genus are resistant to <a href="/facts/Bacitracin/1wgbf4S1">bacitracin</a> and <a href="/facts/Lysozyme/VQqTSbFS">lysozyme</a> and sensitive to <a href="/facts/Furazolidone/3Wv7b0ee">furazolidone</a>. The <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a> base content is 38–45 mol% G+C. The cell walls lack <a href="/facts/Teichoic_acid/8zng822s">teichoic acid</a>. They are usually unencapsulated. </p> <h2 id="genome">Genome</h2> <p>The first genome of this genus was sequenced in 2009<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="evolution">Evolution</h2> <p>This genus is the closest known relation of the genus <i>Staphylococcus</i>. Within <i><a href="/facts/Staphylococcus/maRQMH6E">Staphylococcus</a></i>, the closest relations of <i>Macrococcus</i> appear to be the <i><a href="/facts/Staphylococcus_sciuri/3rHFgt94">Staphylococcus sciuri</a></i> group. </p> <h2 id="clinical">Clinical</h2> <p>This genus is not known to cause human disease. </p><p>A methicillin resistance gene has been identified in this genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The significance of this discovery is not yet clear. </p> <h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Bacterial_taxonomy/BDyUC7Bt">Bacterial taxonomy</a></p> <p>The name <i>Macrococcus</i> is a <a href="/facts/Grammatical_gender/2hEshpnP">masculine</a> <a href="/facts/Neo-Latin/mbBrTVEd">Neo-Latin</a> noun composed of the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a> adjective <i>makros (μάκρος)</i> meaning "large"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> and the Neolatin masculine noun <i>coccus</i> intended to mean a <a href="/facts/Coccus/51QVlEDC">coccus shaped bacterium</a>, as it comes from the Greek masculine noun <i>kokkos (κόκκος)</i> meaning "berry",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> consequently the noun <i>Macrococcus</i>, means "large coccus".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The etymology of the epithet of the 8 species<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> contained in the genus are:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>For <i>M. bovicus</i> Kloos <i>et al</i>. 1998, the epithet is the masculine form of <i>bovicus, -a, -um</i>, a Neolatin adjective derived from the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> noun <i>bos, bovis</i> meaning "cow", given that the type strain was isolated from a cow.</li> <li>For <i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_brunensis/M972oU4F">M. brunensis</a></i> Mannerová <i>et al</i>. 2003, the Latin masculine adjective <i>brunensis</i> meaning from Bruna, the Roman name of the city of Brünn in the Czech Republic, where the type strain was isolated.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_canis/ok5z9dYj">M. canis</a></i> Gobeli Brawand et al. 2017<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>For <i>M. carouselicus</i> Kloos <i>et al</i>. 1998, the Neolatin adjective <i>carouselicus</i> meaning "pertaining " to a carousel".</li> <li>For <i>M. caseolyticus</i> (Schleifer <i>et al</i>. 1982) Kloos <i>et al</i>. 1998, the epithet is a Neolatin adjective which is a combination of the Latin noun <i>caseus</i> meaning "cheese" and the Neolatin adjective <i>lyticus</i> (from the Greek adjective <i>lutikos (λυτικός)</i>) meaning "able to dissolve", to mean "casein-dissolving".</li> <li>For <i>M. equipercicus</i> Kloos <i>et al</i>. 1998, the epithet is a Neolatin adjective, meaning "pertaining to Percy, the horse", composed of the Latin noun <i>equus, -i</i> meaning "horse" and the Neolatinised English proper name "Percy" to <i>Percus, -i</i>, which is the name of the Irish thoroughbred horse from which the species was isolated (In Kloos <i>et al</i>. 1998 the component <i>equus</i> is said to be in the genitive case, but more correctly <i>equi" is the root </i>equ-" plus a joining "-i-" as first word is a Latin word,"c.f."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a>).</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_hajekii/D1dp9R6c">M. hajekii</a></i> Mannerová <i>et al</i>. 2003 <a href="/facts/Neo-Latin/mbBrTVEd">Neo-Latin</a> <a href="/facts/Latin_declension/Nq9xEYho">genitive case</a> noun <i>hajekii</i>, of Hájek, named after <a href="/facts/Wenceslaus_Hajek/yYMv2YnA">Wenceslaus Hajek</a>, a Czech microbiologist.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_lamae/LkTPmppc">M. lamae</a></i> Mannerová; <i>et al</i>. 2003 <a href="/facts/Neo-Latin/mbBrTVEd">Neo-Latin</a> <a href="/facts/Grammatical_gender/2hEshpnP">feminine gender</a> <a href="/facts/Latin_declension/Nq9xEYho">genitive case</a> noun <i>lamae</i>, of Lama, the zoological genus name of the <a href="/facts/Llama/k8q7YN1H">llama</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2> <p>The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the <a href="/facts/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature/9djL152L">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information/6Xj5wCbu">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="1">16S rRNA based <a href="/facts/The_All-Species_Living_Tree_Project/txMadzJv">LTP</a>_10_2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></th><th colspan="1">120 marker proteins based <a href="/facts/Genome_Taxonomy_Database/hnEgBvVx">GTDB</a> 09-RS220<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></th></tr><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Macrococcus</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_hajekii/D1dp9R6c">M. hajekii</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. equipercicus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. carouselicus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_lamae/LkTPmppc">M. lamae</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. bovicus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_brunensis/M972oU4F">M. brunensis</a></i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. armenti</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. canis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. caseolyticus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. bohemicus</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. epidermidis</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. goetzii</i></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><i>Macrococcus</i> s.s.<i>Macrococcoides</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td><i>Macrococcus</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. equipercicus</i> Kloos et al. 1998</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_lamae/LkTPmppc">M. lamae</a></i> Mannerová et al. 2003</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. carouselicus</i> Kloos et al. 1998</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_hajekii/D1dp9R6c">M. hajekii</a></i> Mannerová et al. 2003</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. bovicus</i> Kloos et al. 1998</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_brunensis/M972oU4F">M. brunensis</a></i> Mannerová et al. 2003</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td><i>Macrococcoides</i></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. bohemicum</i> corrig. (Mašlaňová et al. 2018) Bello et al. 2024</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>M. epidermidis</i>" (Mašlaňová et al. 2018) Bello et al. 2023</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. goetzii</i> (Mašlaňová et al. 2018) Bello et al. 2024</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p>"<i>M. armenti</i>" (Keller et al. 2022) Bello et al. 2023</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i><a href="/facts/Macrococcus_canis/ok5z9dYj">M. canis</a></i> (Brawand et al. 2017) Bello et al. 2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><i>M. caseolyticum</i> corrig. (Schleifer et al. 1982) Bello et al. 2024</p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_bacterial_orders/ujvD930b">List of bacterial orders</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_bacteria_genera/a25ukgSb">List of bacteria genera</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Summary of the genome data <a href="http://biocyc.org/MCAS458233/organism-summary?object=MCAS458233">[1]</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Beekes, Robert; van Beek, Lucien (2010). Lubotsky, Alexander (ed.). Etymological Dictionary Of Greek. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 733. ISBN 978 90 04 17418 4. <a href="978 90 04 17418 4" target="_blank">978 90 04 17418 4</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>κόκκος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ko/kkos" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ko/kkos</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kloos, W. E., D. N. Ballard, C. G. George, J. A. Webster, R. J. Hubner, W. Ludwig, K. H. Schleifer, F. Fiedler, and K. Schubert. 1998. Delimiting the genus Staphylococcus through description of Macrococcus caseolyticus gen. nov., comb. nov. and Macrococcus equipercicus sp. nov., and Macrococcus bovicus sp. nov, and Macrococcus carouselicus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:859-877 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Baba T, Kuwahara-Arai K, Uchiyama I, Takeuchi F, Ito T, Hiramatsu K. (2009) Complete genome sequence of Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSCS5402, [corrected] reflecting the ancestral genome of the human-pathogenic staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 191(4):1180-1190 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Tsubakishita S, Baba K K-A T, and Hiramatsu K (2010) Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec-Like element in Macrococcus caseolyticus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 (4) 1469-1475 <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>μάκρος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ma/kros" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ma/kros</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>κόκκος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ko/kkos" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ko/kkos</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kloos, W. E., D. N. Ballard, C. G. George, J. A. Webster, R. J. Hubner, W. Ludwig, K. H. Schleifer, F. Fiedler, and K. Schubert. 1998. Delimiting the genus Staphylococcus through description of Macrococcus caseolyticus gen. nov., comb. nov. and Macrococcus equipercicus sp. nov., and Macrococcus bovicus sp. nov, and Macrococcus carouselicus sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:859-877 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Macrococcus in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/m/macrococcus.html" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/m/macrococcus.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>A.C. Parte; et al. "Macrococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2025-02-28. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/macrococcus" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/macrococcus</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"IJSEM -- Abstracts: Mannerová et al. 53 (5): 1647". Archived from the original on 2004-03-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040308055522/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/5/1647" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040308055522/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/5/1647</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Gobeli Brawand, S; Cotting, K; Gómez-Sanz, E; Collaud, A; Thomann, A; Brodard, I; Rodriguez-Campos, S; Strauss, C; Perreten, V (March 2017). "Macrococcus canis sp. nov., a skin bacterium associated with infections in dogs". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67 (3): 621–626. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001673. PMID 27902286. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.001673" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.001673</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Help! Latin! How to avoid the most common mistakes while giving Latin names to newly discovered prokaryotes. Microbiología (Sociedad Española de Microbiología), 1996, 12, 473-475. "H.G. Trüper: Help! Latin! How to avoid the most common mistakes while giving Latin names to newly discovered prokaryotes". Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2011-04-14. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007162154/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/trueper.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111007162154/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/trueper.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>A.C. Parte; et al. "Macrococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2025-02-28. <a href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/macrococcus" target="_blank">https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/macrococcus</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>C.L. Schoch; et al. "Macrococcus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2025-02-28. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=69965&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=69965&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024. <a href="https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP" target="_blank">https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024. <a href="https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree" target="_blank">https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024. <a href="https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf" target="_blank">https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024. <a href="https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C" target="_blank">https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. 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